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MODULE I LECTIO PRIMA (I) Topic: The Latin Alphabet. Phonetics. Number of Hours: 2 Objective: to acquire the skills of orphography and reading of Latin medical terminology. TOPIC CONTENT 1. The Latin alphabet. 2. Pronunciation of vowels. 3. Pronunciation of diphthongs. 4. Pronunciation of consonants. 5. Pronunciation of two- consonant letter combinations. 6. Pronunciation of letter combinations. THE LATIN ALPHABET The Latin alphabet consists of 24 letters. In Latin medical terminology the names of plants, chemical elements, medications, eponyms (author’s names), pharmaceutical terminology are written with capital letter; anatomical and clinical terms are written with small letter (except of eponymic notions). N Latin letters Name Pronunciation 1. Aa a a 2. Bb be b 3. Cc tse ts or k 4. Dd de d 5. Ee e e 6. Ff ef f 7. Gg ge g 8. Hh ha h 9. Ii i i or j 10. Kk ka k 11. Ll el (soft) l (soft) 12. Mm em m 13. Nn en n 14. Oo o o 15. Pp pe p 16. Qq ku k 17. Rr er r 18. Ss es s 19. Tt te t 20. Uu u u 21. Vv ve v 22. Xx iks ks 23. Yy ipsilon i 24. Zz zet z or ts PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS There are 6 vowels in the Latin alphabet: a, e, i, o, u, y. The letter “a” is pronounced as [a]: aorta (aorta). The letter “e” is pronounced as [e]: vertebra (vertebra). The letter “o” is pronounced as [o]: os (bone). The letter “u” is pronounced as [u]: meatus (passage, way). The letter “i” in most cases is pronounced as [i]: mandibula (mandible). Nota bene: if “i” is between two vowels in the middle of the word, or at the beginning of the word followed by a vowel, it is pronounced as [j], e.g.: maior (big), iugularis (jugular). In these cases letter “j” can be written instead of “i”, e.g.: major, jugularis. Letter “y” is pronounced as [i] and is only used in the words of Greek origin, e.g.: larynx (larynx). Remember some prefixes and roots with letter “y”: -prefixes with letter “y”: hyper- very high, above norm, e.g.: hypertonia (hypertention); hypo- very low, a condition of diminished tone, e.g.: hypotonia (hypotention); dys- indicates functional disorders, e.g.: dystonia (dystonia); syn, sym- indicates union or association, e.g.: syndromum (syndrome). -roots with letter “y”: hydr- indicates the presence of water, e.g.: hydrops( hydropsis); oxy- indicates the presence of oxygen, e.g.: oxydum (oxyde); pyr- indicates the presence of antipyretic substance, e.g. Pyranalum (pyranal); mycin- medications of antifungal action, e.g. Streptomycinum (streptomycin). PRONUNCIATION OF DIPHTHONGS A diphthong is a combination of two vowels which are pronounced as one sound. There are four diphthongs in Latin language: ae, oe, au, eu: diphthong “ae” is pronounced as [e], e.g.: aegrotus (ill); diphthong “oe” is pronounced as [e], e.g.: oedema (swelling); diphthong “au” is pronounced as [av], e.g.: auris (ear); diphthong “eu” is pronounced as [ev], e.g.: neuron (nerve). Exception: If there are double dots above the letter combinations “aë” and “oë”, they are pronounced as two separate sounds, e.g.: aër (air), dyspnoë (shortness of breath). PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS There are 18 consonants in the Latin alphabet. The letter “b” is pronounced as [b], e.g.: abdomen (tummy, abdomen). The letter “ c” can be pronounced both as [ts] and [k]. If letter “c” is followed by vowels e, i, y or diphthongs ae, oe – it is pronounced as [ts], e.g.: processus (process). The letter “c” is pronounced as [k] in such cases: - if it is followed by vowels a, o, u, e.g.: caput (head), costa (rib), arcus (arch); - if it is followed by consonant, e.g.: cranium (skull); - if it is at the end of the word, e.g.: lac (milk). The letter “d” is pronounced as [d], e.g.: dens (tooth). The letter “f” is pronounced as [f], e.g.: foramen (opening). The letter “g” is pronounced as [g], e.g.: angulus (angle). The letter “h” is pronounced as [h] without aspiration, e.g: homo (man). The letter “k” is used in the words of Greek origin or international vocabulary and is pronounced as [k]: Kalium (Arabic word)- potassium, skeleton (Greek word)-skeleton. The letter “l” is pronounced softly:e.g.: medulla (spinal cord). The letter “m” is pronounced as [m],e.g.: manus (hand). The letter “n” is pronounced as [n], e.g.: nervus (nerve). The letter “p” is pronounced as [p], e.g.: pulmo (lung). The letter “r” is pronounced as [r], e.g.: ramus (branch). The letter “s” is pronounced as [s], e.g.: sulcus (furrow). If letter “s” is between two vowels or between the vowel and the consonants “m” or “n” it is pronounced as [z], e.g.: incisura (incisure), organismus (organism). The letter “t” is pronounced as [t], e.g.: tuberculum (tubercle). The letter “v” is pronouced as [v], e.g.: vena (vein). The letter “x” in most cases is pronounced as [ks], e.g.: apex (apex). If the letter “x” is between vowels it is pronounced as [kz], e.g.: exitus (end, exit). The letter “z” is pronounced as [z] in the words of Greek origin, e.g.: zygoma (cheekbone); in words borrowed from modern languages of the world it is pronounced as [ts], e.g.: Zincum (German word). PRONUNCIATION OF TWO- CONSONANT LETTER COMBINATIONS The letter combinations “ch”, “ph”, “th”, “rh” are used only in the words of Greek origin: “ch” is pronounced as [h], e.g.: chirurgus (surgeon). “th” is pronounced as [t], e.g.: thorax (chest). “rh” is pronounced as [r], e.g.: rhomboideus (rombus like). “ph” is pronounced as [f], e.g.: pharynx (pharynx). PRONUNCIATION OF LETTER COMBINATIONS The letter combination “ngu” is pronounced as [ngv] if followed by a vowel, e.g.: sanguis (blood). The letter combination “su” is pronounced as [sv] if followed by a vowel, e.g.: suavis (pleasant, sweet). The letter combination “ti” is pronounced as [tsi] before a vowel, e.g.: articulatio (joint). The letter combination “qu” is always pronounced as [kw], e.g.: aqua (water). THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Read the words and explain the pronunciation of underlined letters: 1.gangraena 11. systole 2. operatio 12. auscultatio 3. concha 13. basis 4. sic 14. kinesis 5. symptoma 15. consuetudo 6. Quercus 16. thea 7. oxydatio 17. phalanx 8. eupnoë 18. fissura 9. exemplar 19. saccharum 10. fractura 20. hydroxydum 2. Write out the words of Greek origin and explain the pronunciation of the letters in these words: 1. aquosus 11.paediater 2. symphysis 12. hydrochloricus 3. pharmacon 13. keratoma 4. medicamentum 14. peroxydum 5. dyspepsia 15. inflammatio 6. thrombus 16. leukaemia 7. toxaemia 17. hypertrophia 8. zygomaticus 18. rhizoma 9. hypoglossus 19. syndactylia 10. chondros 20. maximus 3. Choose the words with sound [e]: 1. membrum 6. benzoë 2. diaeta 7. abdominalis 3. neurosis 8. coeliacus 4. caecum 9. cingulum 5. luteus 10. rabies 4. Choose the words with sound [z ] : 1. narcosis 6. dosis 2. mensis 7. zoon 3. atlas 8. sapiens 4. viscus 9. transversus 5. Zincum 10.trapezoideus 5. Choose the words in which letter combination “ti” is pronounced as [tsi], explain the rule: 1. vitium 6. tertius 2. tibia 7. palatinus 3. sterilisatio 8. substantia 4. protuberantia 9. acusticus 5. patientia 10. spatium 6. Choose the words with diphthongs or letter combinations of consonants of 1. caecalis 2. choroideus 3. cauda 4. hypoderma 5. trachea 6. auricula 7. thoracicus 8. pleura 9. rhinencephalon 10.oedematicus Greek origin: LECTIO SECUNDA (II) Topic: How To Stress Latin Words. Long And Short Vowels. Number of Hours: 2 Objective: to acquire skills of stressing Latin words. TOPIC CONTENT 1. General notion about long and short vowels. 2. Long vowels. 3. Short vowels. 4. Rules of stressing. GENERAL NOTION ABOUT LONG AND SHORT VOWELS There are 6 vowels in Latin language: a, e, o, u, i, y. They can be long and short according to the way they are prnounced. Long vowels are marked with a short line (-) over a vowel: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, y; short vowels are marked with such a symbol (ˇ) over a vowel: ă, ĕ, ŏ, ĭ, ŭ, ў. It is necessary to define whether a vowel is long or short in order to stress the word correctly. In Latin words we define the stress in the second syllable from the end. The syllables are counted from the end of the word. It is important to remember that the number of syllables corresponds to the number of vowels, for example: the word ar-ti-cu-la-ti-o (joint) has 6 syllables because there are 6 vowels in this word: (a, i, u, a, i, o). One should remember that diphthongs (ae, oe, au, eu) and letter combinations (ngu, su, qu) form one syllable: the word au-ris (ear) has 2 syllables, the word sa-nguis (blood) has 2 syllables too. LONG VOWELS The second syllable from the end is long in such cases or positions: 1. If it contains a diphthong in the second syllable from the end of the word: glutāeus (gluteal). 2. If two or three consonants are preceded by a vowel in the second syllable from the end of the word: ligamēntum (ligament). 3. If x or z are preceded by a vowel in the second syllable from the end of the word: reflēxus (reflex). 4. If the second syllable from the end of the word contains suffixes: -āl: vertebrālis (vertebral) -ār: articulāris (articular) -īn: palatīnus (palatal) -ōs: spinōsus (spinous) -ūr: incisūra (incisure) Nota bene: if the second syllable from the end of the word is long, it is stressed! SHORT VOWELS The second syllable from the end is short in such cases: 1. If one vowel precedes another vowel: facĭes (surface,face). 