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1
Analysis of Grid Connected Wind Cluster-An investigation of Power Quality
Disturbances
1
K.V.Bhadane, 2M.S.Ballal, 3R.M.Moharil
1
Phd Research Scholar, RTM Nagpur, M.S.-India,[email protected]
2
RTM Nagpur, M.S.-India, 3 RTM Nagpur, M.S.-India

technology demands power that is free of interruption or
Abstract-- This paper shows that, the classification of
disturbance. The consequences of large- scale power incidents are
different power quality issues of grid connected wind cluster by
well documented. Any disturbance in the voltage, current or
using wavelet techniques based wavelet transform(WT). By
frequency of the power signal that can adversely affect the
using WT the analysis of power quality issue-signal such as
customers equipment can be termed as a power quality
harmonics signal, voltage sag signal, voltage swell signal,
problem.
voltage notching signal, momentary Interruption signal,
proliferation of sensitive semiconductor equipment into almost
transient signal, noise signal ,etc has been analyzed. The
all kinds of industrial machinery and consumer electronics
different power quality disturbances are identifying by using
generated the demand for power quality and techniques for the
wavelet
explained.
reduction in power quality problems.[1-3] Wavelet transform is a
Determination of losses in wind energy PQ has been
recent signal processing tool which is widely being used for
investigated.
disturbance detection in PQ. The WT approach prepares a window
Wavelet Techniques is a recent signal processing tool which is
that automatically adjusts to give proper resolutions of both the
widely being used for disturbance detection in PQ of grid
time and the frequency. The [4-6] WT well suited for the analysis
connected wind cluster. Power quality of electric power system
of the power system transients caused by various PQ disturbances.
gets affected due to feeding of huge amount of wind power to
In India, the leading state is Maharashtra and the development
grid system. This case is investigating the Power Quality
rate of the same is quite good but as per the Vision 2020, the
Disturbance of Grid Connected Wind Energy by using wavelet
mandatory aspect is Electrical Power. In Maharashtra, the
Transform and Techniques.
requirement of Electric power is more than availability. Hence
transform
and
their
analysis
is
The deregulation of the power
industry
and
the
the load shedding is a temporary solution is applied to the
Index Terms-- Wavelet Transform, Wind Energy, PQ, power
utility. Now , we have to used the more renewable energy
quality disturbances, grid system, , etc.
sources and try to contribute something for the nation in term
of electric power awareness.[7-8] The interest in renewable
I. INTRODUCTION
energy is a global trend, which will become even important in
Power quality is the combination of voltage quality and
current quality, where voltage quality is concerned with
deviations of the actual voltage from the ideal value and
current
quality
is
the
equivalent
definition
for
current.
However, most often a disturbance in voltage also causes a
the future due to the expected depletion/exhausting of fossil
fuel based energy sources. In the effort to mitigate climate
change through the reduction of emission of greenhouse gases,
many countries promote renewable energy. Recent examples
disturbance in the current and hence the term Power quality
includes the directive which targets a 20% contribution of
is used when referring to both voltage quality and current
renewable energy sources to the total energy consumption
quality. These disturbances even though last only a fraction of
by 2020 & plans from the new MNRE guidelines to focus
a second can cause huge losses and hours of manufacturing
more on renewable energy. A very popular source of
downtime
renewable energy is Wind Energy.[9] Due to fast rise in
in case of industrial
applications. Intelligent
2
Industrialization,
Information
Technology
sector
and
below.[12-14]
development in retail sector, electrical power requirements
1 Harmonics
have increased significantly. There is large gap between
Harmonic distortion is the corruption of the fundamental sine
supply side and load side demand. In this situation alternate
energy sources (renewable sources) can play an important
role to overcome this electric power gap. Out of many
wave at frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental.
