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Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) Andrew Bowdle MD, PhD Professor of Anesthesiology and Pharmaceutics Chief of the Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology Anesthesia information system • Philips Compurecord – computerized anesthesia record – “black box” recorder for anesthesia • • • • • Hospital charges for anesthesia disposables Pharmacy charges Professional billing and compliance Preoperative evaluation module (not currently funded) Extensive data mining capability – Quality assurance – Outcomes research – OR management RFID • Tags attached to people or objects provide “automatic identification and data capture” (AIDC) such as identification, tracking, security, other functions • Think of it as wireless bar-coding • Well established in retail supply chain • Just starting to be used in healthcare RFID Tags • Passive – – – – no battery receive energy from the reading device (induced in antenna) short range (inches to a few feet) small, relatively inexpensive (eg 10 cents) • Semipassive – battery powers internal circuitry, communication power comes from reading device – longer range (10-100 feet) • Active – battery provides all power – range >100 feet – more expensive Data storage in tag • • • • Ready only Write-one-read-many (WORM) Read/write Data storage capacity range from 1 bit to 512 Kb – 1 bit simply detected or not detected – EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) chips with 512 Kb store pages of information Tag readers • Installed – Mounted in doorways, notes passage of objects or people – Mounted in storerooms, provide continuous inventory – Network throughout building can track and locate people or objects anywhere • Handheld – Scan individual RFID tags, eg wristbands, blood bags, drugs RFID v Bar-coding • Overlapping functions • Bar-coding currently much cheaper • Main advantage of RFID is wireless, remote capability, can function passively • FDA currently requiring bar-coded drug labels, may require RFID in the future RFID applications • Locate and track patients – Identification for site of surgery and blood matching (wireless avoids the need to see the wristband) – Identification for drug matching at point of care – Link to automatic notification system when patient enters holding area, OR etc RFID applications • Locate and track staff – eg what portion of the patient in the room time is the surgeon in the room? – eg how long from when the patient enters the room until the surgeon enters the room? – eg how much time are the staff spending in the lounge? – eg how much time are the anesthesia techs in the OR rooms, how much time in the workroom? – eg is the anesthesia attending present for critical events? RFID applications • Inventory – Continuous readout of inventory in core, anesthesia workroom, holding area, PACU – Handheld readout of anesthesia carts, machines for completeness of stocking RFID applications • Locate and track capital assets – Especially items that leave the OR area – Writable devices could be updated with current maintenance information RFID applications • Locate and track high value implantable devices RFID applications • Pharmaceuticals – Locate and track high value or very time sensitive drugs – When RFID tag cost approaches that of bar codes, inventory, charge capture, point of care matching to patient – Counterfeit protection What to do • RFID technology has great potential for solving problems with positive ROI • Application in hospitals is in an early phase • Convene working group to follow developments and plan time and place to implement