2. If a vowel precedes h, ch, ph, rh, th: stomăchus (stomach). 3. If a vowel precedes b, d, g, p, t, c with gliding l or r (bl, br, br, pr etc.): vertĕbra (vertebra). 4. If the second syllable from the end of the word contains suffixes: -ĭl: simĭlis (similar) -ĭd: chlorĭdum (chloride) -ĭc: zygomatĭcus (zygomatic) -ŏl: foveŏla (foveola) -ŭl: muscŭlus (muscle) STRESS 1) In two-syllable words the second syllable from the end of the word is stressed. In such case there is no need to define whether the syllable is long or short: ár-cus (arch). 2) In multy-syllable words the second syllable from the end of the word is stressed if this syllable is long: pro-cé-ssus (process). 3) In multy-syllable words the third syllable from the end of the word is syressed only if the second syllable is short: fá-cĭ-es. THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Determine whether the second syllable from the end of the word is long or short and stress it: 1. costa 11. frigidus 2. processus 12. multiplex 3. palpebra 13. apex 4. fissura 14. biliaris 5. fovea 15. subserosus 6. tuberculum 16. lagoena 7. alveolus 17. complexus 8. sanabilis 18. anhydrus 9. occipitalis 19. gangraena 10.canaliculus 20. medicina 2. Read the words and explain the stress rules: 1. quádruplex 11. lúcidus 2. nasális 12. uterínus 3. maxílla 13. sélla 4. mandíbula 14. adipósus 5. páries 15. medúlla 6. mandibuláris 16. fractúra 7. extérnus 17. thermómetrum 8. núcleus 18. éxtraho 9. diaéta 19. grácilis 10. thorácicus 20. cholédochus LECTIO TERTIA ( III ) Topic: General Review of The Five Declensions of Nouns. The Structure of Anatomical Terms: Noun + Noun Combination. Number of Hours: 2 Objective: to acquire the skills of differentiating nouns of the 1-5 th declensions and to construct terms with noun + noun combinations. TOPIC CONTENT 1. General information about noun. 2. Five declensions of nouns: dictionary form, stem defining, gender inflections. 3. The structure of anatomical terms: combinations “noun + noun”. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT NOUN a) gender of the noun. In the Latin language there are three genders of the noun: masculine, feminine, neuter: masculine- genus masculinum feminine- genus femininum neuter- genus neutrum In dictionaries noun gender is marked with the first letter of the gender name: genus masculinum- m genus femininum- f genus neutrum- n b) number of the noun. In the Latin language nouns can be used in singular and plural forms: singular form- numerus singularis (sing.) plural form- numerus pluralis (plur.) c) case of the noun. In the Latin language all nouns have 6 cases. Nominativus (N. or Nom.)- corresponds to the English Common Case who? what? Genetivus (G. or. Gen.)- corresponds to the English “of phrase “. Dativus (D. or Dat.)- is usually translated by means of prepositions “to” or “for” and the noun. Accusativus (Acc.)- is usually dependent on a verb and is used to express the direct object. Ablativus (Abl.)- is usually translated by means of prepositions “by”, “with”, “from”, “on” or “in”. Vocativus is the case of the person addressed. It is not used in medical terminology. Out of 6 cases in Latin in anatomical and histological nomenclature the most commonly used are two of them: Nom. and Gen. cases. In pharmacological and clinical terminology except Nom. and Gen., Acc. and Abl are also used. d) declension of the noun. There are 5 declensions in Latin. Each declension is distinguished by the way in which the nouns belonging to it form the Gen. sing. and inflection of the Gen. sing. : I declension has inflection -ae in Gen. sing. II declension has inflection -i in Gen. sing. III declension has inflection -is in Gen. sing. IV declension has inflection -us in Gen. sing. V declension has inflection -ei in Gen.sing. e) dictionary form of the noun. In Latin nouns are written down in the dictionary form in the following succession : a full form of the noun in the Nominative case singular, comma, genitive inflection, gender: rib – costa, ae f, where “costa” is the word in the Nom. sing., “ae”- inflection of Gen. sing., “f”indicates the gender. f) stem of the noun. We define a stem of each noun by removing the inflection of the genitive case singular : in the first declension in Gen. sing. the inflection –ae; in the second declension in Gen. sing. the inflection –i; in the third declension in Gen. sing. the inflection – is; in the fourth declension in Gen. sing. the inflection – us; in the fifth declension in Gen sing. the inflection – ei; For instance: the word regio, onis f- region, Gen. sing. regionis, belongs to the third declension, that’s why inflection is should be removed, thus, the stem is region-. NOUNS OF THE I –V DECLENSIONS The first declension includes the nouns of the feminine gender with the inflection -a in Nom. sing. and inflection -ae in Gen. sing.: costa, ae f (rib). The fifth declension includes the nouns of the feminine gender too, but with inflection - es in Nom. sing. and inflection -ei in Gen. sing.: facies, ei f (surface). The second declension includes the nouns of masculine and neuter genders. The nouns of masculine gender have inflection -us (most words) or -er in Nom.sing. and inflection -i in Gen. sing.: musculus, i m (muscle), cancer, cri m (cancer). Nota bene! If a noun of masculine gender in Nom. sing. has inflection -er, in other cases (Gen. and Dat. etc.) the letter -e- can either be preserved or dropped. In such cases in dictionary form we indicate a part of the stem: cancer, cri m (-e- is dropped), puer, eri m (-e- is not dropped). The nouns of neuter gender in Nom. sing. have inflection -um or- on (in words of Greek origin) and -i in Gen. sing.: tuberculum, i n (tubercle), skeleton, i n (skeleton). The fourth declension includes the nouns of masculine and neuter genders too. Masculine nouns have inflection -us in Nom. sing. and also inflection -us in Gen. sing.: processus, us m (process). Nouns of neuter gender have inflection -u in Non. sing. and -us in Gen. sing.: cornu, us n (horn). To the third declension belong nouns of all three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) and can have 26 different inflections in Nom. sing. and inflection -is in Gen. sing.: cartilago, ĭnis f (cartilage), foramen, ĭnis n (foramen), apex, ĭcis m (apex). Inflexions of the Nom. and Gen. cases of the nouns belonging to five declensions (singular form only) Declension I Gender f m n m, f, n m n f Nom. sing. -a -us -um different -us -u -es -er -on ( 26 ) -i -i -us - us -ei Gen. sing. -ae II III -is IV V THE STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL TERMS: COMBINATIONS “NOUN + NOUN” In Latin anatomical and histological terminology “noun + noun” combinations are used which may consist of two or more nouns. The structure of such terms is the following: noun in Nom. + noun in Gen., for instance: body of the vertebra, body- noun in Nom. sing., of the vertebra- noun in Gen. sing.: corpus vertebrae. The order of constructing such terms is the following: 1) to write down all words in their dictionary forms; 2) to determine the case and number of each word; 3) to translate as follows: first place is occupied by the noun in Nom. sing., all other nouns are written in Gen. sing. For instance, translate the term “angle of the rib”: 1) angulus, i m-angle costa, ae f-rib 2) angle-Nom sing. (what?) rib-Gen. sing. (of what?) 3) angulus costae THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Determine the declension of the nouns: 1. membrana, ae f 11. diencephalon, i n 2 .truncus,i m 12. retina, ae f 3 .abdomen, ĭnis n 13. phalanx, gis f 4 .sacrum, i n 14. sanies, ei f 5. visus, us m 15. textus, us m 6. neuron, i n 16. duodenum, i n 7. gelu, us n 17. ala, ae f 8. anulus, i m 18. osteon, i n 9. plasma, ătis n 19. status, us m 10. intestinum, i n 20. species, ei f 2. Determine the declension and the stem of the nouns: 1. fundus, i m 6. visus, us m 2. magister, tri m 7. olecrănon, i n 3. capsula, ae f 8. fibula, ae f 4. tegmen, ĭnis n 9. tempus, ŏris n 5. acies, ei f 10. labrum, i n 3. Determine the declension and gender of the nouns: 1. acromion, i 6. phthisiater, tri 2. vesica, ae 7. prominentia, ae 3. hiatus, us 8. metencephalon, i 4 .facies, ei 9. olfactus, us 5. genu,us 10. series, ei 4. Translate anatomical and histological terms from Latin into English: 1. crista tuberculi 6. facies pulmōnis 2. cornu cartilagĭnis 7. ramus musculi 3. caput cornus 8. tuberculum maxillae 4. musculus linguae 9. incisura mandibulae 5. cranium hominis 10. angulus scapulae 5. Translate into Latin, define the combination” noun + noun”: 1. sulcus of the nerve 6. root of the lung 2. tubercle of the rib 7. angle of the mandible 3. articulation of the knee 8. apex of the tongue 4. ligament of the shoulder 9. body of the cartilage 5. arch of the vertebra 10. neck of the shoulder VOCABULARY The first declension costa, ae f rib crista, ae f crest incisura, ae f incisure lingua, ae f language, tongue mandibŭla, ae f lower jaw, mandible maxīlla, ae f upper jaw, maxilla scapula, ae f shoulder-blade spina, ae f spine vertebra, ae f vertebra The second declension angulus, i m angle musculus,i m muscle nervus,i m nerve ramus, i m branch sulcus, i m sulcus collum,i n neck cranium, i n skull ligamentum, i n ligament sternum,i n sternum tuberculum, i n tubercle The third declension apex, ĭcis m apex homo, ĭnis m man pulmo, ōnis m lung articulatio, ōnis f joint, articulation cartilago, ĭnis f cartilage radix, cis f root regio, ōnis f region caput, ĭtis n head corpus, ŏris n body foramen, ĭnis n foramen The fourth declension arcus,us m arch ductus,us m duct processus,us m process sinus,us m sinus cornu,us n horn genu,us n knee The fifth declension facies, ei f face, surface LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSOINAL SAYINGS Anamnesis vitae– anamnesis of life: patient’s data collected by means of questioning him and his ralatives. Anamnesis morbi– anamnesis of disease: detailes of illness obtained through the way of questioning the patient himself and his family. Curriculum vitae– the way of life, biography. LECTIO QUARTA (IV) Topic: General Review Of The 1st Class Adjectives. The Structure Of Anatomical And Histological Terms Comprising Of The Noun And Adjective. Number of Hours: 2 Objective: to acqiure the skills of differentiating the first class adjectives. Adjective + Noun (I-V declensions). TOPIC CONTENT 1. Grammar categories of adjectives. 