Harmonics are created due to use of power electronics converters
in the grid connected wind energy and also due to switching of
induction generators to grid system. Symptoms of harmonic
alternate sources for generation of electricity, wind energy is
problems include overheated transformers, neutral conductors,
the most promising.[10] Renewable Energy Source (RES)
and other electrical distribution equipment, as well as the
integrated at distribution level is termed as Distributed
tripping of circuit breakers and loss of synchronization on
Generation(DG).The utility is concerned due to the high
timing circuits that are dependent upon a clean sine wave
penetration level of wind energy in distribution systems, as it
trigger at the zero crossover point. An overloaded neutral can
may pose a threat to network is terms of Power Quality(PQ)
lead to extremely high voltages on the legs of the distribution
issues , voltage regulation and stability. Therefore the DG
power, leading to heavy damage to attached equipment.
systems are required to comply with strict technical and
regularity frameworks to ensure safe, reliable and efficient
operation of overall network. Wind energy system
integration issues and associated PQ problems are
discussed.[11]
Figure 1shows the Harmonic distorted signal
II. POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES
2 Transient
This topic introduces the various power quality disturbances
A transient is a signal with a disturbance that dies to zero in
of grid connected wind energy that are being considered in this
a finite time. Transients can be again divided as Impulsive
case. Their characteristics were detailed and then the signal
transients and Oscillatory transients .Impulsive transients are a
processing tools used for extracting the features from these
sudden, non- power frequency change in the steady-- state
waveforms
condition of power signal, that is generally unidirectional in
are
introduced. This
follows
the
proposed
algorithm, which used wavelet multi resolution analysis to
polarity,
detect and hence localize the disturbances. The duration and the
frequency change in the steady state condition of the power
frequency of the interruption influence the loss due to the
signal and this generally includes both positive and negative
interruptions.
be
polarity values. due to sudden switching ON/OFF of induction
categories as direct losses – loss in production environments,
generators to grid and sudden load ON/OFF of the grid system,
damages to equipment etc., indirect losses – delay in the
transient is occurred.
The
losses
due
to
interruptions
can
where
as
an Oscillatory
transients
are
sudden
delivery of the product etc. and non- economic inconveniences.
The first step towards classification
of
power
quality
disturbances is to know about the characteristics of various
disturbances. In a general sense power quality disturbances
can be broadly classified as transients, long duration voltage
variations,
short- duration,
voltage
variations, unbalances,
voltage fluctuations, power frequency variations. However, i
Figure 2. Shows the Impulsive Transient
t‟s tedious to consider all variants of these disturbances and
3 Sag
hence the disturbances which occur most. In this case, Based
A sag is a decrease in RMS voltage or currents to about 0.1 to 0.9
on
pu at normal supply frequency for a duration of ½ cycles to 60
it, Power quality disturbances can be
classified as
seconds. Sags are usually caused by system faults, and are also
3
often the result of switching on loads with heavy startup
devices, such as variable speed drives, light dimmers, and arc
currents. Common causes of sags include starting large loads
welders
(such as one might see when they first start up a large air
described as a transient impulse problem, but because the
conditioning unit) and remote fault clearing performed by
notches
utility equipment. Similarly, the starting of large motors
considered
inside an industrial facility can result in significant voltage
consequences of notching are system faults, data loss, and
drop (sag). Due to increased of heavy inductive load, high amount
data transmission problems. One solution to notching is to
of load is switch on at a time and short duration fault on grid
move the load away from the equipment causing the problem
connected wind energy, sag is occurs.
(if
under normal operation. This problem could be
are
periodic
a
possible).
over
waveform
each
½
cycle,
distortion problem.
