Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Restrain, Physical Examination, Venipuncture, Blood samples and Medication routes History Before you approach any avian, ask all the pertinent question writing in your book Page 19-20 1. 2. During the initial encounter between veterinarian technician and patient, a number of very important dynamics occur. First, the patient is approached, captured, and restrained. Second, the patient is examined by the veterinarian so its condition may be assessed. Capture of the patient may be affected through a few basic techniques. Rarely does a pet bird surrender willingly to the entrapment of the handler. Almost always, some form of mechanical assistance, in the form of a towel, net, etc. must be utilized. NO GLOVES Handling Watch for hyperthermia. Open-mouthed breathing means stress and this should return to normal within 5 minutes Be careful no interfere with respiration. Birds don't diaphragm Use a towel to cover your hand when capturing psittacines (parrots) The single most useful tool in a bird capture arsenal is a towel As the towel is quickly but smoothly draped over the bird the handler takes hold of the patient's neck from behind The handler's hand encircles the neck somewhat stretching apart the head and shoulders The bird's neck is held by one hand while its torso and legs are encircled through the towel by the other hand Macaw faces bruise very easily. Be gentle here. A small bird or a cooperative large bird may be captured with bare hands. Always, the bird should first be captured from the rear and behind the neck Be sure to watch for sharp claws video Physical Examination Head: Lack of symmetry, bruising, swelling Eyes: Lack of symmetry, discharge, opaque lens, blood, distruption of normal anatomy Beak: Lack of symmetry, elongated, severe flaking, fractures, pitting of the surface Note: some flaking of the beak is normal Ears: Closed meatus, discharge, odor Nares: Lack of symmetry, discharge, mass, debris, blood Note: it is normal for a structure to be present just inside the nares, called the operculum P.E. Skin: Excess flaking, pitting of the surface, blood, redness, swelling, masses Note: it is normal for birds to bruise green, rather than purple, so it should not be mistaken for gangrene Feathers: Unzipped barbules, dull, greasy, unkempt, stained, plucked or shredded feathers, lack of powder down, stress bars (horizontal lines of malformation along the feather, suggesting the bird encountered a stressful incident during the formation of that (feather) P.E. Crop: No movement w/in one minute, fistula, distended, empty Pectoral muscle mass (thin or obese): A body condition score is assessed by determining pectoral muscle mass Normally the edge of the keel can be palpated b/t the rounded pectoral muscles that slope slightly to either side Wings: Feathers missing, damaged hemorrhaging blood feathers, masses, fractures, dislocations, feathers trimmed, ulcers in skin, lice Cloaca or vent: P.E Masses, dilated, irritated (hyperemic), prolapse of tissue, accumulation of feces, diarrhea on feathers Feet: Plantar erosions (pink area on bottom of feet), flaky skin, necrotic areas, scab, swelling (abscess or gout, which is an accumulation of white uric acid under the skin) Assessing Hydration Status: A “vein refill time” can be performed on the basilic (cutaneous ulnar) vein of birds Normally hydrated bird, the basilic vein should instantaneously refill, and by the time a finger is off the vein to see it, it should have refilled If the basilic vein can be seen to refill, then it is estimated the bird is approximately 5% dehydrated If the vein requires one second to refill, the bird is severely dehydrated (10%) or is in shock (low BP) Grooming Wing clipping can be done in psitacines as they use their beaks as an extra “hand” for climbing Whether to clip one wing or both is debated. Some say one wing clip produce unbalanced flight and the bird will crash when attempting to fly. Wing Clipping Encourage most people, especially new owners, to clip their birds' flight feathers. Trim only his flight feathers, the "primaries" at the ends of his wings. Do not clip the "secondary" feathers near to his body. These do not affect his ability to fly, only his ability to land. Wing Clipping Restrain in a towel. Grasp the wing at the humeroradial joint and extend carefully. Trim with sharp scissors, leaving the first and the last two or four primary feathers Watch for “Blood feathers” If one is clipped, remove it with pliers or hemostats and apply gentle pressure to stop any bleeding Toenail Clipping There are blood vessels and nerves in birds’ toenails. Clip them too short and you’ll hurt your bird and quite possibly cause bleeding. If you do hit a blood vessel, use silver nitrate (Quick Stop) you can also dip the bleeding toenail in flour, corn starch or sugar. More on Toenail Clipping Clipping toenails too short can also cause a bird to have balance and gripping problems. So, clip toenails just short enough to blunt them. A guillotine type dog nail clipper or human toenail clipper can be used. An electrical dremel tool can be used. It cauterizes as it trims. Training – Positive Reinforcement Beak Some individual parrots maintain their beak length and never need a trim, while others require a trim q6m Some species of parrots possess a longer beak than others, and these