2. Adjectives of the first class: gender inflections, dictionary form, stem defining. 3. GRAMMAR CATEGORIES Latin adjective has three genders: genus masculinum (m), genus femininum (f), genus neutrum (n). Latin adjective is declined like the noun (according to the cases). In the Latin language adjectives are divided into two classes: I-st class is the one declined according to the first and second declensions of nouns; the second class includes the adjectives declined according to the third declension of nouns. Nota bene! There are no adjectives declined according to the IV and V declensions. FIRST CLASS ADJECTIVES To the first class belong adjectives with the following inflections in Nom. sing.: m- us, er, f-a, n-um, for instance: spinosus-spinous (m), spinosa (f), spinosum (n); dexter- right (m), dextra (f), dextrum (n). These first class adjectives are declined according to the first or second declensions of nouns. The choice of declension depends on the gender of the noun in the following way: - if the adjective has inflection -a in Non. sing., it is declined according to the first declension of nouns of feminine gender; - if the adjective has inflection – us or – er it is declined according to the second declension of nouns of masculine gender; - if the adjective has inflection – um in Nom. sing. it is declined according to the second declension of nouns of neuter gender. In dictionaries the adjectives of the first class are written in the following way: the adjective of the masculine gender, comma, inflection of female gender, comma and finally inflection of neuter gender, e.g.: spinosus, a, um. Sometimes inflections of the female and neuter genders are written with the part of the stem in dictionary form e.g.: dexter, tra, trum. We define the stem of the first class adjectives by removing inflection – a in Nom. sing. in feminine gender, e.g.: dexter, tra, trum (right), f =dextra, we remove inflection –a, so the stem is dextr-. In the Latin language adjective comes after noun and copies all the information about it (gender, case, number). While constructing “noun + adjective“ combination the following order should be kept: 1) to write down the noun in dictionary form; 2) to write down the adjective in dictionary form; 3) to agree the adjective with the noun picking up the correct gender; 4) to write down the combination in Nom. sing.: noun is followed by adjective coping the same grammar categories. 5) to determine declension of the noun (by the inflection of Gen. sing.) and declension of the adjective (by inflection of Nom. sing.) and decline both words. Nota bene! One should bear in mind that declensions of the noun and adjective may not coinside, e.g.: agree the adjective with the noun: a) deep incisure 1. incisura, ae f- incisure 2. profundus, a, um- deep 3. since the noun is of female gender, the adjective should have the female inflection too; 4. write down the combination in Nom. sing.: noun comes first and than adjective in corresponding gender; 5. to determine the declension of noun: in Gen sing. noun has inflection – ae ; thus, it belongs to the first declension; then determine the declension of the adjective: in Nom. sing. there is inflection – a, so the adjective should be declined according to the first declension; Write down the combination in Gen. sing.: incisurae rofundae, (of deep incisure). b) carotid opening 1. foramen, inis n – opening 2. caroticus, a um – carotid 3. foramen caroticum- Nom. sing. The noun is declined according to the third declension (because there is inflection – is in Gen. sing.), the adjective is declined according to the second declension neuter gender ( because there is inflection – um); thus, we have: Gen. sing. foraminis carotici (of carotic opening). THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1.Write down the adjectives in dictionary form: 1. ruber, rubra, rubrum 2. longus, longa, longum 3. coronarius, coronaria, coronarium 4. acusticus, acustica, acusticum 5. sinister, sinistra, sinistrum 2. Complete the dictionary form of the adjectives and find the stem: 1. palatinus … asper … 2. osseus … cavus … 3. costarius … medianus … 4. niger … latus … 5. nutricius arteriosus … 3. Translate the terms, find the adjectives and give their dictionary form: 1. cornu coccygeum 6. cavum profundum 2. crista transversa 7. costa spuria 3. sinus venosus 8. corpus rotundum 4. facies externa 9. pulmo dexter 5. ligamentum obliquum 10. sulcus caroticus 4. Agree the adjective with noun, write them down in Nom. and Gen. cases: 1. sulcus of the vein 2. left lung 3. intrenal surface 4.spinosus process 5. median crist 6. carotid tubercle 5. Fill the gaps with necessary adjective inflection;translate: 1. processus pterygoide … 6. foramen spinos … 2. crista palatin … 7. caput obliqu … 3. genu dextr … 8. radix long … 4. arcus zygomatic … 9. ligamentum accessori… 5. facies medi … 10.sulcus median … VOCABULARY accessorius, a, um additional, accessory caroticus, a, um carotid coccygeus, a, um coccygeal dexter, tra, trum right externus, a, um external internus, a, um internal ischiadicus, a, um ischiadic longus, a, um long medianus, a, um median medius, a, um middle, average obliquus, a, um oblique palatinus, a, um palatine, palatal petrosus, a, um stony profundus, a, um deep pterygoidus, a, um wing-like rotundus, a, um round sinister, tra, trum left spinosus, a, um spinal spurius, a, um false transversus, a, um transverse thoracicus, a, um thoracic venosus, a, um venous verus, a, um true zygomaticus, a, um zygomatic LECTIO QUINTA (V) Topic: General Review Of The Second Class Adjectives . Number of Hours: 2 Objective: to acquire the skills of differentiating the second class adjectives and constructing anatomical and histological terms (noun + adjective combination). TOPIC CONTENT 1. Division of the second class adjectives into subclasses. 2. The first subclass of adjectives with three gender inflections. 3. The second subclass or adjectives with two gender inflections. 4. The third group or adjectives with one gender inflection. 5. The adjectives of the second class with suffixes –ior, - ius. 6. Examples of constructing noun + adjective combinations with the second class adjectives and the nouns of all declensions. DIVISION OF THE SECOND CLASS ADJECTIVES To the second class belong the adjectives which are declined according to the third declension vowel type, thus, having the inflection is in Gen. sing. Depending on the gender inflections they can be divided into three subclasses: -the adjectives of the first subclass or the adjectives with three gender inflections; - the adjectives of the second subclass or the adjectives with two gender inflections; - the adjectives of the third subclass or the adjectives with one gender inflection. THE FIRST SUBCLASS OF ADJECTIVES OR ADJECTIVES WITH THREE GENDER INFLECTIONS These adjectives have individual inflection for each gender in Nom. sing.: masculine-er, feminine-is, neutrum-e: saluber (m) (healing) salubris (f) salubre (n) In dictionary form we write down the adjective of the masculine gender, put comma and then write down the inflections of the feminine and neuter genders. Nota bene! Inflections of the feminine and neuter genders can be written with the part of the stem if needed: saluber, bris, bre. The stem of such adjectives is found by means of removing the feminine inflection –is in Nom. sing.: saluber, bris, bre; femininum: salubris, the stem is salubr-. These adjectives agree with the nouns of the 1-5 th declensions in gender, number and case; they come after noun. THE SECOND SUBCLASS OR THE ADJECTIVES WITH TWO GENDER INFLECTIONS These adjectives have the same inflection – is in Nom. sing for the feminine and masculine genders and individual inflection – e for the neuter: temporalis (m) (temporal) temporalis (f) temporale (n) In dictionary form the adjective is written in masculine gender (and presumingly in feminine as well as according to the rule their inflections should be similar), then we put comma and write the inflection of the neuter gender: temporalis, e (temporal). The stem is