UPSs and filter equipment
are
notching
The
also
is
usual
viable
solutions to notching if equipment cannot be relocated. [21]
Figure 3 shows the Voltage Sag
Figure 5 shows the Voltage Notching
4. Swell
6 Noise
is the reverse form of a sag, having an increase in AC
Noise is unwanted voltage or current superimposed on the
voltage for a duration of 0.5 cycles to 1 minute’s time. For
power system voltage or current waveform. Power electronic
swells, high- impedance neutral connections, sudden (especially
devices,
large) load reductions, and a single - phase fault on a three-
supplies, radio transmitters and so on, can generate noise.
phase system are common sources. The result can be data
Poorly grounded sites make the system more susceptible to
errors, flickering of lights, degradation of electrical contacts,
noise. Noise can cause technical equipment problems such as
semiconductor
and insulation
data errors, equipment malfunction, long term component
degradation. Power line conditioners, UPS systems, and Ferro
failure, hard disk failure, and distorted video displays. There are
resonant
many different approaches to controlling noise and sometimes
"control" transformers are common solutions. Much like sags,
it is necessary to use several different techniques together to
swells may not be apparent until their results are seen.
achieve the required result. Some methods are: Isolate the load
Having UPS and/or power conditioning devices that also monitor
via a UPS , Install a grounded, shielded isolation transformer,
and log incoming power events will help to measure when,
Relocate the load away from the interference source , Install
and
noise filters , Cable shielding, Data corruption is one of the
A swell
how often,
damage
in
electronics,
these events occur. Due to use of heavy
control
common
circuits,
results
arc welders,
of
noise.
switching
power
capacitive load, switch off of heavy off heavy load and short
most
EMI (Electromagnetic
duration fault, swell is occurred in grid connected wind energy
Interference) and RFI (Radio Frequency Interference) can
system.[17-20]
create inductance (induced current and voltage) on systems
that carry data. Since the data is traveling in digital format
(ones and zeros that are represented by a voltage, or lack of
voltage).
Figure 4 shows the Voltage Swell
5 Notching
Notching is a periodic voltage disturbance caused by electronic
4
Figure 6 shows the Noise
Transform (STFT). Wavelet basis functions have compact
A classic example of noise created by inductance is when
support, which means that basis functions are non - zero over
network cabling is run through a drop ceiling past fluorescent
a finite interval, unlike sinusoidal Fourier basis functions
lighting. Fluorescent lighting produces significant EMI, which
which extend infinitely. This property along with unique
if in close proximity to network cabling can cause erroneous
property of wavelet basis to b e squeezed (dilation) and
data. This can also commonly happen when network cabling
movement along axis (translation) gives greater flexibility in
is run in close proximity to high capacity power lines.
analyzing localized features of analyzing signal. Furthermore,
Bundles of power lines are running in tandem with network
recent advances in PQ mitigation techniques are based on
cable in raised floor data centers, increases the chances of
extraction of
noise.[22]
fundamental component.[25-27]. Thus, time frequency domain
7 Interruptions
based techniques come into picture as they give a distinct
Interruption is a reduction in the supply voltage or load
advantage
current to less than 0.1 pu for a period of time not exceeding
availability of accurate information on individual harmonic
one minute. The interruptions are measured by their duration
components. PQ
since the voltage magnitude is always less than 10% of the
categories and wide number of novel approach techniques for
nominal.
detection of PQ events by time and frequency analysis with
Figure shows a voltage interruption
in
the power
signal.[23]
harmonic
components
of eliminating
events
selected
have
instead
of
harmonics,
been
defined
traditional
subject
into
to
several
WT and WPT are proposed in most research papers. WT can
detect PQ events such as sag, swell, interruption, DC offset,
frequency variation, and harmonics. WT is used to identify
the power quality events at its instance of occurrence, fast,
sensitive, and practical for detection and identification PQ
events and it is suitable for stationary signal analysis where
frequency component does not vary with time.[28-29]
DISADVANTAGES
OF
TRADITIONAL
SIGNAL
PROCESSING TOOLS
Figure 7 shows the Interruption
Fourier Transforms
The Fourier transform (FT) of a finite energy function
III. WAVELET TRANSFORM
f(t)
∈ L2 (R) variable t is given by
Definition of Wavelet Transform
Wavelets, little wave like functions, are used to transform the
signal under investigation into another representation which
presents the signal information in a more useful form. This
transformation of the signal is known as the wavelet transform
(WT). [24]
known. The above equation can be evaluated at only one
frequency at a particular time. This causes great difficulties
algorithms exist to carry out this computation they cannot be
The occurrence of power quality events should be detected
and located in time, the content of these events should also
be monitored accurately so as to classify the events and carry
appropriate
carried out until the entire waveform in the whole axis is
while processing non stationary signals. Even though, faster
Why Wavelets for Power Quality?
