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MODULE I
LECTIO PRIMA (I)
Topic: The Latin Alphabet. Phonetics.
Number of Hours: 2
Objective: to acquire the skills of orphography and reading of
Latin medical terminology.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. The Latin alphabet.
2. Pronunciation of vowels.
3. Pronunciation of diphthongs.
4. Pronunciation of consonants.
5. Pronunciation of two- consonant letter combinations.
6. Pronunciation of letter combinations.
THE LATIN ALPHABET
The Latin alphabet consists of 24 letters. In Latin medical terminology the
names of plants, chemical elements, medications, eponyms (author’s names),
pharmaceutical terminology are written with capital letter; anatomical and clinical
terms are written with small letter (except of eponymic notions).
N
Latin letters
Name
Pronunciation
1.
Aa
a
a
2.
Bb
be
b
3.
Cc
tse
ts or k
4.
Dd
de
d
5.
Ee
e
e
6.
Ff
ef
f
7.
Gg
ge
g
8.
Hh
ha
h
9.
Ii
i
i or j
10.
Kk
ka
k
11.
Ll
el (soft)
l (soft)
12.
Mm
em
m
13.
Nn
en
n
14.
Oo
o
o
15.
Pp
pe
p
16.
Qq
ku
k
17.
Rr
er
r
18.
Ss
es
s
19.
Tt
te
t
20.
Uu
u
u
21.
Vv
ve
v
22.
Xx
iks
ks
23.
Yy
ipsilon
i
24.
Zz
zet
z or ts
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS
There are 6 vowels in the Latin alphabet: a, e, i, o, u, y.
The letter “a” is pronounced as [a]: aorta (aorta).
The letter “e” is pronounced as [e]: vertebra (vertebra).
The letter “o” is pronounced as [o]: os (bone).
The letter “u” is pronounced as [u]: meatus (passage, way).
The letter “i” in most cases is pronounced as [i]: mandibula (mandible).
Nota bene: if “i” is between two vowels in the middle of the word, or at the
beginning of the word followed by a vowel, it is pronounced as [j], e.g.: maior (big),
iugularis (jugular). In these cases letter “j” can be written instead of “i”, e.g.: major,
jugularis.
Letter “y” is pronounced as [i] and is only used in the words of Greek origin,
e.g.: larynx (larynx).
Remember some prefixes and roots with letter “y”:
-prefixes with letter “y”:
hyper- very high, above norm, e.g.: hypertonia (hypertention);
hypo- very low, a condition of diminished tone, e.g.: hypotonia
(hypotention);
dys- indicates functional disorders, e.g.: dystonia (dystonia);
syn, sym- indicates union or association, e.g.: syndromum (syndrome).
-roots with letter “y”:
hydr- indicates the presence of water, e.g.: hydrops( hydropsis);
oxy- indicates the presence of oxygen, e.g.: oxydum (oxyde);
pyr- indicates the presence of antipyretic substance, e.g. Pyranalum
(pyranal);
mycin- medications of antifungal action, e.g. Streptomycinum
(streptomycin).
PRONUNCIATION OF DIPHTHONGS
A diphthong is a combination of two vowels which are pronounced as
one sound.
There are four diphthongs in Latin language: ae, oe, au, eu:
diphthong “ae” is pronounced as [e], e.g.: aegrotus (ill);
diphthong “oe” is pronounced as [e], e.g.: oedema (swelling);
diphthong “au” is pronounced as [av], e.g.: auris (ear);
diphthong “eu” is pronounced as [ev], e.g.: neuron (nerve).
Exception: If there are double dots above the letter combinations “aë”
and “oë”, they are pronounced as two separate sounds, e.g.: aër (air),
dyspnoë (shortness of breath).
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS
There are 18 consonants in the Latin alphabet.
The letter “b” is pronounced as [b], e.g.: abdomen (tummy, abdomen).
The letter “ c” can be pronounced both as [ts] and [k]. If letter “c” is
followed by vowels e, i, y or diphthongs ae, oe – it is pronounced as [ts], e.g.:
processus (process).
The letter “c” is pronounced as [k] in such cases:
- if it is followed by vowels a, o, u, e.g.: caput (head), costa (rib), arcus
(arch);
- if it is followed by consonant, e.g.: cranium (skull);
- if it is at the end of the word, e.g.: lac (milk).
The letter “d” is pronounced as [d], e.g.: dens (tooth).
The letter “f” is pronounced as [f], e.g.: foramen (opening).
The letter “g” is pronounced as [g], e.g.: angulus (angle).
The letter “h” is pronounced as [h] without aspiration, e.g: homo (man).
The letter “k” is used in the words of Greek origin or international
vocabulary and is pronounced as [k]: Kalium (Arabic word)- potassium,
skeleton (Greek word)-skeleton.
The letter “l” is pronounced softly:e.g.: medulla (spinal cord).