found by means of removing the inflection –is in Nom. sing. These adjectives agree with nouns of the 1-5 th declensions in gender, number and case; they come after the noun. THE THIRD SUBCLASS OR ADJECTIVES WITH ONE GENDER INFLECTION These adjectives have similar inflection for all genders in Nom.sing.:-s, x, -r: sapiens (m) (clever), sapiens (f), sapiens (n); simplex (m) (simple), simplex (f), simplex (n); par (m) (pair), par (f), par (n). In dictionary form the adjectives of this subclass are written in the following way: the adjective in Nom. sing., comma and the inflection in Gen. sing. with the part of the stem: sapiens, tis (clever); simplex, ĭcis (simple), par, paris (pair). The stem of such adjectives is found by means of removing the inflection –is in Gen. sing.: sapiens, tis- Gen.: sapientis the stem is sapient-; simplex, icis- Gen. sing.: simplicis, the stem is simplic-; par, paris-Gen.: paris, the stem is par-. These adjectives agree with the nouns of the 1-5 declensions in gender, number and case; they come after noun. THE ADJECTIVES OF THE SECOND CLASS WITH SUFFIXES –IOR, - IUS There are 6 adjectives which belong to the third declension and have the similar inflection –ior for the masculine and feminine genders in Nom. sing., and individual inflection –ius for the neuter: anterior (m) (front), anterior (f), anterius (n). In dictionaries these adjectives are written in the following way: in Nom. sing. we write down the adjective in masculine gender (presumingly in feminine as well since the genders share the same inflection), put comma and write down the inflection of the neuter gender: anterior, ius (front). The stem of these adjectives is found by means of removing the inflection – is in Gen. sing.: anterior, ius- Gen.: anterioris, the stem anterior-. These adjectives are declined according to the third declension (but the consonant type) agree with the nouns of the 1-5th declensions in gender, number and case.; they come after the noun. Remember these six adjectives: anterior, ius front posterior, ius back superior, ius upper inferior, ius lower major, majus big, large minor, minus small EXAMPLES OF CONSTRUCTING “NOUN + ADJECTIVE” COMBINATIONS WITH THE SECOND CLASS ADJECTIVES AND THE NOUNS OF ALL DECLENSIONS Agree the adjectives with the nouns, write down the phrase in Nom. sing. and Gen. sing. a) healing water 1. aqua, ae f 2. saluber, bris, bre 3. aqua (I declension) salubris (III declension, vocal type) Nom. sing. aqua salubris Gen. sing. aquae salubris b) articular process 1. processus, us m 2. articularis, e 3. processus (IV declension) articularis (III declension, vocal type) Nom. sing. processus articularis Gen. sing. processus articularis c) clever man 1. homo, inis m 2. sapiens, tis 3. homo (III declension consonant type) sapiens (III declension vocal type) Nom. sing. homo sapiens Gen. sing. hominis sapientis d) front ligament 1. ligamentum, i n 2. anterior, ius 3. ligamentum (II declension) anterius (III declension consonant type) Nom. sing. ligamentum anterius Gen. sing ligamenti anterioris THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Write down the dictionary form of the III declension adjectives. Define their stem: 1. capillaris … 6. posterior … 2. recens … 7. renalis … 3. major … 8. impar … 4. paluster … 9. acer … 5. centralis … 10. teres … 2. Define the class of adjectives and find their stem: 1. minor, minus 6. distalis, e 2. lacer, ĕra, erum 7. velox, cis 3. sublingualis,e 8. xiphoideus, a, um 4. campester, tris,tre 9. similis, e 5. ruber, bra, brum 10.felix, cis 11. 3. Write down the dictionary form of the adjectives, indicate their class: 1. magnus, magna, magnum 2. semilunaris, semilunaris, semilunare 3. niger, nigra, nigrum 4. paluster, palustris, palustre 5. biceps, bicipĭtis 6. rectus, recta, rectum 7. cutaneus, cutanea, cutaneum 8. posterior, posterior, posterius 9. ovalis, ovalis, ovale 10. squamosus, squamosa, squamosum 4. Make the adjectives of the female and neuter gender, indicate their group: 1. opticus … 6. oblongatus … 2. superior … 7. palmaris … 3. alveolaris … 8. sapiens … 4. facilis … 9. parietalis … 5. dexter … 10. saluber … 5. Agree the adjectives with the nouns, write them down in Nom. sing. and Gen. sing.: 1. lateral surface 2. small horn 3. short muscle 4. simple joint 5. nasal crest 6. Translate anatomical and histological terms and name the adjectives in their dictionary form: 1. incisura major 2. sulcus femoralis 3. foramen vertebrale 4. sinus sagittalis 5. tuberculum minus 6. Translate anatomical and histological terms into Latin; define the group of adjectives: 1. temporal region 6. front arch 2. upper region 7. costal arch 3. external region 8. zygomatis arch 4. oblique muscle 9. occipital vertebra 5. lateral muscle 10. coccygeal vertebra VOCABULARY abdominalis, e abdominal articularis, e articular cervicalis, e cervical ethmoidalis, e ethmoideal femoralis, e femoral lateralis, e lateral longitudinalis, e longitudinal medialis, e medial nasalis, e nasal occipitalis, e occipital par, paris pair pulmonalis, e pulmonal sacralis,e sacral sagittalis, e sagital saluber,bris, bre healing sapiens, tis clever simplex, icis simple temporalis, e temporal vertebralis, e vertebral anterior, ius anterior, front posterior, ius posterior, back superior, ius superior, upper inferior, ius inferior, lower major, majus major, large minor, minus minor, small LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSOINAL SAYINGS Exitus letalis lethal case Similia similibus curantur similar is cured by the similar Status communis general condition Status naturalis natural condition. LECTIO SEPTIMA (VII) Topic: Declining of the Nouns of the I, II, IV, V Declensions in Singular and Plural Forms. Exceptions to the Rule about Gender of the Nouns of the I, II, IV, V Declensions. Declining of the Ist Class Adjectives in Plural and Singular Forms. Number of Hours: 2 Objective: to acquire the skills of double-sided translation of anatomical and histological terms withing the Nom. and Gen. cases in singular and plural forms. TOPIC CONTENT 1. The nouns of the first declension: case inflections; exceptions to the rule. 2. The nouns of the fifth declention: case inflections; exceptions to the rule. 3. The nouns of the second declension: case inflections; exceptions to the rule. 4. The nouns of the fourth declensions: case inflections; exceptions to the rule. 5. The adjectives of the first class: case inflections; constructing compound medical terms with nouns and exceptions of the I, II, IV, V declensions. NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION To the first declension belong nouns of the feminine gender that in Nom. sing. have inflection –a and in Gen. sing. – ae: lamina, ae f- lamina. Ecxeptions: nouns that indicate professions refer to masculine gender: collega, ae m- colleage pharmaceuta, ae m- pharmacist oculista, ae m- eye specialist pharmacopola, ae m- chemist Case inflections of the nouns of first declension Sing. Plur. Nom. -a Nom. -ae Gen. -ae Gen. -arum Case inflections are added to the stem of the noun or the adjective. The first class adjectives of the feminine gender and the exceptions are declined using to the same inflections. Example of the declining: a) the noun rib- costa, ae f, the stem is costSing. Plur. Nom. costa (rib) Nom. costae Gen. costae Gen. costarum b) the adjective with the noun true rib: 1)costa, ae f , 2) verus, a, um 3) costa (I d.) vera (Id.) Sing. Plur. Nom. costa vera ( true rib) Nom. costae verae (true ribs) Gen. costae verae (of true rib) Gen. costarum verarum (of true ribs) THE NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION a) masciline gender To the second declension belong the nouns of the masculine gender that have the following inflections: Nom sing- us, er, Gen. sing. – i: angulus, i m (angle) cancer, cri, m (cancer) Exceptions: Some nouns of the second declension with inflection-us in Nom. sing. refer to the feminine or neuter genders: bolus, i f clay crystallus, i f crystal diameter, tri f diameter methodus, i f method periodus, i f period virus, i n virus, poison CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE MUSCULINE NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION Sing. Plur. Nom. -us, -er Nom. -i Gen. -i Gen. -ōrum Case inflections are added to the stem of the noun. Exceptions of the second declension are declined using to the same case inflections. The adjectives of the first class of the masculine gender have similar case inflections. Example of declining: a) noun: angulus, i m, the stem angl– Sing. Plur. Nom. angulus Nom. anguli (angles) Gen. anguli (of angle) Gen. angulorum (of angles) b) adjective with noun: oblique muscle 1. musculus, i m 2. obliquus, a um 3. musculus (II d.) obliquus (II d.) Sing. Nom. musculus obliquus (oblique muscle) Plur. Nom. musculi obliqui (of oblique muscle) Gen. musculi obliqui Gen. (oblique muscles) musculorum obliquorum (of oblique muscle) c) neuter gender The nouns of the neuter gender of the second declension in Nom. sing. have inflections – um, - on (Greek), Gen. sing.