differences need to be learned before trimming Beak trims are performed when the bird is either awake or under a light plane of isoflurane anesthesia A roto-tool or a nail file is utilized If the bill tip organ becomes visible (as a row of white dots on the occlusal surface of the beak) then the beak should be trimmed no further or hemorrhage and pain will occur Blood collection Syringe (25 gauge needle), blood tubes red top (general chemistry and serology procedures), green top (plasma or whole blood – general haematology and certain chemistry procedures), test alcohol Blood Collection The blood volume of birds is 10%of their body weight. The amount of blood that can be collected safely from healthy bird is approximately 1% of the body weight (1ml/100 grams of body weight in a healthy bird). This amount should be reduced with a sick patient. Avian Venipuncture Most birds can easily be bleed through the right jugular vein. This vein is the preferred site for blood collection as is easily accessed and yield large volumes of blood. In species where a featherless tract over the jugular and tracheal areas doesn’t exist, alternative venipuncture site must be used. Other sites include the medial metatarsal vein, cutaneous ulnar, and toenail Jugular Easily accessed Can obtain large volumes of blood Highly mobile Difficult to immobilize Hematomas easily formed The angle and direction that the needle is inserted will depend on personal preference and restraint technique After venipuncture, hold pressure on vessel to ensure hemostasis Medial Metatarsal Easily inmobilized Can obtain large volumes of blood Minimal chance of hematomas forming Cutaneous Ulnar Easily accessed Yields low volume of blood The wing should be extended and held flat against the surface of the table. Directs the need le towards the body. Maintain a very light pressure on the syringe plunge as this vein will collapse easily Toenail Clip Is painful Yields a low volume of blood This technique is used primarily on very small birds Avian Blood consists of plasma + formed elements plasma is largely water (~85%) plus lots of protein (~9-11%); other constituents of blood include glucose (blood glucose levels in birds are greater than in mammals; about 200-400 mg/dl), amino acids, waste products, hormones, antibodies, & electrolytes. the formed elements include red blood cells (or erythrocytes), white blood cells (or leucocytes), and thrombocytes Bird’s RBC (shown to the right), unlike those of mammals, are elliptical in shape and nucleated. In most species, red blood cells are about 6 x 12 microns in size (mammalian RBC's are typically 5.5 - 7.5 microns in diameter). Avian RBC have a lifespan of 28-45 days Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, the molecule responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body, and are produced in the bone marrow, but in passerines (song birds) are form in the liver and spleen White blood cells play an important role in protecting birds from infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria. In adult birds WBC are primarily produced by the spleen. Birds have several types of white blood cells: The heterophil is the most numerous WBC in most birds. Heterophils are phagocytic and use their enzyme-containing granules to lyse ingested materials. Heterophils are motile and have bilobed nucleus. A rise in their number is usually seen in acute diseases The lymphocyte is the second numerous white blood cell. Lymphocytes are either T-lymphocytes (formed in the thymus) or B-lymphocytes (formed in the bursa of Fabricius). B-lymphocytes produce antibodies; Tlymphocytes attack infected or abnormal cells. More Avian WBC Monocytes are phagocytic cells that act as a second line of cellular defense. An increase production is often seen in cases of tuberculosis and aspergillosis Eosinophils make up about 2 to 3 % of the WBC population of healthy birds. Their number increase in response to allergic reactions and heavy internal parasites Where are the neutrophils? Neutrophil is the WBC type that is not found in the an avian blood smear Basophils are rarely to observe and their function is still unclear Thrombocytes Thrombocytes are nucleated cells that act as a platelets. They are smaller than RBC and have a large, round to oval nucleus. They are important in blood clotting and are produce by the bone marrow in adult birds ???? ???? ???? A good review/access to avian hematology can be found at: http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/ivcvm/1999/ph illips/index.php www.texascollaborative.org/.../sec1_act.ph p Drug delivery to birds Oral Medication Strategies Per Os Administration Application of Medications in the Food Application of Medications in the Drinking Water Routes of Alimentation Tube Feeding (Over the tongue and to the right size of the mouth) Esophagostomy Routes of Fluid Therapy and Intravascular Drug Delivery Subcutaneous Administration (inguinal area) Intravenous Administration (metatarsal for fluids) jugular Intraosseous Catheterization Respiratory Therapy Nebulization Intramuscular Injection Pectoral muscle IO This is called an intraosseus (IO) catheter. It is used to give fluids, especially during an emergency. Birds have very thin walled veins and sometimes they do not hold up when we need to administer fluids. The IO catheter remedies this problem Ulna or tibiotarsus