The letter “m” is pronounced as [m],e.g.: manus (hand).
The letter “n” is pronounced as [n], e.g.: nervus (nerve).
The letter “p” is pronounced as [p], e.g.: pulmo (lung).
The letter “r” is pronounced as [r], e.g.: ramus (branch).
The letter “s” is pronounced as [s], e.g.: sulcus (furrow).
If letter “s” is between two vowels or between the vowel and the
consonants “m” or “n” it is pronounced as [z], e.g.: incisura (incisure),
organismus (organism).
The letter “t” is pronounced as [t], e.g.: tuberculum (tubercle).
The letter “v” is pronouced as [v], e.g.: vena (vein).
The letter “x” in most cases is pronounced as [ks], e.g.: apex (apex).
If the letter “x” is between vowels it is pronounced as [kz], e.g.: exitus
(end, exit).
The letter “z” is pronounced as [z] in the words of Greek origin, e.g.:
zygoma (cheekbone); in words borrowed from modern languages of the world
it is pronounced as [ts], e.g.: Zincum (German word).
PRONUNCIATION OF TWO- CONSONANT LETTER COMBINATIONS
The letter combinations “ch”, “ph”, “th”, “rh” are used only in the words of
Greek origin:
“ch” is pronounced as [h], e.g.: chirurgus (surgeon).
“th” is pronounced as [t], e.g.: thorax (chest).
“rh” is pronounced as [r], e.g.: rhomboideus (rombus like).
“ph” is pronounced as [f], e.g.: pharynx (pharynx).
PRONUNCIATION OF LETTER COMBINATIONS
The letter combination “ngu” is pronounced as [ngv] if followed by a vowel,
e.g.: sanguis (blood).
The letter combination “su” is pronounced as [sv] if followed by a vowel,
e.g.: suavis (pleasant, sweet).
The letter combination “ti” is pronounced as [tsi] before a vowel, e.g.:
articulatio (joint).
The letter combination “qu” is always pronounced as [kw], e.g.: aqua (water).
THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Read the words and explain the pronunciation of underlined letters:
1.gangraena
11. systole
2. operatio
12. auscultatio
3. concha
13. basis
4. sic
14. kinesis
5. symptoma
15. consuetudo
6. Quercus
16. thea
7. oxydatio
17. phalanx
8. eupnoë
18. fissura
9. exemplar
19. saccharum
10. fractura
20. hydroxydum
2. Write out the words of Greek origin and explain the pronunciation of the letters in
these words:
1. aquosus
11.paediater
2. symphysis
12. hydrochloricus
3. pharmacon
13. keratoma
4. medicamentum
14. peroxydum
5. dyspepsia
15. inflammatio
6. thrombus
16. leukaemia
7. toxaemia
17. hypertrophia
8. zygomaticus
18. rhizoma
9. hypoglossus
19. syndactylia
10. chondros
20. maximus
3. Choose the words with sound [e]:
1. membrum
6. benzoë
2. diaeta
7. abdominalis
3. neurosis
8. coeliacus
4. caecum
9. cingulum
5. luteus
10. rabies
4. Choose the words with sound [z ] :
1. narcosis
6. dosis
2. mensis
7. zoon
3. atlas
8. sapiens
4. viscus
9. transversus
5. Zincum
10.trapezoideus
5. Choose the words in which letter combination “ti” is pronounced as [tsi],
explain the rule:
1. vitium
6. tertius
2. tibia
7. palatinus
3. sterilisatio
8. substantia
4. protuberantia
9. acusticus
5. patientia
10. spatium
6. Choose the words with diphthongs
or letter combinations of consonants of
1. caecalis
2. choroideus
3. cauda
4. hypoderma
5. trachea
6. auricula
7. thoracicus
8. pleura
9. rhinencephalon
10.oedematicus
Greek origin:
LECTIO SECUNDA (II)
Topic: How To Stress Latin Words. Long And Short Vowels.
Number of Hours: 2
Objective: to acquire skills of stressing Latin words.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. General notion about long and short vowels.
2. Long vowels.
3. Short vowels.
4. Rules of stressing.
GENERAL NOTION ABOUT LONG AND SHORT VOWELS
There are 6 vowels in Latin language: a, e, o, u, i, y. They can be long and
short according to the way they are prnounced. Long vowels are marked with a
short line (-) over a vowel: ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, y; short vowels are marked with such a
symbol (ˇ) over a vowel: ă, ĕ, ŏ, ĭ, ŭ, ў.
It is necessary to define whether a vowel is long or short in order to stress
the word correctly. In Latin words we define the stress in the second syllable from
the end. The syllables are counted from the end of the word. It is important to
remember that the number of syllables corresponds to the number of vowels, for
example: the word ar-ti-cu-la-ti-o (joint) has 6 syllables because there are 6
vowels in this word: (a, i, u, a, i, o).