- i: cerebrum, i n (brain), ganglion, i n (knot). There are no exceptions to the neuter gender of the second declension. CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE NEUTER NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION Sing. Plur. Nom. -um, -on Gen. -i Nom. -a Gen. -ōrum Case inflections are added to the stem of the noun or the adjective. The adjectives of the neuter gender have the same case inflections. Example of declining: a) noun: tubercle- tuberculum, i n, the stem tubercul- Sing. Plur. Nom. tuberculum (tubercle) Nom. tubercula (tubercles) Gen. tuberculi (of tubercle) Gen. tuberculorum (of tubercles) b) noun + adjective: carotical tubercle 1. tuberculum, i n 2. caroticus, a, um 3. tuberculum (II d.) caroticum (II d.) Sing. Nom. Plur. tuberculum caroticum tubercula carotica Nom. ( carotical tubercle) Gen. (carotical tubercles) tuberculi carotici Gen. tuberculorum caroticorum (of carotical tubercles) (of carotical tubercle) NOUNS OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION a) masculine gender The nouns of the masculine gender of the fourth declension in Nom. sing. have inflection – us, and in Gen. sing – us: ductus, us m (duct). Exceptions: Some nouns of the fourth declension refer to the female gender: acus, us f (needle) manus, us f (hand) CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION NOUNS OF MASCULINE GENDER Sing. Plur. Nom. -us Nom. -us Gen. -us Gen. -uum Case inflections are added to the stem of the noun. Exceptions to the gender are declined according to the same sets of inflections. Example of declining: a) noun: cornu,us n, the stem cornSing. Plur. Nom. cornu (horn) Nom. cornua (horns) Gen. cornus (of the horn) Gen. cornum (of the hornes) b) noun+adjective: coccygeal horn 1. cornu, us n 2. coccygeus, a, um 3. cornu (IV) coccygeum (II) Sing. Nom. Plur. cornu coccygeum Nom. (coccygeal horn) Gen. cornus coccygei cornua coccygea ( coccygeal horns) Gen. cornum coccygeorum (of the coccygeal hornes) (of the coccygeal horn) NOUNS OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION The fifth declension nouns of female gender have inflection –es in Nom. sing. and –ei in Gen. sing.: facies, ei f (face, surface). Exceptions: dies, ei m meridies, ei m day noon CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION NOUNS Sing. Plur. Nom. -es Nom. -es Gen. -ei Gen. -erum Case inflections are added to the stem of the noun. Exceptions to the rule about gender of the fifth declension are declined according to the same inflections. Nota bene! There no adjectives in the fifth declension. Examples of declining: a) noun: facies, ei f (face, surface) Sing. Plur. Nom. facies (surface) Nom. Gen. faciei (of surface) Gen. facies (surfaces) facierum (of the surfaces) b) noun + adjective: middle surface 1. facies, ei f 2. medius, a, um 3. facies (V d.) media ( I d.) Sing. Nom. Plur. facies media facies mediae Nom. (medial surface) Gen. (medial surfaces) faciei mediae facierum mediarum Gen. (of medial surface) (of the medial surfaces) EXAMPLES OF THE DECLINING OF THE FIRST CLASS ADJECTIVES WITH EXCEPTIONS One should remember that the adjective copies all the information about the noun (gender, number and case), but the inflections may not coinside. Agree and decline: a) right hand 1. manus, us f 2. dexter, tra,trum 3. manus (IV d.) dextra (Id.) Sing. Plur. Nom. manus dextra Nom. manus dextreae Gen. manus dextrae Gen. manuum dextrarum b) critical day dies, ei m criticus, a, um dies (V d.) criticus (II d.) Sing. Plur. Nom. dies criticus Nom. dies critici Gen. diei critici Gen. dierum criticorum c) contagious virus 1. virus, i n 2. contagiosus, a, um 3. virus (II d) contagiosum (II d.) Sing. Nom. virus contagiosum Plur. Nom. vira contagiosa Gen. viri contagiosi Gen. virorum contagiosorum d) oblique diameter 1. diameter, tri f 2. obliquus, a, um 3. diameter (II d.) obliqua (I d.) Sing. Plur. Nom. diameter obliqua Nom. diametri obliquae Gen. diametri obliquae Gen. diametrorum obliquarum e) famous oculist 1. oculista, ae m 2. notus, a, um 3. oculista (I d.) notus (II d.) Sing. Plur. Nom. oculista notus Nom. oculistae noti Gen. oculistae noti Gen. oculistarum notorum EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1.Determine the declension, gender and the stem: 1. oculista, ae 11.dies, ei 2. sensus, us 12. truncus, i 3. calvities, ei 13. virus, i 4. manus, us 14. rima, ae 5. bursa, ae 15. collega, ae 6. pylorus, i 16. recessus, us 7. mentum, i 17. amarities, ei 8. coxa, ae 18.gelu, us 9. periodus, i 19. bolus, i 10.acus, us 20.osteon, i 2.Complete the dictionary form of the nouns and determine their stems: 1. tarsus … 6. superficies … 2. methodus … 7. meridies … 3. paediater … 8. ulna … 4. arcus … 9. pharmacopola … 5. genu … 10. organon … 3. Agree the adjectives with the nouns and decline the phrase: 1. venous network 4. straight muscle 2. white clay 5. rigt scapula 3. osseous ligament 6. left hand 4.Insert the correct inflection instead of dotts: 1. arteria profund … linguae 6. plexus cardiac … 2. angulus mastoide … 7. ligamenta accessori … 3. nervi carotic … extern … 8. process … pterygoidei 4. musculus longus coll … 9. facierum palatin … 5. venae cerebri medi … 10. fissura ligamenti venos … 5.Translate the following terms, determine the case and number: 1. ganglia cardiaca 6. acus chirurgica 2. glandulae palatinae 7. sulcorum arteriosorum 3. incisura mastoidea 8. meatus acusticus 4. facies thyreoidea 9. rami externi 5. diametri transversae 10.cornua coccygea 6. Translate the following compound terms into Latin: 1. branch of the middle part 6. fingers of the hand 2. internal veins of the brain 7. osseous septum of the nose 3. oblique muscle of the eye 8. median nerves 4. menian artery of the knee 9. crest of the neck of the rib 5. lamina of the arch of the vertebra 10.external acoustic passage VOCABULARY cerebrum, i n cerebrum, brain digĭtus, i m digit, finger fissura, ae f fissure ganglion, i n ganglion glandŭla, ae f gland lamĭna, ae f lamina meatus, us m passage, meatu oculus, i m eye acustĭcus, a, um acoustic albus, a, um white cardiăcus, a, um cardiac chirurgĭcus, a, um surgical interosseus, a, um interosseous longus, a, um long mastoideus, a, um mastoideus osseus, a, um osseous, bony thyreoideus, a, um thyroid EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE FIRST DECLENSION collega, ae m colleage oculista, ae m eye specialist pharmacopola, ae m chemist pharmaceuta, ae m pharmasist EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE SECOND DECLENSION bolus, i f clay crystallus, i f crystall diameter, tri f diameter methodus, i f method periodus, i f period virus, i n virus EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION acus, us f needle manus, us f hand EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION dies, ei m day meridies, ei midday LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS Dies diem docet.- Every next day is the apprentice of the previous one. Dosis pro die.- Daily dose Manu armata.- With armed hand (about surgeons) Nulla dies sine linea.- Not a day without a clear line (without wellplanned schedule) LECTIO OCTAVA (VIII) Topic: the third declension of nouns: types of declining. Number of Hours : 2 Objective: to acquire the skills of defining the type of declining of the third declension nouns. TOPIC CONTENT 1. The third declension of nouns: nouns with the equal and different number of syllables. 2. Consonant type of declining: the rule and case inflections. 3. Mixed type of declining: the rule and case inflections. 4. Vowel type of declining: the rule and case inflections. THE THIRD DECLENSION OF NOUNS: NOUNS WITH THE EQUAL AND DIFFERENT NUMBER OF SYLLABLES As it has been mentioned above to the third declension belong nouns of all three genders which in Gen. sing. have inflection –is: articulatio, onis f (joint). There are two types of nouns: with equal and different number of syllables. Nouns with equal number of syllables are those which in Nom. and Gen. sing. have the same number of syllables: venter, tris m (abdomen): there are two syllables in Nom. sing. ven-ter, and in Gen. sing. also two: ven-tris, so this noun is the one with equal number of syllables. Nouns with different number of syllables are those which in Gen. sing. have larger number of syllables than in Nom. sing.: cartilago, ĭnis f (cartilage): there are 4 syllables in Nom. sing.: car-ti-la-go, in Gen sing.-5 syllables: car-ti-la-ginis. In dictionary form we write the inflection of Gen. sing. with the part of the stem: homo, ĭnis m :man (Gen.sing.