out
It is evident from the above definition that FT cannot be
mitigations
techniques
to
alleviate
PQ
problems. There is a need for a powerful tool that can be
used to classify the PQ events both in time and frequency
domain. Wavelets satisfy this need and scores over other
Time - Frequency methods
such
as
Short
Time
Fourier
implemented for real time signals. This is undesirable from
PQ monitoring point of view. As explained before FT fails to
give time domain information of the signal and is thus a
serious
handicap
for
PQ
analysis
and
Instrumentation
techniques based on it. The FT decomposes a signal in
complex exponential functions at different frequencies. the
computation of the FT is done over all times, making no
distinction between signals‟ stationary parts and transient ones
5
(whether the frequency component „ appears at time t1 or t2,
to achieve this, a real - time PQ analyzer with an ability to
it will have the same effect at the output of the integration).
do
Projecting the signal on complex exponentials leads to good
transforms with its ability to give good Time - Frequency
frequency analysis, but no time localization. The poor time
resolution is suitable for PQ applications. Another important
localization is the main disadvantage of the Fourier transform,
application in PQ is data compression. A single captured
making it not suitable for all kind of applications.Fast Fourier
event recorded
Transform (FFT) and its variants are generally used in
instruments can produce megabytes of data. This increases the
spectral analyzers and other PQ monitoring instruments. It
cost of storing and transmitting data. Again, WT comes into
suffers from all the disadvantages mentioned above and also
picture. Its ability to concentrate a large percentage of total
due to its spectral leakage component; it does not accurately
signal energy in a few coefficients helps in data compression.
show the spectrum. This will in turn lead to imprecisely
Thus, it reduces the need to store huge voluminous of data
calculated signal parameters such as magnitude, phase, and
and reduces costs associated with it. In this research project,
frequency. Furthermore, it is very difficult to distinguish
discrete wavelet packet transform, popularly called DWPT, an
between the harmonics and transients in an FFT spectrum. [30-
enhancement of multi resolution algorithm (MRA) using
31]
discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been used as a tool for
STFT needs to know the signal information only in the
PQ analysis[33-35]
interval of the window function used. This is a major
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE WAVELET
improvement from FT, where it needs to know the signal
Today, there are a number of wavelet families which exist.
information over the entire time axis. The major disadvantage
Each one of them has a particular application. In fact, one
of STFT comes from uncertainty principle. Low frequencies
can develop a wavelet family to suit ones particular needs.
can hardly be depicted using short windows and short pulses
But to study PQ phenomena there are some wavelet families
are poorly located in time with long windows. From the
like Daubechies etc which already exist in the literature.
above two sections, [32]. it can be safely concluded that
Some of the widely used wavelet families that can be used to
traditional FT poses a serious handicap for PQ monitoring.
study the PQ phenomena are
Also, other variants
1. Daubechies
of FT such as STFT also have serious
time- frequency
for
analysis
several
is required.
seconds
Hence
using
drawbacks.
2. Symlets
ADVANTAGES OF WAVELET TRANSFORMS
3. Coiflets
As
the previous section, traditional signal
4. Biorthogonal Wavelets.
have
Analysis of harmonics in time -frequency plane
presented
processing
in
tools
some serious
drawbacks
for
PQ
wavelets
monitoring
applications. A more viable alternative is the use of wavelet
In the analysis of signals in time- frequency plane, it is very
transform. The wavelet transform has good localization in
important to exactly localize the power quality disturbances in
both frequency and time domain. This makes it an attractive
the frequency plane. The DWPT algorithm partitions the time-
option for PQ applications. WT is apt for studying non -
frequency plane, one partition for every decomposition. It
stationary power waveforms. Unlike, the sinusoidal function
allocates the low er interval to low pass filtered part and
used in FT, wavelets are oscillating waveforms of short
higher frequency interval to the high pass filtered part. [36-37]
duration with amplitude decaying quickly zero at both ends
Thus, it is very important to select an appropriate wavelet
and thus are more suitable for short duration disturbances.