One should remember that diphthongs (ae, oe, au, eu) and letter
combinations (ngu, su, qu) form one syllable: the word au-ris (ear) has 2
syllables, the word sa-nguis (blood) has 2 syllables too.
LONG VOWELS
The second syllable from the end is long in such cases or positions:
1. If it contains a diphthong in the second syllable from the end of the word:
glutāeus (gluteal).
2. If two or three consonants are preceded by a vowel in the second syllable
from the end of the word: ligamēntum (ligament).
3. If x or z are preceded by a vowel in the second syllable from the end of
the word: reflēxus (reflex).
4. If the second syllable from the end of the word contains suffixes:
-āl: vertebrālis (vertebral)
-ār: articulāris (articular)
-īn: palatīnus (palatal)
-ōs: spinōsus (spinous)
-ūr: incisūra (incisure)
Nota bene: if the second syllable from the end of the word is long, it
is stressed!
SHORT VOWELS
The second syllable from the end is short in such cases:
1. If one vowel precedes another vowel: facĭes (surface,face).
2. If a vowel precedes h, ch, ph, rh, th: stomăchus (stomach).
3. If a vowel precedes b, d, g, p, t, c with gliding l or r (bl, br, br, pr etc.):
vertĕbra (vertebra).
4. If the second syllable from the end of the word contains suffixes:
-ĭl: simĭlis (similar)
-ĭd: chlorĭdum (chloride)
-ĭc: zygomatĭcus (zygomatic)
-ŏl: foveŏla (foveola)
-ŭl: muscŭlus (muscle)
STRESS
1) In two-syllable words the second syllable from the end of the word is
stressed. In such case there is no need to define whether the syllable is
long or short: ár-cus (arch).
2) In multy-syllable words the second syllable from the end of the word is
stressed if this syllable is long: pro-cé-ssus (process).
3) In multy-syllable words the third syllable from the end of the word is
syressed only if the second syllable is short: fá-cĭ-es.
THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Determine whether the second syllable from the end of the word is
long or short and stress it:
1. costa
11. frigidus
2. processus
12. multiplex
3. palpebra
13. apex
4. fissura
14. biliaris
5. fovea
15. subserosus
6. tuberculum
16. lagoena
7. alveolus
17. complexus
8. sanabilis
18. anhydrus
9. occipitalis
19. gangraena
10.canaliculus
20. medicina
2. Read the words and explain the stress rules:
1. quádruplex
11. lúcidus
2. nasális
12. uterínus
3. maxílla
13. sélla
4. mandíbula
14. adipósus
5. páries
15. medúlla
6. mandibuláris
16. fractúra
7. extérnus
17. thermómetrum
8. núcleus
18. éxtraho
9. diaéta
19. grácilis
10. thorácicus
20. cholédochus
LECTIO TERTIA ( III )
Topic: General Review of The Five Declensions of Nouns. The Structure of
Anatomical Terms: Noun + Noun Combination.
Number of Hours: 2
Objective: to acquire the skills of differentiating nouns of the 1-5 th
declensions
and to construct terms with noun + noun combinations.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. General information about noun.
2. Five declensions of nouns: dictionary form, stem defining, gender inflections.
3. The structure of anatomical terms: combinations “noun + noun”.
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT NOUN
a) gender of the noun.
In the Latin language there are three genders of the noun: masculine,
feminine, neuter:
masculine- genus masculinum
feminine- genus femininum
neuter- genus neutrum
In dictionaries noun gender is marked with the first letter of the
gender name:
genus masculinum- m
genus femininum- f
genus neutrum- n
b) number of the noun.
In the Latin language nouns can be used in singular and plural
forms:
singular form- numerus singularis (sing.)
plural form- numerus pluralis (plur.)
c) case of the noun.
In the Latin language all nouns have 6 cases.
Nominativus (N. or Nom.)- corresponds to the English Common
Case who? what?
Genetivus (G. or. Gen.)- corresponds to the English “of phrase “.
Dativus (D. or Dat.)- is usually translated by means of prepositions
“to” or “for” and the noun.
Accusativus (Acc.)- is usually dependent on a verb and is used to
express the direct object.
Ablativus (Abl.)- is usually translated by means of prepositions “by”,
“with”, “from”, “on” or “in”.
Vocativus is the case of the person addressed. It is not used in
medical terminology.
Out of 6 cases in Latin in anatomical and histological nomenclature
the most commonly used are two of them: Nom. and Gen. cases. In
pharmacological and clinical terminology except Nom. and Gen., Acc.
and Abl are also used.
d) declension of the noun.
There are 5 declensions in Latin. Each declension is distinguished by
the way in which the nouns belonging to it form the Gen. sing. and
inflection of the Gen. sing. :
I declension has inflection -ae in Gen. sing.
II declension has inflection -i in Gen. sing.
III declension has inflection -is in Gen. sing.
IV declension has inflection -us in Gen. sing.
V declension has inflection -ei in Gen.sing.
e) dictionary form of the noun.
