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Presentation Details: Slides: 15 Duration: 00:10:46 Filename: C:\Users\jpage\Documents\NCVPS Learning Objects\American History II Cold War Navigation to PPT W\Americanhistory2ColdWar\Americanhistory2ColdWar PowerPoint.pptx Presenter Details: Published by Articulate® Presenter www.articulate.com Slide 1 The Cold War—1970’s, ‘80’s and early ‘90,s Duration: 00:01:44 Advance mode: Auto Published by Articulate® Presenter Notes: The Cold War began in the aftermath of WW II. It can best be described as a sustained state of political and military tension between the Soviet Union (and their allies) and the United States (and their allies). After WW II the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. were left as the remaining two superpowers. However, they had profound economic and political differences. The name “Cold War” comes from the fact that the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. never faced off with one another in a direct military action. Since both sides possessed nuclear weapons, any direct action may have resulted in what came to known as M.A.D. or mutually assured destruction. Throughout this period (as you have already learned) cycles of relative calm would be followed by high tension. You have already learned about the Berlin Blockade, the Korean War, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. In this module you have already addressed one of the most prolonged Cold War battles—the Vietnam War. Even thought the Vietnam War did not end until 1975, the 1970’s saw a beginning of Cold War thawing. The 1970’s, 1980’s, and early 1990’s saw conflict, compromise, and eventual resolution in regard to the ideological debate between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. From the period of détente ushered in by the Nixon administration, to the American involvement in Latin America in the 1980’s, and finally as the Hammer and Sickle flag was lowered for the last time over the Kremlin in 1991—the final days of the Cold War were monumental. www.articulate.com Slide 2 Nixon Visits China Duration: 00:01:01 Advance mode: Auto Slide 3 SALT I Duration: 00:00:46 Advance mode: Auto Published by Articulate® Presenter Notes: Richard Nixon was elected to the U.S. Presidency in 1968 and again in 1972. Despite his reputation as a rabid anti-communist and despite his ongoing mission to resolve the war in Vietnam, Nixon took a major foreign policy step in 1972. Nixon (along with Henry Kissinger— National Security advisor turned Secretary of State) helped bring about détente with China and a reduction in Cold War tension when he traveled to Beijing in 1972. This was the first step down the path to formal U.S. recognition of “Red” China as a sovereign state and legitimate power. Détente is a French word for “relaxation” and is used to describe the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation— particularly during the Cold War era. Of course this visit also helped take advantage of the tense situation that existed between China and the Soviet Union—the two great Communist regimes. Notes: Nixon used the new relationship that he was forging with China to pressure the U.S.S.R. into entering talks that would reduce the number of missiles each country now had in their nuclear arsenals. This was the beginning of SALT or the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. These were two rounds of talks between the U.S and the U.S.S.R focused on the issue of armament control. The first negotiations began in Helsinki, Finland, in 1973. SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two powers. This did not put an end to the arms race as many had hoped. However, it did serve to reduce Cold War tensions and is yet another example of Nixon’s movement towards détente. www.articulate.com Slide 4 Helsinki Accords Duration: 00:00:42 Advance mode: Auto Slide 5 SALT II Duration: 00:00:43 Advance mode: Auto Published by Articulate® Presenter Notes: When President Ford took office after the resignation of Richard Nixon, he continued this move toward détente when he signed the Helsinki Accords. This declaration was signed in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. The agreement recognized post-World War II borders and called for the signatory nations to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms. It also called for cooperation in economic, scientific, and humanitarian concerns. Although the Helsinki Accords were not binding because they did not have official treaty status, this document is still seen as a significant step toward reducing Cold War tensions. Notes: SALT II was negotiated between President Jimmy Carter (who took office in 1977) and Soviet Union leader Leonid Brezhnev. It was a continuation of the progress made during the SALT I talks and was the first nuclear arms treaty which saw a real reductions in strategic nuclear weapons. Limits were set on the number of strategic launchers, and the various types of missiles. Each side was limited to no more than 2400 weapons systems. SALT II was sent to the U.S. Senate for ratification, but due to tensions between the two countries the treaty was never ratified. However, some of the standards set in SALT II were voluntarily being observed by the two sides. www.articulate.com Slide 6 Miracle on Ice. . . And Boycott Duration: 00:01:10 Advance mode: Auto Slide 7 Reagan Arrives Duration: 00:00:33 Advance mode: Auto Published by Articulate® Presenter Notes: The competition between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R was omnipresent. The competition played out in the space race, the nuclear arms race, but also on the hockey rink. In a medalround hockey game during the 1980 winter games, the U.S. Hockey team had their “miracle on ice” as they defeated the Soviet team, who had won nearly every world championship and Olympic tournament since 1954. Team USA went on to win the gold medal by winning its last match over Finland. The Soviet Union took the silver medal by beating Sweden in its final game. This was a big boost for the American people. Unfortunately, the U.S. and its allies boycotted the 1980 summer games in Moscow to protest the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan. The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan spurred President Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20, 1980 that the United States would boycott the Moscow Olympics if Soviet troops did not withdraw from Afghanistan within one month. The Soviets did not comply. The rivalry and completion between these two superpowers was still very intense. Notes: In