filter appropriate whose frequency is close to an ideal filter.[38-
The wavelet‟s dilation and translation property gives time and
40]
frequency information accurately. Apart from it this process of
shifting enables the analysis of waveforms containing non
stationary disturbance events. To enhance the electric power
quality, sources of disturbances must be detected and then
appropriate mitigation techniques have to be applied. In order
6
Three Phase Transformer
A Yg/ . (D1) configuration of three phase (2-winding)
transformer is used with a nominal power of 1MVA [7, 18]
Grid
A three-phase source with internal R-L impedance is used to
implement a grid which is connected to the wind Generator
through a T-Line & Transformer. The three phase Shortcircuit Level at base voltage of 33KV is 25MVA with X/R
ratio of 10 [7,19]
Load
Figure 8 shows the Frequency response of low pass (red) and
high pass (blue) decomposition filters of „db10‟
Actual case study consists of 20 feeders and each feeder
having capacity of 30 wind turbines. The wind power
density is illustrated in Fig. 4. Hence the total 600 wind
turbines are connected together with total installed capacity
of 600 MW.The case study system is developed for the wind
farm. Out of 600 wind turbines, the wind farm consist of 52
numbers of wind turbines having capacity of each is
1.25MW &1.5 MW respectively Because of limitations to
consider the total 600 wind turbines. The wind turbines are
connected through four feeders of 33 KV lines which are
feeding the power to 220 KV Substation with certain
kilometers of length of lines. The model is developed in the
MATLAB/SIMULINK [17]
The parameters used for the simulation of the above model
of an Induction Generator based wind turbine are as follows:
Induction Generator- fixed speed and variable speed type.
A 3-phase squirrel cage induction generator with a nominal
power of 1250w, 690V (f-f), 50 HZ is used for the above
system with the parameters shown below.
Induction generator parameters
A 3-Phase resistive load of 675KW/400 kvar is used which
is connected at the terminals of wind turbine. Simple wind
farm based on fixed speed wind turbines is connected to a
grid through a T-Line at Point of Common Connection
(PCC). WG transformer parameters
Parameters Primary Winding Secondary Winding
Voltage (f-f) rms (KV) 3KV 0.690V
Resistance(R) pu 0.0125 0.039 Ω
Inductance(L) pu 0.0125 0.039 H
Parameters for PI section transmission line
Parameters Positive Sequence Zero Sequence
Resistance(/Km) 0.1153 0.413 Ω
Inductance(mH/Km) 1.05 3.32 mH
Capacitance(μF/Km) 11.33 5.01 μF [7].
The simulations are used to compute power quality of a
wind turbine i.e. active power, reactive power, maximum
power, V,I , etc. The applied computation method is
reflecting the international power quality standards of wind
turbine IEC 61400-21 [20]
The system of home meter reading is composed of control
terminal in distance, GPRS module and user metering
module. Shown in Figure 2.
Parameter Unit
Stator Resistance R1=0.004843 Ω
Stator Leakage Reactance X1= 0.0513 Ω
Magnetizing Reactance Xh= 2.2633 Ω
IV. LOCALIZATION OF POWER QUALITY EVENT BY
USING WAVELET TRANSFORM
Rotor Reactance (referred to Stator) X’=2 0.066 Ω
In Wavelet domain multi - resolution analysis of various Power
Rotor Resistance (referred to Stator) R’=2 0.004 Ω
Quality Disturbance Signals. We can observe that detail level
Magnetizing Inductance=6.77h
decomposition acts as high pass filter with cutoff proportional
to the sampling frequency of the signal of the waveform. The
7
wavelet transform coefficients with high values indicate the
power quality disturbance events and the exact location of the
disturbance. The other part of the decomposed signal of detail
d1 is smooth indicating that the signal follows some regular
patterns in those periods without having any electrical noise.