In Latin nouns are written down in the dictionary form in the
following succession : a full form of the noun in the Nominative case
singular, comma, genitive inflection, gender: rib – costa, ae f, where
“costa” is the word in the Nom. sing., “ae”- inflection of Gen. sing., “f”indicates the gender.
f) stem of the noun.
We define a stem of each noun by removing the inflection of the
genitive case singular :
in the first declension in Gen. sing. the inflection –ae;
in the second declension in Gen. sing. the inflection –i;
in the third declension in Gen. sing. the inflection – is;
in the fourth declension in Gen. sing. the inflection – us;
in the fifth declension in Gen sing. the inflection – ei;
For instance: the word regio, onis f- region, Gen. sing. regionis,
belongs to the third declension, that’s why inflection is should be
removed, thus, the stem is region-.
NOUNS OF THE I –V DECLENSIONS
The first declension includes the nouns of the feminine gender with the
inflection -a in Nom. sing. and inflection -ae in Gen. sing.: costa, ae f (rib).
The fifth declension includes the nouns of the feminine gender too, but with
inflection - es in Nom. sing. and inflection -ei in Gen. sing.: facies, ei f (surface).
The second declension includes the nouns of masculine and neuter
genders. The nouns of masculine gender have inflection -us (most words) or -er
in Nom.sing. and inflection -i in Gen. sing.: musculus, i m (muscle), cancer, cri m
(cancer).
Nota bene! If a noun of masculine gender in Nom. sing. has inflection -er,
in other cases (Gen. and Dat. etc.) the letter -e- can either be preserved or dropped.
In such cases in dictionary form we indicate a part of the stem: cancer, cri m (-e- is
dropped), puer, eri m (-e- is not dropped).
The nouns of neuter gender in Nom. sing. have inflection -um or- on (in
words of Greek origin) and -i in Gen. sing.: tuberculum, i n (tubercle), skeleton, i n
(skeleton).
The fourth declension includes the nouns of masculine and neuter genders
too. Masculine nouns have inflection -us in Nom. sing. and also inflection -us in
Gen. sing.: processus, us m (process).
Nouns of neuter gender have inflection -u in Non. sing. and -us in Gen.
sing.: cornu, us n (horn).
To the third declension belong nouns of all three genders (masculine,
feminine and neuter) and can have 26 different inflections in Nom. sing. and
inflection -is in Gen. sing.: cartilago, ĭnis f (cartilage), foramen, ĭnis n (foramen),
apex, ĭcis m (apex).
Inflexions of the Nom. and Gen. cases of the nouns belonging to five
declensions
(singular form only)
Declension
I
Gender
f
m
n
m, f, n
m
n
f
Nom. sing.
-a
-us
-um
different
-us
-u
-es
-er
-on
( 26 )
-i
-i
-us
- us
-ei
Gen. sing.
-ae
II
III
-is
IV
V
THE STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL TERMS: COMBINATIONS
“NOUN + NOUN”
In Latin anatomical and histological terminology “noun + noun”
combinations are used which may consist of two or more nouns. The
structure of such terms is the following: noun in Nom. + noun in Gen.,
for instance: body of the vertebra, body- noun in Nom. sing., of the
vertebra- noun in Gen. sing.: corpus vertebrae.
The order of constructing such terms is the following:
1) to write down all words in their dictionary forms;
2) to determine the case and number of each word;
3) to translate as follows: first place is occupied by the noun in Nom.
sing., all other nouns are written in Gen. sing. For instance, translate
the term “angle of the rib”:
1) angulus, i m-angle
costa, ae f-rib
2) angle-Nom sing. (what?)
rib-Gen. sing. (of what?)
