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Ecology Review 1. Draw a diagram of a marine food chain and label the different energy levels. 2. Identify the organisms that occupy the different trophic levels in the food web. Producers Plankton 1st Level Consumers Krill, zooplankton, cod, adelie penguin, squid 2nd Level Consumers Adelie penguin, crabeater seal, cod, krill, squid, elephant seal, leopard seal, killer whale 3rd Level Consumers Killer whale, elephant seal, leopard seal, adelie penguin, crabeater seal Herbivores Zooplankton Carnivores Crabeater seal, killer whale, leopard seal, elephant seal Omnivores Krill, cod, squid, adelie penguin 3. Give two example of predation in the food web above. Predator Killer Whale Prey Elephant Seal Predator Leopard Seal Prey Cod 4. Give two examples of competition in the food web above. Leopard seals, killer whales, and elephant seals may compete for squid Cod, zooplankton, adelie penguin, and crabeater seals may compete for krill 5. What role do producers play in the ecosystem? Producers use the energy from the sun to carry out photosynthesis (make their own food). They form the base of all food chains and pass on energy to consumers 6. Why is decomposition important for the health of an ecosystem? Decomposers break down waste materials and dead organisms and return important nutrients to the environment 7. What are biotic factors? Give an example. Biotic factors are all the living parts of an ecosystem. Bears, flowers, tree, fish, etc. 8. What are abiotic factors? Give an example. Abiotic factors are all the nonliving parts of an ecosystem. Light, water, temperature, etc. 9. Give an example of organisms competing for abiotic factors. Plants on the forest floor compete for sunlight 10. Explain limiting factors. What are some examples of limiting factors? Factors that prevent a population from growing any larger. Limiting factors can be food, water, habitat, mates, predators, etc. 11. Explain carrying capacity. Carrying capacity refers to the size of a population that can live indefinitely in an environment without doing that environment any harm. It applies to plants, animals and people. 12. Describe the relationship between most predator and prey populations. There is a direct relationship between predator and prey populations. As prey populations increase, predator populations will also increase. As predator populations increase, prey populations will begin to decrease, which will cause predator populations to decrease. 13. In what way do producers and consumers depend on one another? Producers use carbon dioxide given off by consumers and consumers use oxygen given off by producers 14. Explain resource partitioning. Many organisms are adapted to overcome competition by resource partitioning. For example organisms may feed at different times of day or at different levels of the same tree. Resource partitioning helps competing species share a resource and develop a niche for themselves in an ecosystem. Sun Grass Grasshoppers Rabbits Mice Frog Snakes 1. List the producer(s)in the food web above: Hawks 15. List the first-level consumer(s) in the food web above: Grasshoppers, rabbits 16. List the second-level consumer(s) in the food web above: Mice, Snakes 17. List the third-level consumer(s) in the food web above: Frogs, Snakes, Hawks 18. If all the grasshoppers were removed from the food web above, grass and rabbits will increase, and mice, frogs, snakes and hawks will decrease. 19. If all the hawks are removed from the food web above, snakes, grass, and rabbits will increase, and mice, frogs and grasshoppers will decrease. Symbiosis 20. Define and give an example of each type of symbiotic relationship listed below: Relationship Definition Example Effect Commensalism One species benefits and the other Shark and Remora is unaffected Mutualism Both species benefit Sea Anemone and Clown Fish Parasitism One species benefits and the other is injured or killed Tapeworm and a human t0 tt t- Natural Selection 21. Who was Charles Darwin? Charles Darwin traveled on the HMS Beagle on a science expedition around the world and served as a naturalist. After visiting the Galapagos Islands, Darwin developed his theory of evolution by natural selection. 22. What is natural selection? The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species 23. Define and give an example of the three factors that Darwin identified that affect natural selection: Factor Definition Example Overproduction Most species produce far more Sea turtles lay 100s of offspring than can possibly survive eggs Competition The members of a species must compete with each other to survive Sea turtles compete for food Variation Any difference between individuals of the same species Some sea turtles may be able to swim faster than others 24. How does the environment “select” organisms? Some variations make individuals better adapted to their environment. Those individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, so in that way the environment “selects” organisms with helpful traits to be the parents of the next generation. 25. How are the finch beaks on the Galapagos Islands an example of an adaptation? Each type of finch has a slightly different shaped beak, which is related to the type of food it ate 26. How do organisms “get” adaptations? Offspring inherit adaptations from their parents. They are passed on in their genes (DNA). 27. How do new species form? A new species might form when a group of individuals remains separated from the rest of its species long enough to accumulate different traits Oceans 28. How are humans dependent on the oceans? The oceans give us more than half of the oxygen we breathe, regulate climate, and provide valuable resources 29. What are some positive impacts humans can have on oceans? Creating artificial reefs by sinking old ships provides more habitats for marine organisms 30. What are some negative impacts humans can have on oceans? Human activities including building cities that dump waste, using excess fertilizers and pesticides on lawns and in agriculture that runoff into oceans, drilling for oil, and overfishing all can negatively impact the oceans 31. What are some critical issues facing the oceans? Overfishing, Sea Temperature Rise, Marine Pollution, Ocean Acidification, Marine Habitat Destruction, Sea Level Rise, Marine Invasive Species 32. What are some affects that solid waste can have on ocean organisms? Animals can get tangled up in debris and drown, sea turtles and other animals eat plastic, mistaking it for food 33. How does runoff affect coral reef systems? Nitrogen in the water can increase the number of algae, which can lead to a lack of oxygen for fish and other sea creatures. It can also raise the temperature of the water causing coral to die. 34. What are some ways you can help protect the oceans? Make safe, sustainable seafood choices, Use fewer plastic products, take care when visiting reefs and beaches, Take part in a beach cleanup