- inis, where – in is the part of the stem and – is – inflection in Gen.sing.). The stem is found by dropping the inflection –is in Gen. sing. Thus, the dictionary form of the noun thigh- “femur, ŏris n”, Gen.sing. femŏris. To find the stem the inflection – is should be removed, so the stem is femor-. Nota bene! If a noun that belongs to the third declension has only one syllable in dictionary form the whole word must be written down: os, ossis n (bone); pes, pedis m (foot). CONSONANT OR MAIN TYPE OF DECLINING According to the consonant type we decline the nouns of all genders with different number of syllables and one consonant as the last letter of the stem. For instance: paries, ĕtis m (wall). In Nom. sing. this noun has 3 syllables and 4 in Gen. sing. and the stem ends in one consonant. CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE CONSONANT (MAIN) TYPE OF THE THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS Sing. m Plur. f n m n f Nom. different Nom. Gen. -is Gen. -es -a -um Examples of declining the third declension nouns of the consonant type: thigh: femur, ŏris n; the stem is femor- consonant type Sing. Plur. Nom. femur Nom. femŏra Gen. femŏris Gen. femŏrum wall: paries, ĕtis m, the stem is pariet – consonant type Sing. Plur. Nom. paries Nom. pariětes Gen. pariětis Gen. pariětum cartilage: cartilago, ĭnis f, the stem is cartilagin- consonant type Sing. Plur. Nom. cartilago Nom. cartilagĭnes Gen. cartilagĭnis Gen. cartilagĭnum MIXED TYPE To this type belong the nouns: a) having the same number of syllables in Nom. and Gen. sing and the inflections –es or –is in Nom. sing.: pubes, is f (pubis), auris, is f- (ear) b) nouns of all genders if their stem ends in two or more consonants.: os, ossis n (bone), the stem is oss; venter , tris m (abdomen), the stem is ventr-. The main characteristics of mixed type is the inflection – ium in Gen. plur. All other case inflections coincide with the case inflections of the consonant type. CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE MIXED TYPE OF THE THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS Sing. m Plur. f n m n f Nom. different Nom. Gen. -is Gen. -es -a -ium Examples of declining the third declension nouns of the mixed type: abdomen: venter, tris m, the stem is ventr-. Sing. Plur. Nom. venter Nom. ventres Gen. ventris Gen. ventrium ear: auris, is f, the stem is aur-. Sing. Plur. Nom. auris Nom. aures Gen. auris Gen. aurium bile: fel, fellis n, the stem is fell-. Sing. Plur. Nom. fel Nom. fella Gen. fellis Gen. fellium VOWEL TYPE According to the vocal type we decline the nouns of neuter gender with the inflections –e, - al, -ar in Nom. sing.: rete, is n (net); anĭmal, ālĭs n (animal), exemplar, āris n (example). Nota bene! The noun of Greek origin hepar, ătis n (liver) is declined according to the consonant type. The main characteristics of the vowel type is inflection –ia in Nom. plur. (instead of –a in consonant type) and inflection –ium in Gen. plur. (instead of – um in consonant type). Examples of declining the third declension nouns of the vowel type: net: rete, is n, the stem is ret-. Sing. Plur. Nom. rete Nom. retia Gen. retis Gen. retium animal: animal, ālis n, the stem is animal-. Sing. Nom. animal Plur. Nom. animalia Gen. animalis Gen. animalium example: exemplar, aris n, the stem is exemplar-. Sing. Plur. Nom. exemplar Nom. exemplaria Gen. exemplaris Gen. exemplarium Examples of declining compound medical terms consisting of the first class adjectives and the third declension nouns with different types of declining a) stony part 1. pars, tis f 2. petrosus, a, um 3. pars petrosa (pars is declined according to the third declension mixed type, because the stem of the noun part- ends in two consonants; petrosa is declined according to the first declension). Sing. Plur. Nom. pars petrosa Nom. partes petrosae Gen. partis petrosae Gen. partium petrosarum b) venous network 1. rete, is n 2. venosus, a, um 3. rete venosum (rete is declined according to the third declension vowel type because this noun is of neuter gender and has inflection –e in Nom. sing; venosum is declined according to the second declension neuter gender). Sing. Plur. Nom. rete venorum Nom. retia venosa Gen. retis venosi Gen. retium venosum EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Determine the stem and the type of declining for the following nouns: 1. glosumus, ěris n 12. tuber, eris n 2. cervix, ícis f 13. fames, is f 4. cor, cordis n 14. mens, tis f 5. flexio, ōnis f 15. fluor, ōris m 6. plasma, ātis n 16. ovis, is f 7. dens, tis m 17.limen, ĭnis n 8. mel, mellis n 18.ars, tis f 9. apis, is f 19. pulvinar, āris n 10.margo, ĭnis m 20.lac, lactis n 11. calcar, āris n 21. tuberositas, ātis f 2. Make a compound medical term, decline noun and adjective in singular and plural forms: 1. internal ear carotid wall 2. left foot arterial network 3. middle phalanx 3. Translate from Latin. Find the nouns of the third declension, name them in dictionary form and determine the type of declining.: 1. concha auris 6. radices pulmonum 2. lobus pulmonis 7. digiti pedis 3. ventriculus cordis 8. parietes cranii 4. radix pulmonis 9. ossa digitorum 5. paries ventriculi 10. ossa pedis 4.Insert the necessary inflection: 1. pes profundus …- deep foot 2. ossa zygomatic …- zygomatic bones 3. pulmonis sinistr …- of the left lung 4. partes osse …- bony parts 5. tuberositatum deltoide …- of deltoid tuberosities 5.Translate the following into the Latin: 1. opening- openings 2. apex- apexes 3. bones- of bones 4. animal- animals 5. canal- canalas 6. Translate from the Latin language. Determine the nouns of the third declension and define the type of declining: 1. digiti pedis dextri 2. ossa digitorum manus 3. paries ventriculi sinistri 4. apex pulmonis sinistri 5. lobus pulmonis medius 6. Determine the gender, case number and type of the following nouns: 1. pulmones 6. retia 2. articulationum 7. canalium 3. corpora 8. partis 4. foraminis 9. exemplarium 5. cordis 10. pubes VOCABULARY auris, is f ear canalis, is m canal concha, ae f helix (aural cavity) cor, cordis n heart deltoideus, a, um deltoid exemplar, āris n example hepar, ătis n (Greek) liver os, ossis n bone paries, ĕtis m wall phalanx, gis f phalange pubes, is f pubis rete,is n net substantia, ae f substance tuberositas, ātis f tuberosity spongiosus, a, um sponge-like venter, tris m abdomen ventriculus, i m ventricle LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS Homo ornat locum, non locus hominem.- It is a man who makes the place better, but not the other way. Mens sana in corpore sano.- A sound mind in sound body. Ubi pus, ibi incisio.- Where is pus, there is a cut. LECTIO NONA (IX) Topic: Declining The Adjectives Of The Second Class In Singular And Plural Forms. Number of Hours: 2 Objective: to acquire the skills of declining the adjectives of the second class with the nouns of the I-V declensions in singular and plural forms. TOPIC CONTENT 1. Case inflections of the second class adjectives in singular and plural forms. 2. Case inflections of the third declension adjectives with suffixes –ior, -ius in singular and plural forms. CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE SECOND CLASS ADJECTIVES IN SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS The adjectives of the second class (with three, two and one inflection) are declined according to the vocal type of the third declension and have the following inflections: Sing. Plur. m, f, n Nom. different Nom. Gen. -is Gen. m,f n -es -ia -ium EXAMPLES OF DECLINING THE SECOND CLASS ADJECTIVES: a) adjectives with three gender inflections: saluber, bris, bre (healing), the stem is salubr- Sing. m Plur. f n Nom. saluber, salubris, salubre salubris Gen. m f n Nom. salubres, salubres, salubria salubrium Gen. b) adjectives with two gender inflections temporalis, e (temporal),the stem is temporalSing. m, f Nom. Gen. Plur. n temporalis temporale temporalis m, f Nom. n temporales temporalia temporalium Gen. c) adjectives with one gender inflection simplex, ĭcis (simple), the stem is simplicSing. Plur. m, f, n m n f Nom. simplex Nom. Gen. simplicis Gen. simplices simplicia simplicium CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES WITH SUFFIXES –IOR, -IUS IN SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS The adjectives of the third declension with the suffixes –ior, - ius are declined according to the consonant type of the third declension and have the following case inflections (inflections are written with the part of the stem). Sing. m Plur. f n m n f Nom. -ior -ius -ioris Gen. Nom. -iores -iora Gen. -iorum EXAMPLES OF DECLINING THE ADJECTIVES WITH SUFFIXES –IOR, -IUS posterior, ius (posterior, back), the stem is posteriorSing. m Plur. f n m n f Nom. posterior posterius posterioris Gen. Nom. posteriores Gen. posteriora posteriorum EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Decline the adjectives with the nouns in singular and plural forms: 1. small horn 6. angle 2. nasal crest 7. arch 3. articulative net 8. homo sapience 4. costal surface 9. simple joint 5. posterior tubercle 2. Translate compound medical terms: 1. medialis, e (nervus, i m; facies, ei f; tuberculum, i n; arteria, ae f; pars, tis f) 2. par, paris (os, ossis n; organon, i n; ramus, i m) 3. sapiens, tis (animal, ālis n; homo, inis m) 4. superior, ius (plexus, us m; regio, ōnis f; membrum, i n; linea, ae f) 3. Insert the necessary inflections: 1. canales alveolar… 6. facies articular … anteri … 2. musculi intercostal … intern… 7. ductus sublinguales min … 3. cartilagines nasal… accessori… 8. ligamentum auricular … anter … 4. columna vertebral … 9. nodi lymphatici cervical… profund.. 5. concha nasal … medi … 10. septum intermuscular.. lateral… 4. Translate anatomical and histological terms: 1. septum sinum frontalium 2. spina ossis sphenoidalis 3. sulcus cerebri lateralis 4. nucleus anterior corporis trapezoidei 5. ligamentum transversum scapulan inferius 5. Translate into Latin: 1. lateral cartilage of the nose 6. the apex of the posterior horn 2. articulative joint of the knee 7. inferior root 3. anterior incisure of the ear 8. palm 4. inferior surface of the tongue 9. palm 5. dorsal nerve of the scapula 10.medial lamina of VOCABULARY alveolaris,e alveolar auricularis, e aural intercostalis, e intercosta intermuscularis, e intermuscular jugularis, e jugular lumbalis, lumba palmaris, e palmar sphenoidalis, e sphenoideal sublingualis,e subling lacrimalis, e lacrimal LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS Ars longa vita brevis.