3) angulus costae
THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Determine the declension of the nouns:
1. membrana, ae f
11. diencephalon, i n
2 .truncus,i m
12. retina, ae f
3 .abdomen, ĭnis n
13. phalanx, gis f
4 .sacrum, i n
14. sanies, ei f
5. visus, us m
15. textus, us m
6. neuron, i n
16. duodenum, i n
7. gelu, us n
17. ala, ae f
8. anulus, i m
18. osteon, i n
9. plasma, ătis n
19. status, us m
10. intestinum, i n
20. species, ei f
2. Determine the declension and the stem of the nouns:
1. fundus, i m
6. visus, us m
2. magister, tri m
7. olecrănon, i n
3. capsula, ae f
8. fibula, ae f
4. tegmen, ĭnis n
9. tempus, ŏris n
5. acies, ei f
10. labrum, i n
3. Determine the declension and gender of the nouns:
1. acromion, i
6. phthisiater, tri
2. vesica, ae
7. prominentia, ae
3. hiatus, us
8. metencephalon, i
4 .facies, ei
9. olfactus, us
5. genu,us
10. series, ei
4. Translate anatomical and histological terms from Latin into English:
1. crista tuberculi
6. facies pulmōnis
2. cornu cartilagĭnis
7. ramus musculi
3. caput cornus
8. tuberculum maxillae
4. musculus linguae
9. incisura mandibulae
5. cranium hominis
10. angulus scapulae
5. Translate into Latin, define the combination” noun + noun”:
1. sulcus of the nerve
6. root of the lung
2. tubercle of the rib
7. angle of the mandible
3. articulation of the knee
8. apex of the tongue
4. ligament of the shoulder
9. body of the cartilage
5. arch of the vertebra
10. neck of the shoulder
VOCABULARY
The first declension
costa, ae f
rib
crista, ae f
crest
incisura, ae f
incisure
lingua, ae f
language, tongue
mandibŭla, ae f
lower jaw, mandible
maxīlla, ae f
upper jaw, maxilla
scapula, ae f
shoulder-blade
spina, ae f
spine
vertebra, ae f
vertebra
The second declension
angulus, i m
angle
musculus,i m
muscle
nervus,i m
nerve
ramus, i m
branch
sulcus, i m
sulcus
collum,i n
neck
cranium, i n
skull
ligamentum, i n
ligament
sternum,i n
sternum
tuberculum, i n
tubercle
The third declension
apex, ĭcis m
apex
homo, ĭnis m
man
pulmo, ōnis m
lung
articulatio, ōnis f
joint, articulation
cartilago, ĭnis f
cartilage
radix, cis f
root
regio, ōnis f
region
caput, ĭtis n
head
corpus, ŏris n
body
foramen, ĭnis n
foramen
The fourth declension
arcus,us m
arch
ductus,us m
duct
processus,us m
process
sinus,us m
sinus
cornu,us n
horn
genu,us n
knee
The fifth declension
facies, ei f
face, surface
LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSOINAL SAYINGS
Anamnesis vitae– anamnesis of life: patient’s data collected by means of
questioning him and his ralatives.
Anamnesis morbi– anamnesis of disease: detailes of illness obtained through the
way of questioning the patient himself and his family.
Curriculum vitae– the way of life, biography.
LECTIO QUARTA (IV)
Topic: General Review Of The 1st Class Adjectives. The Structure Of
Anatomical And Histological Terms Comprising Of The Noun
And Adjective.
Number of Hours: 2
Objective: to acqiure the skills of differentiating the first
class adjectives. Adjective + Noun (I-V declensions).
TOPIC CONTENT
1. Grammar categories of adjectives.
2. Adjectives of the first class: gender inflections, dictionary form, stem defining.
3.
GRAMMAR CATEGORIES
Latin adjective has three genders: genus masculinum (m), genus
femininum (f), genus neutrum (n). Latin adjective is declined like the noun
(according to the cases).
In the Latin language adjectives are divided into two classes: I-st class is the
one declined according to the first and second declensions of nouns; the second
class includes the adjectives declined according to the third declension of nouns.
Nota bene! There are no adjectives declined according to the IV and V
declensions.
FIRST CLASS ADJECTIVES
To the first class belong adjectives with the following inflections in Nom.
sing.: m- us, er, f-a, n-um, for instance: spinosus-spinous (m), spinosa (f),
spinosum (n); dexter- right (m), dextra (f), dextrum (n).
These first class adjectives are declined according to the first or second
declensions of nouns. The choice of declension depends on the gender of the noun
in the following way:
- if the adjective has inflection -a in Non. sing., it is declined according to the
first declension of nouns of feminine gender;
- if the adjective has inflection – us or – er it is declined according to the second
declension of nouns of masculine gender;
- if the adjective has inflection – um in Nom. sing. it is declined according to the
second declension of nouns of neuter gender.
In dictionaries the adjectives of the first class are written in the
following way: the adjective of the masculine gender, comma, inflection of
female gender, comma and finally inflection of neuter gender, e.g.:
spinosus, a, um. Sometimes inflections of the female and neuter genders are
written with the part of the stem in dictionary form e.g.: dexter, tra, trum.
We define the stem of the first class adjectives by removing inflection
– a in Nom. sing. in feminine gender, e.g.: dexter, tra, trum (right), f
=dextra, we remove inflection –a, so the stem is dextr-.
In the Latin language adjective comes after noun and copies all the
information about it (gender, case, number).
While constructing “noun + adjective“ combination the following
order should be kept:
1) to write down the noun in dictionary form;
2) to write down the adjective in dictionary form;
3) to agree the adjective with the noun picking up the correct gender;
4) to write down the combination in Nom. sing.: noun is followed by
adjective coping the same grammar categories.
5) to determine declension of the noun (by the inflection of Gen.
sing.) and declension of the adjective (by inflection of Nom. sing.)
and decline both words.