Detail d1 shows the exact location of the disturbance. The
approximation a6 reve als the regular pattern of the signal.
The decomposition of the signal shown in Fig shows the
detection of harmonics .The coefficients d6, d5, d4 shows the
Figure 11 shows the multiresolution analysis of voltage sag signal
presence of 3rd, 5th, 7th harmonics in the signal. In addition, on e
important advantage over FFT is we can detect the presence
of time varying harmonics. The fundamental frequency signal
is present in the approximation coefficient plot (a6 plot).[4144]
Figure 12 shows the multiresolution analysis of voltage Notch
signal
Figure 13 shows the multiresolution analysis of Noise signal
Figure 9 shows the multiresolution analysis of harmonic signal
Figure 14 shows the multiresolution analysis of Momentary
Interruption signal .Wavelet transform is a recent signal processing
tool which is widely being used for disturbance detection in PQ of
grid based wind cluster.[45-47]
V. CONCLUSIONS
Figure 10 shows the multiresolution analysis of transient voltage
signal
It
may
be
concluded
that
power
quality
disturbances of huge grid connected wind energy has been
investigated. The MRA based analysis of disturbances in
terms of PQ explained. Classification of power quality
disturbances by using smart wavelet techniques has been
developed. Due to increase in number of machines causes
8
the power quality problems mainly in harmonics, voltage sag
[10] M. F. Farias , M. G .Cendoya, P. E. Battaiotto, “Wind farms in Weak
, voltage swell, transient, noise, current harmonics, reactive
Grids Enhancement of Ride-Through Capability Using Custom Power
power and power factor has been occurred.
Reactive
power
consumption
Systems ”,978-1-4244-2218-0/2008 IEEE.
[11] H. Amaris , Madrid, Spain , “Power Quality Solutions for Voltage
increases
with
increase in number of grid connected induction generators in
the circuit. Hence there is need to compensate this effect in
case number of induction machines increases. These
Dip compensation at wind farms” , 1-4244-1298-6/2007 IEEE.
[12] M. F. Farias , M. G .Cendoya, P. E. Battaiotto, “Wind farms to Weak
Grid connection Using UPQC Custom Power Device”,978-1-4244-56970/2010 IEEE.
[13]
Mahmoud M.N.Amin, O.A. Mohammed ,IEEE
problems will be more severe in weak grids. It is also
Member, “ Power Quality Improvement of Grid connected Wind Energy
observed that, the simultaneously switching operation of
Conversion by system for optimum utilization of variable speed wind
induction generators results in to excessive inrush of
Turbines” ,978-1-4244-5226-2/2010 IEEE.
[14]
reactive power from the grid, which is undesirable.
Mukhtiar Singh ,Vinod khadkikar ,Ambrish
Chandra,Rajiv
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Varma,
IEEE
Member,
Renewable Energy Sources at the disrtibution level with Power-Quality
The authors would like to thank Hon. Mr. Sunil
Improvement Features” , 0885-8977/2010 IEEE.
Raisoni, Chairman, RGI, Nagpur. , Hon. Pritam Raisoni,
[15]O.A.Giddani,G.P.Adam,O.Anaya-lara,G.Burt
Executive Director, RGI, Jalgaon , Hon. Dr.Prabhakar Bhat,
Principal, G.H.Raisoni Institute of Engineering
“Grid Interconnection of
and
and
K.L.Lo
,IEEE
Member, “Control Strategies of VSC-HVDC Transmission system for
Wind Power Integration to meet GB Grid Code Requirements ” , 978-14244-4987-3/2010 IEEE.
Management , Jalgaon for their strong support and
[16]Rolf Grunbaum, IEEE Member, “FACTS for Grid Integration of Wind
encouragement during the research work.
Power” , 2010 IEEE.
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