-The art is endless and life is short Sapienti sat.- For clever is enough Radīces litterārum amāre sunt, fructus dulces.- The roots of the science are bitter but the fruit are sweet. LECTIO SEXTA (VI) Topic: morphological and syntactic structure of anatomical and histological terms. Number of Hours: 2 Objective: to acquire the skills of practical use of anatomical and histological terms of different levels of complication. TOPIC CONTENT 1. The structure of anatomical and histological terms consisting of nouns. 2. The structure of anatomical and histological terms consisting of adjective+adjective combinations. noun+ 3. The structure of anatomical and histological terms consisting of two nouns + adjective. 4. The structure of anatomical and histological terms consisting of two nouns and two adjectives. THE STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMS CONSISTING OF NOUNS The term (Lat. terminus, i m) is the scientific notion which profoundly describes the subject, process or phenomenon. Anatomical and histological terms can consist of two nouns. One of them denotes general name of anatomical term in Nom. case and the other one in Gen. case which concretizes this formation: spina (Nom.) scapulae (Gen.)- spine of the shoulder. While translating such terms the following order should be kept: 1. to read the term, determine the case and number of each noun; 2. write down the dictionary form of each noun; 3. translate the term: first place is occupied by the noun in Nom. (sing. or plur.); and the second place is occupied by the noun in Gen. case (sing. or plur.). For example: - body of the vertebra (body is the noun in Nom. sing., vertebra is the noun in Gen. sing.); 1. corpus, ŏris n 2. vertebra, ae f 3. corpus vertebrae - muscle of the tongue (muscle is the noun in Nom. plur., of the tongue is the noun in Gen sing.): 1. musculus, i m- Nom. plur. musculi 2. lingua, ae f 3. musculi linguae - phalanx of the fingers (phalanx is the noun in Nom. plur., of fingers is the noun in Gen. plur.): 1. phalanx, gis f- Nom. plur. phalanges 2. digitus, i m- Gen. plur. digitōrum 3. phalanges digitōrum - plexus of the nerves (plexus is the noun in Nom. sing., of the nerves in Gen. plur.): 1. plexus, us m 2. nervus, i m- Gen. plur. nervōrum 3. plexus nervorum THE STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMS CONSISTING OF NOUN +ADJECTIVE, ADJECTIVE+ NOUN CONSTRUCTIONS Most of anatomical and histological terms consist of the noun denoting the general name of the formation in Nom. sing or Nom. plur. and the adjective which has the same gender, number and case. It is necessary to place the adjective after the noun. While translating such constructions the following order should be kept: 1. to write down the noun in dictionary form; 2. to write down the adjective in dictionary form; 3. choose the nescessary form adjective according to the noun’s gender; 4. write down the term in Nom. ( sing. or plur.), where noun occupies the firs place. For example: - oblique line 1. linea, ae f 2. obliquus, a um 3. linea obliqua (Nom. sing.) 1. 2. 3. lateral muscles musculus, i m- Nom. plur. musculi lateralis, e- Nom. plur. laterales musculi laterales 1. 2. 3. 4. accessory nasal cartilage cartilago, ĭnis f nasalis, e accessorius, a, um cartilago nasalis accessoria THE STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMS CONSISTING OF TWO NOUNS + ADJECTIVE If anatomical or histological term consists of two nouns and one adjective there can be possible two ways of constructing while translating into the Latin language: - noun in Nom. (sing. or plur.)+ adjective in Nom. (sing. or plur.)+noun in Gen. (sing. or plur.); - noun in Nom. (sing. or plur.)+ noun in Gen. (sing. or plur.)+ adjective either in Nom. (sing. or plur.), or in Gen. (sing. or plur.). Adjective’s case depends on the noun it belongs to. Thus, while translating the terms of the above constructions, the following order should be kept: For example: 1. to define case and number of each word; 2. write down all words in dictionary form; 3. translate the term: - costal surface of the shoulder (surface is the noun in Nom. sing., costal- the adjective in Nom. sing., of the shoulder is the noun in Gen. sing.): 1. facies, ei f 2. costalis, e 3. scapula, ae f 4. facies costalis scapulae - the apex of the posterior horn ( apex is the noun in Nom. sing., of the posterior is the adjective in Gen. sing., horn- is the noun in Gen. sing.): 1. apex, ĭcis m 2. cornu, us n- Gen. sing. cornus 3. posterior, ius- Gen. sing. posterioris 4. apex cornus posteriōris - straight muscle of the thigh (muscle is the noun in Nom. sing., straight- the adjective in Nom. sing., of the thigh in Gen. sing.): 1. musculus, i m 2. rectus, a, um 3. femur, ŏris n 4. musculus rectus femŏris Most of the anatomical and histological terms have the following model of medical terms consisting of three words: noun in Nom. sing.+ adjective in Nom.+ noun in Gen.: incisura anterior auris- anterior incisure of the ear. However, the following model of three words constructions can be observed: noun in Nom.+ noun in Gen.+ adjective in Nom.: septum nasi osseumbony septum of the nose. Due to the fact that there is no definite rule when the noun in Gen. case should occupy the second place, such terms have to be memorised according to the anatomical nomenclature. THE STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMS CONSISTING OF TWO NOUNS AND TWO ADJECTIVES There also exist constructions consisting of two nouns and two adjectives. In such case it looks as following: noun in Nom. + adjective in Nom.+ noun in Gen.+ adjective in Gen.To translate such type of construction we should take the following steps: 1. to define case and number of each word; 2. to write down all words in dictionary form; 3. to translate the term sticking to the above model For example: medial lamina of pterygoideal process (lamina is the noun in Nom. sing., medial- is the adjective in Nom. sing., of the process is the noun in Gen. sing., of the pterygoideal is the adjective in Gen. sing.): 1. lamina, ae f 2. medialis, e 3. processus, us m- Gen. sing. processus 4. pterygoideus, a, um- Gen. sing. pterygoidei 5. lamina medialis processus pterygoidei Another model of anatomical and histological combinations consisting of four terms can be introduced. It has the following scheme: noun in Nom.+ adjective in Nom.+ noun in Gen.+ noun in Gen. For example: articulative surface of the tubercle of the rib (surface is the noun in Nom. sing., articulative- is the adjective in Nom. sing., of the tubercle is the noun in Gen. sing., of the rib- in Gen. sing.): 1. facies, ei f 2. articularis, e 3. tuberculum, i n- Gen. sing. tuberculi 4. costa, ae f- Gen. sing. costae 6. facies articularis tuberculi costae EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1. Translate the terms and explain constructing model: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. substantia spongiosa foramen vertebrae vertebra coccygea processus articularis tuberculum anterius 6. articulatio genus 7. collum costae 8. crista tuberculi 9. manubrium sterni 10.tuberositas ulnae 2. Translate the terms, explain the constructing model: 1. ligamentum longitudinale anterius 2. foramen ischiadicum majus 6. crista tuberculi majoris 7. apex partis petrosae 3. nervus auricularis posterior 4. plexus thyreoideus impar 5. ramus lobi medii 8. apertura thoracis inferior 9. sulcus medianus linguae 10. paries externus ductus 3. Translate the terms, explain the construction: 1. radix inferior plexus cervicalis 6. rami cruris posterioris capsulae internae 2. plexus venosus foraminis ovalis 7. fovea articularis processus articularis superioris 3. crus anterius capsulae internae 8. caput superius musculi pterygoidei lateralis 4. musculus rectus capitis posterior 9. ligamentum transversum scapulae major superius 5. hiatus canalis nervi petrosi majoris 10. ligamentum capitis fibulae posterius 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 4. Translate the terms and define the construction: large muscle of the thight 6. cartilage of the septum of the nose lower cavity 7. transverse ligament of the knee sulcus of sigmoid cavity 8. costal surface of the lung opening of the hollow vein 9. sulcus of the large stony nerve lamina of the vertebra of the arch 10. lateral loiwer artery of the knee arteria, ae f biceps, ĭtis brachium, i n canalis, is m capsula, ae f cavus, a, um crus, ūris n fibula, ae f lobus, i m manubrium, i n membrana, ae f ovalis, e septum, i n sigmoideus, a, um spongiosus, a, um substantia, ae f thorax, ācis m tuberositas, ātis f VOCABULARY artery doubleheaded shoulder canal capsule hollow pedicle calf- bone lobe manubrium membrane oval septum sigmoid spongy substance chest tuberosity elbow bone ulna, ae f LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS Omne minimum nocut- All excessive is wrong. Consilium absente aegroto- Meeting without patient’s presence. Imperāre sibi maximum imperium est- To order to yourself is the greatest power. LECTIO DECIMA (X) AT UNDECIMA (XI) Topic : masculine gender of the third declension. Exceptions to the gender. Number of Hours: 2 Objective: to acquire the skills to recognize the nouns of masculine gender of the third declension and exceptions to the gender. TOPIC CONTENT 1. Male gender inflections of the third declension nouns 2. Exceptions to the rule of male gender 3. Piculiarities of declinimg the noun mater, tris f 4. Muscles’ names according to the functions they perform MALE GENDER INFLECTIONS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS The third declension includes nouns of the masculine gender which in Nom. sing. have six inflections: -o, -os, -or, -er, -es (with different number of syllables), -ex, and in Gen. sing. – inflection –is: vomer, ĕris m (vomer). The stem is to be found in Gen. sing. by means of dropping the inflection –is. It is known that in most nouns of the third declension the stem appears only in Gen. sing, due to this fact it is necessary to know the rules of stem changing according to the gender inflection: N n/n Inflection in Nom. sing. 1. -o 2. 