Nota bene! One should bear in mind that declensions of the noun and
adjective may not coinside, e.g.: agree the adjective with the noun:
a) deep incisure
1. incisura, ae f- incisure
2. profundus, a, um- deep
3. since the noun is of female gender, the adjective should have the
female inflection too;
4. write down the combination in Nom. sing.: noun comes first and
than adjective in corresponding gender;
5. to determine the declension of noun: in Gen sing. noun has
inflection – ae ; thus, it belongs to the first declension; then
determine the declension of the adjective: in Nom. sing. there is
inflection – a, so the adjective should be declined according to
the first declension;
Write down the combination in Gen. sing.: incisurae rofundae, (of deep
incisure).
b) carotid opening
1. foramen, inis n – opening
2. caroticus, a um – carotid
3. foramen caroticum- Nom. sing.
The noun is declined according to the third declension (because there is inflection
– is in Gen. sing.), the adjective is declined according to the second declension
neuter gender ( because there is inflection – um); thus, we have: Gen. sing.
foraminis carotici (of carotic opening).
THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1.Write down the adjectives in dictionary form:
1. ruber, rubra, rubrum
2. longus, longa, longum
3. coronarius, coronaria, coronarium
4. acusticus, acustica, acusticum
5. sinister, sinistra, sinistrum
2. Complete the dictionary form of the adjectives and find the stem:
1. palatinus …
asper …
2. osseus …
cavus …
3. costarius …
medianus …
4. niger …
latus …
5. nutricius
arteriosus …
3. Translate the terms, find the adjectives and give their dictionary form:
1. cornu coccygeum
6. cavum profundum
2. crista transversa
7. costa spuria
3. sinus venosus
8. corpus rotundum
4. facies externa
9. pulmo dexter
5. ligamentum obliquum
10. sulcus caroticus
4. Agree the adjective with noun, write them down in Nom. and Gen. cases:
1. sulcus of the vein
2. left lung
3. intrenal surface
4.spinosus process
5. median crist
6. carotid tubercle
5. Fill the gaps with necessary adjective inflection;translate:
1. processus pterygoide …
6. foramen spinos …
2. crista palatin …
7. caput obliqu …
3. genu dextr …
8. radix long …
4. arcus zygomatic …
9. ligamentum accessori…
5. facies medi …
10.sulcus median …
VOCABULARY
accessorius, a, um
additional, accessory
caroticus, a, um
carotid
coccygeus, a, um
coccygeal
dexter, tra, trum
right
externus, a, um
external
internus, a, um
internal
ischiadicus, a, um
ischiadic
longus, a, um
long
medianus, a, um
median
medius, a, um
middle, average
obliquus, a, um
oblique
palatinus, a, um
palatine, palatal
petrosus, a, um
stony
profundus, a, um
deep
pterygoidus, a, um
wing-like
rotundus, a, um
round
sinister, tra, trum
left
spinosus, a, um
spinal
spurius, a, um
false
transversus, a, um
transverse
thoracicus, a, um
thoracic
venosus, a, um
venous
verus, a, um
true
zygomaticus, a, um
zygomatic
LECTIO QUINTA (V)
Topic: General Review Of The Second Class Adjectives .
Number of Hours: 2
Objective: to acquire the skills of differentiating the second class
adjectives and constructing anatomical and histological terms (noun +
adjective combination).
TOPIC CONTENT
1. Division of the second class adjectives into subclasses.
2. The first subclass of adjectives with three gender inflections.
3. The second subclass or adjectives with two gender inflections.
4. The third group or adjectives with one gender inflection.
5. The adjectives of the second class with suffixes –ior, - ius.
6. Examples of constructing noun + adjective combinations with the
second class adjectives and the nouns of all declensions.
DIVISION OF THE SECOND CLASS ADJECTIVES
To the second class belong the adjectives which are declined
according to the third declension vowel type, thus, having the inflection is in Gen. sing. Depending on the gender inflections they can be divided
into three subclasses:
-the adjectives of the first subclass or the adjectives with three gender
inflections;
- the adjectives of the second subclass or the adjectives with two gender
inflections;
- the adjectives of the third subclass or the adjectives with one gender
inflection.
THE FIRST SUBCLASS OF ADJECTIVES OR ADJECTIVES WITH
THREE GENDER INFLECTIONS
These adjectives have individual inflection for each gender in Nom.
sing.: masculine-er, feminine-is, neutrum-e:
saluber (m) (healing)
salubris (f)
salubre (n)
In dictionary form we write down the adjective of the masculine
gender, put comma and then write down the inflections of the feminine
and neuter genders.
Nota bene! Inflections of the feminine and neuter genders can be
written with the part of the stem if needed: saluber, bris, bre.
The stem of such adjectives is found by means of removing the
feminine inflection –is in Nom. sing.: saluber, bris, bre; femininum:
salubris, the stem is salubr-.
These adjectives agree with the nouns of the 1-5 th declensions in
gender, number and case; they come after noun.