January 1981, Ronald Regan was inaugurated th as the 40 President of the United States. He was partially elected on a platform opposed to the concession of détente. Reagan focused his Cold War policy around increased spending for defense and aid to anticommunist forces in Latin America. His administration spent billions of dollars to build up both the army and the navy. The defense budget grew from $171 billion in 1981 to over $300 billion in 1985. www.articulate.com Slide 8 “Star Wars” Duration: 00:00:39 Advance mode: Auto Slide 9 Latin America Duration: 00:00:43 Advance mode: Auto Published by Articulate® Presenter Notes: The administration also increased spending on the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI.) This plan called for the use of ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. Lasers and particle beams would be used to destroy missiles in space before they could reach the U.S. The ambitious initiative was widely criticized as being unrealistic and many believed it would spark an offensive arms race. It was soon was given the nickname “Star Wars” after the popular 1977 film by the same name. Nonetheless, it was never truly developed or deployed. Notes: In Latin America Reagan worked to keep out communist influences, even if it was a the cost of supporting right-wing dictators. His administration supported the Contras, who sought to overthrow the Sandinistas who had taken over Nicaragua in 1979. Yet, the Democrats in Congress, who opposed these actions, passed the Boland Amendment in 1985 that restricted further aid to the Contras. To circumvent this law members of the Reagan administration (allegedly without his knowledge) sold weapons to the Iranians and took that money and funneled it to the Contras so they could continue their fight. This “scheme” was uncovered and became know as the Iran-Contra Affair. www.articulate.com Slide 10 Glasnost and Perestroika Duration: 00:00:48 Advance mode: Auto Slide 11 "Tear down this wall!" Duration: 00:00:41 Advance mode: Auto Published by Articulate® Presenter Notes: The Cold War, it seemed, was doing nothing but intensifying in the early 1980’s. Reagan had renewed the arms race. However, in 1985 a new leader emerged in the Soviet Union—Mikhail Gorbachev. He was a reformer who believed in Glasnost and Perestroika. In the 1980s, the Soviet Union economy was in terrible shape. In an effort to reform the country, Gorbachev instituted these two policies. Perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system. Politically, citizens started to have a slight say in government. Economically, there was a call for de-monopolization and the formation of some private businesses. The term Glasnost means “openness” and called for more rights and freedoms for the Soviet people. Notes: To make the aforementioned policies work, Gorbachev had to step back from the arms race with the United States. In 1987 Regan and Gorbachev met and decided to remove all intermediate range missiles from their arsenals. "Tear down this wall!" (referring to the Berlin Wall) was the challenge issued by Reagan to Gorbachev on June 12, 1987. This was a physical reminder of the division between the Communist East and the Capitalist West. But, the Soviets (under Gorbachev) were making progress and in 1988 decided to pull troops out of Afghanistan. By the end of Reagans second term the end of the Cold War seemed to be near. www.articulate.com Slide 12 Tiananmen Square Massacre Duration: 00:00:26 Advance mode: Auto Slide 13 The Cold War Ends Duration: 00:00:40 Advance mode: Auto Published by Articulate® Presenter Notes: On January 20, 1989, George H. W. Bush was st sworn in as the 41 President. Communism around the globe seemed to be unraveling. On June 4, 1989, in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, however, a demonstration ended in death. Beijing protesters were crushed by the communist Chinese government, resulting in a large number of deaths. Notes: By December 3, 1989, at the end of the Malta Summit, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S. President George H. W. Bush declare that a long-lasting era of peace has begun. The next year the Berlin Wall fell and Germany began the reunification process. In July 1991, the Warsaw Pact was formally dissolved. In December of that year Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as President of the U.S.S.R. The hammer and sickle flag was lowered for the last time. The United States was now left as the sole remaining super power in the world. The Cold war was over! www.articulate.com Slide 14 Images used Notes: Images used • Duration: 00:00:05 Advance mode: Auto • • • • • • Slide 1: o American Flag: http://www.fotopedia.com/items/flickr-4305502241 o Soviet Flag: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nickhubbard/4391717383/ Slide 2: Nixon and party tour the Great Wall of China.. IRC, 2005.Discovery Education. Web. 19 June 2012. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. Slide 3: http://nopsa.hiit.fi/pmg/viewer/photo.php?id=634300 Slide 4: Jerry and Betty Ford arrive at the White House.. IRC, 2005.Discovery Education. Web. 19 June 2012. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. Slide 5: http://images.cdn.fotopedia.com/flickr-2871192373-hd.jpg Slide 6: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Zcy2TW_xhA0/SJqTD7GMVvI/AAAAAAAAAOc/IRT0iwlOP0/s400/fleet+at+lake+placid.jpg Slide 7: Gorbachev with U.S. President Reagan, 1985.. IRC, 2005.Discovery Education. Web. 19 June 2012. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. Slide 15 Continued. . . . Duration: 00:00:05 Advance mode: Auto Continued. . . . • • • • • • Published by Articulate® Presenter Notes: Slide 8: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/GroundSpace_based_hybrid_laser_weapon_concept_art.jpg/250px-GroundSpace_based_hybrid_laser_weapon_concept_art.jpg Slide 9: A contemporary political map of Latin America.. IRC, 2005.Discovery Education. Web. 19 June 2012. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. Slide 10: Gorbachev with U.S. President Reagan, 1985.. IRC, 2005.Discovery Education. Web. 19 June 2012. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. Slide 11: The Berlin Wall at Brandenburg Gate, 1961.. IRC, 2005. Discovery Education. Web. 19 June 2012. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. Slide 12: Protester blocking tanks approaching Tiananmen Square. Prod. Corbis. Corbis, 2006. Discovery Education. Web. 19 June 2012. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. Slide 13: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nickhubbard/4391717383/ www.articulate.com