3. 4. -os -or -er 5. -es (with different number of syllables) -ex 6. Inflection in Gen. sing. with the part of the stem -ōnis - ĭnis (rare) -ōris -ōris -ēris Example pulmo, pulmōnis, m (lung) homo, homĭnis m (man) flos, floris m (flower) abductor, abductōris m (abductor) trochanter, trochanteris m (head of the femur) venter, ventris m (abdomen) -ēdis -ětis pes, pedis m (foot) paries, parietiětis m (wall) -ĭcis apex, apĭcis m (apex) Nouns of masculine gender of the third declension can be declined according to the consonant (the vast majority of nouns) or mixed type. Examples of declining the nouns of the third declension (together with the adjective): a) consonant type -papillary wall 1. paries, ĕtis m (wall) 2. mastoideus, a, um (papillary) 3. paries (III d., consonant type) mastoideus (II d., m.) Sing. Plur. Nom. paries mastoideus Nom. pariětes mastoidei Gen. pariětis mastoidei Gen. pariětes mastoideorum -large head of the femur 1. trochanter, ēris m (head of the femur) 2. major, majus (large) 3. trochanter (III d. consonant type) major (III d. consonant type) Sing. Plur. Nom. trochanter major Nom. trochantāres majores Gen. trochantēris majoris Gen. trochantērum majorum b) mixed type - front abdomen 1. venter, tris m (abdomen) 2. frontalis,e (front) 3. venter (III d., mixed type) frontalis (III d., vowel type) Sing. Plur. Nom. venter frontalis Nom. ventres frontales Gen. ventris frontalis Gen. ventrium frontalium EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF MALE GENDER Despite their gender inflections some nouns can be of female or neuter gender: gaster, tris f mater, tris f lex, legis f cor, cordis n os, oris n os, ossis n cadaver, ĕris n papaver, ĕris n piper, ĕris n tuber, ĕris n stomach cerebral membrane law heart mouth bone corps poppy pepper tuber PICULIARITIES OF DECLINIMG THE NOUN MATER, TRIS F Exception mater, tris f has two piculiarities:it is declined according to the consonant type of the third declension;the adjective is put before the noun. Example of declining the noun mater, tris f ( together with the adjective): hard cerebral membrane durus, a, um (hard) mater, tris f (cerebral membrane) dura (the first declension) mater (the third declension of consonant type) Sing. Plur. Nom. dura mater Nom. durae matres Gen. durae matris Gen. durārum matrum All other exceptions are declined according to the general rules. Examples of declining remaining exceptions to the gender (together with the adjectives): a) consonant type sciatic tubercle tuber, ĕris n (tubercle) ischiadicus, a, um (sciatic) tuber (the third declension of consonant type) ischiadicum (the second declension of neuter gender) Sing. Plur. Nom. tuber ischiadicum Nom. tuběra ischiadica Gen. tuběris ischiadici Gen. tuběrum ischiadicorum b) mixed type pulmonary heart cor , cordis (heart) pulmonalis, e (pulmonary) cor (the third declension mixed type) pulmonāle (the third declension vowel type) Sing. Plur. Nom. cor pulmonale Nom. corda pulmonalia Gen. cordis pulmonalis Gen. cordium pulmonalium MUSCLES’ NAMES ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTIONS THEY PERFORM In the Latin language there some nouns denoting names of muscles according to the functions they perform. All these nouns belong to the third declension masculine gender. They can be formed by means of such suffixes as: tor (or –or, or –sor, -or –xor): dilatator, ōris m extensor, ōris m flexor, ōris m Grammar construction of such combinations comprises of two nouns in Nom. sing.: depressor: musculus depressor. In multy -word anatomical terms containing such nouns dependable word is always in Gen. sing. For example: depressor of the ribs where depressor is in Nom. sing., of the ribs Gen. plur., so into the Latin this term will be translated in the following way: musculus levator costarum. EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME 1.Form Gen. sing., define the stem and type of declining: 1. mos … 6. embryo … 2. culex … 7. vortex … 3. sapo … 8. herpes … 4. rigor … 9. calor … 5. catheter … 10. pollex … 2.Agree the first and second class adjectives with the nouns: 1. wall (carotic, external, lower, lateral) 2. lung (left, right) 3. foot (flat, right, left) 4. head of the femur (large , small) 5. man (healthy, sick, clever) 3.Translate into Latin two-words anatomical terms: 1. apex of the lung 6. porta of the lung 2. apex of the tongue 7. arch of the foot 3. apex of the nose 8.cortex of the brain 4. wing of the colter 9. bark of cerebellum 5. surface of the lung 4.Translate from Latin, define case and number of the underlined word: 1. lobus pulmonis superior 2. arcus pedis longitudinalis 3. musculus extensor digitorum 4. arcus venosus dorsalis pedis 5. incisura cardiaca pulmonis sinistri 6. musculus flexor pollicis brevis 7. musculus levator labii superioris 8. musculus depressor septi nasi 9. musculus abductor digiti minimi 10. fissura obliqua pulmonis 5.Translate multy-word anatomical terms into Latin: 1. right lung of the man;left lung of the 6. long muscle that straightens the man fingers 2. apex of the right lung; apex of the left 7. deep muscle that flexes the fingers lung uvula of the left lung 3. lower segment of the lung; medium 8. venous arch of the foot; transversal segment of the lung arch of the foot 4. short muscle that moves the thumb of 9. external wall of the duct the hand 5. muscles which lift the ribs 6. Agree and translate in singular and plural: 1. parietal tubercle 2. palatine bone 3. soft cortex of the brain 4. healthy stomach 5. back wall 7. Agree the adjectives of the first and second declensions with exceptions: 1. heart (venous, pulmonary, flexible) 2. bone (short, flat, temporal) 3. tubercle (grey, front) 4. cortex of the brain (hard, soft) 5. cortex (of the kidney, of the brain) 8. Translate the terms, name the exceptions in dictionary form: 1. tuberculum jugulare ossis occipitalis 2. musculus depressor anguli oris 3. cornua majora ossis hyoidei 4. spina nasalis ossis frontalis 5. ossa faciei minora 9. Translate into Latin: 1. incisure of the apex of the heart 2. left ventricle of the heart 3. large vein of the heart 4. bones of the toes of the foot 5. bones ot the fingers of the hand 6. bones of the skull; bones of the face 7. cavity of the mouth 8. diaphragm of the mouth 9. junction of bones 10. lips of the mouth 10. Define the declension, gender and type of declining: 1.collega, ae 11. virus, i 2. mater, tris 12. effectus, us 3. casus, us 13. piper, eris 4. dies, ei 14. amnion, i 5. os, ossis 15. manus, us 6. delirium, i 16. color, oris 7. pavor, oris 17. lex, legis 8. locus, i 18. myces, etis 9. olla, ae 19. res, rei 10. tuber, eris 20. lobus, i VOCABULARY The masculine nouns of the third declension apex, ĭcis m cortex, ĭcis m flos, ōris m homo, ĭnis m paries, ĕtis m pes, pedis m pollex, ĭcis m pulmo, ōnis m trochanter, ēris m venter, tris m vertex, ĭcis m vomer, ĕris m apex cortex flower human being, man wall foot thumb lung head of the femur abdomen crown of the head vomer THE NOUNS OF THE MASCULINE GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION- NAMES OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTION THEY PERFORM abductor, ōris m adductor, ōris m depressor, ōris m extensor, ōris m flexor, ōris m levator, ōris m abductor driving muscle depressor straighter flexor lifter EEXCEPTIONS TO THE MALE GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION stomach cerebral cortex law heart corpse, dead body poppy tubercle mouth bone pepper LEXICAL MINIMUM FOR PRACTICAL USE NOUNS ala, ae f wing cerebellum, i n cerebellum diaphragma, ătis n diaphragm hilus, i m porta junctura, ae f junction labium, i n lip lingula, ae f uvula lobus, i m lobe gaster, tris f mater, tris f lex, legis f cor, cordis n cadaver, ĕris n papaver, ĕris n tuber, ĕris n os, oris n os, ossis n piper, ĕris n ADJECTIVES aegrotus, a, um cerebralis, e cinereus, a, um hyoideus, a, um mobilis, e mastoideus, a, um minimus, a, um pius, a, um ill, sick cerebral grey hyoid flexible, mobile papillary the smallest soft planus, a, um renalis, e sanus, a, um durus, a, um flat belonging to kidney healthy hard LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS Alma mater.- Feeding mother (that is the way students call their educational establishment). Dura lex, sed lex.- The law is strict but it is the law. Lege artis.- According to rules of art.