THE SECOND SUBCLASS OR THE ADJECTIVES WITH TWO
GENDER INFLECTIONS
These adjectives have the same inflection – is in Nom. sing for
the feminine and masculine genders and individual inflection – e for the
neuter: temporalis (m) (temporal)
temporalis (f)
temporale (n)
In dictionary form the adjective is written in masculine gender
(and presumingly in feminine as well as according to the rule their
inflections should be similar), then we put comma and write the
inflection of the neuter gender: temporalis, e (temporal).
The stem is found by means of removing the inflection –is in
Nom. sing.
These adjectives agree with nouns of the 1-5 th declensions in
gender, number and case; they come after the noun.
THE THIRD SUBCLASS OR ADJECTIVES WITH ONE GENDER
INFLECTION
These adjectives have similar inflection for all genders in Nom.sing.:-s, x, -r: sapiens (m) (clever), sapiens (f), sapiens (n);
simplex (m) (simple), simplex (f), simplex (n); par (m) (pair), par (f),
par (n).
In dictionary form the adjectives of this subclass are written in
the following way: the adjective in Nom. sing., comma and the inflection
in Gen. sing. with the part of the stem: sapiens, tis (clever); simplex, ĭcis
(simple), par, paris (pair).
The stem of such adjectives is found by means of removing the
inflection –is in Gen. sing.: sapiens, tis- Gen.: sapientis the stem is
sapient-; simplex, icis- Gen. sing.: simplicis, the stem is simplic-; par,
paris-Gen.: paris, the stem is par-.
These adjectives agree with the nouns of the 1-5 declensions in
gender, number and case; they come after noun.
THE ADJECTIVES OF THE SECOND CLASS WITH
SUFFIXES –IOR, - IUS
There are 6 adjectives which belong to the third declension and have
the similar inflection –ior for the masculine and feminine genders in Nom. sing.,
and individual inflection –ius for the neuter: anterior (m) (front), anterior (f),
anterius (n).
In dictionaries these adjectives are written in the following way: in Nom.
sing. we write down the adjective in masculine gender (presumingly in feminine as
well since the genders share the same inflection), put comma and write down the
inflection of the neuter gender: anterior, ius (front).
The stem of these adjectives is found by means of removing the inflection –
is in Gen. sing.: anterior, ius- Gen.: anterioris, the stem anterior-.
These adjectives are declined according to the third declension (but the
consonant type) agree with the nouns of the 1-5th declensions in gender, number
and case.; they come after the noun. Remember these six adjectives:
anterior, ius
front
posterior, ius
back
superior, ius
upper
inferior, ius
lower
major, majus
big, large
minor, minus
small
EXAMPLES OF CONSTRUCTING
“NOUN +
ADJECTIVE”
COMBINATIONS WITH THE SECOND CLASS ADJECTIVES AND
THE NOUNS OF ALL DECLENSIONS
Agree the adjectives with the nouns, write down the phrase in Nom. sing.
and Gen. sing.
a) healing water
1. aqua, ae f
2. saluber, bris, bre
3. aqua (I declension) salubris (III declension, vocal type)
Nom. sing. aqua salubris
Gen. sing. aquae salubris
b) articular process
1. processus, us m
2. articularis, e
3. processus (IV declension) articularis (III declension, vocal type)
Nom. sing. processus articularis
Gen. sing. processus articularis
c) clever man
1. homo, inis m
2. sapiens, tis
3. homo (III declension consonant type) sapiens (III declension vocal
type)
Nom. sing. homo sapiens
Gen. sing. hominis sapientis
d) front ligament
1. ligamentum, i n
2. anterior, ius
3. ligamentum (II declension) anterius (III declension consonant
type)
Nom. sing. ligamentum anterius
Gen. sing ligamenti anterioris
THE EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Write down the dictionary form of the III declension adjectives. Define
their stem:
1. capillaris …
6. posterior …
2. recens …
7. renalis …
3. major …
8. impar …
4. paluster …
9. acer …
5. centralis …
10. teres …
2. Define the class of adjectives and find their stem:
1. minor, minus
6. distalis, e
2. lacer, ĕra, erum
7. velox, cis
3. sublingualis,e
8. xiphoideus, a, um
4. campester, tris,tre
9. similis, e
5. ruber, bra, brum
10.felix, cis
11.
3. Write down the dictionary form of the adjectives, indicate their class:
1. magnus, magna, magnum
2. semilunaris, semilunaris, semilunare
3. niger, nigra, nigrum
4. paluster, palustris, palustre
5. biceps, bicipĭtis
6. rectus, recta, rectum
7. cutaneus, cutanea, cutaneum
8. posterior, posterior, posterius
9. ovalis, ovalis, ovale
10. squamosus, squamosa, squamosum
4. Make the adjectives of the female and neuter gender, indicate their
group:
1. opticus …
6. oblongatus …
2. superior …
7. palmaris …
3. alveolaris …
8. sapiens …
4. facilis …
9. parietalis …
5. dexter …
10. saluber …
5. Agree the adjectives with the nouns, write them down in Nom. sing. and
Gen. sing.:
1. lateral surface
2. small horn
3. short muscle
4. simple joint
5. nasal crest
6. Translate anatomical and histological terms and name the adjectives in
their dictionary form:
1. incisura major
2. sulcus femoralis
3. foramen vertebrale
4. sinus sagittalis
5. tuberculum minus
6. Translate anatomical and histological terms into Latin; define the group
of adjectives:
1. temporal region
6. front arch
2. upper region
7. costal arch
3. external region
8. zygomatis arch
4. oblique muscle
9. occipital vertebra
5. lateral muscle
10. coccygeal vertebra
VOCABULARY
abdominalis, e
abdominal
articularis, e
articular
cervicalis, e
cervical
ethmoidalis, e
ethmoideal
femoralis, e
femoral
lateralis, e
lateral
longitudinalis, e
longitudinal
medialis, e
medial
nasalis, e
nasal
occipitalis, e
occipital
par, paris
pair
pulmonalis, e
pulmonal
sacralis,e
sacral
sagittalis, e
sagital
saluber,bris, bre
healing
sapiens, tis
clever
simplex, icis
simple
temporalis, e
temporal
vertebralis, e
vertebral
anterior, ius
anterior, front
posterior, ius
posterior, back
superior, ius
superior, upper
inferior, ius
inferior, lower
major, majus
major, large
minor, minus
minor, small
LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSOINAL
SAYINGS
Exitus letalis
lethal case
Similia similibus curantur
similar is cured by the similar
Status communis
general condition
Status naturalis
natural condition.
LECTIO SEPTIMA (VII)
Topic: Declining of the Nouns of the I, II, IV, V Declensions
in Singular and Plural Forms. Exceptions to the Rule about
Gender of the Nouns of the I, II, IV, V Declensions.
Declining of the Ist Class Adjectives in Plural and Singular
Forms.
Number of Hours: 2
Objective: to acquire the skills of double-sided translation of
anatomical and histological terms withing the Nom.
and Gen. cases in singular and plural forms.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. The nouns of the first declension: case inflections; exceptions to the rule.
2. The nouns of the fifth declention: case inflections; exceptions to the rule.
3. The nouns of the second declension: case inflections; exceptions to the rule.
4. The nouns of the fourth declensions: case inflections; exceptions to the rule.
5. The adjectives of the first class: case inflections; constructing compound
medical terms with nouns and exceptions of the I, II, IV, V declensions.
NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
To the first declension belong nouns of the feminine gender that in Nom.
sing. have inflection –a and in Gen. sing. – ae: lamina, ae f- lamina.
Ecxeptions: nouns that indicate professions refer to masculine gender:
collega, ae m- colleage
pharmaceuta, ae m- pharmacist
oculista, ae m- eye specialist
pharmacopola, ae m- chemist
Case inflections of the nouns
of first declension
Sing.
Plur.
Nom. -a
Nom. -ae
Gen. -ae
Gen. -arum
Case inflections are added to the stem of the noun or the adjective. The first
class adjectives of the feminine gender and the exceptions are declined using to the
same inflections.
Example of the declining: a) the noun rib- costa, ae f, the stem is costSing.
Plur.
Nom.
costa (rib)
Nom.
costae
Gen.
costae
Gen.
costarum
b) the adjective with the noun true rib: 1)costa, ae f , 2) verus, a, um
3) costa (I d.) vera (Id.)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
costa vera ( true rib)
Nom.
costae verae (true ribs)
Gen.
costae verae (of true rib)
Gen.
costarum verarum
(of true ribs)
THE NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
a) masciline gender
To the second declension belong the nouns of the masculine gender that
have the following inflections: Nom sing- us, er, Gen. sing. – i:
angulus, i m (angle)
cancer, cri, m (cancer)
Exceptions: Some nouns of the second declension with inflection-us in
Nom. sing. refer to the feminine or neuter genders:
bolus, i f
clay
crystallus, i f
crystal
diameter, tri f
diameter
methodus, i f
method
periodus, i f
period
virus, i n
virus, poison
CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE MUSCULINE NOUNS OF THE SECOND
DECLENSION
Sing.
Plur.
Nom. -us, -er
Nom. -i
Gen. -i
Gen. -ōrum
Case inflections are added to the stem of the noun. Exceptions of the second
declension are declined using to the same case inflections. The adjectives of the
first class of the masculine gender have similar case inflections.
Example of declining:
a) noun: angulus, i m, the stem angl–
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
angulus
Nom.
anguli (angles)
Gen.
anguli (of angle)
Gen.
angulorum (of angles)
b) adjective with noun: oblique muscle
1. musculus, i m
2. obliquus, a um
3. musculus (II d.) obliquus (II d.)
Sing.
Nom.
musculus obliquus
(oblique muscle)
Plur.
Nom.
musculi obliqui
(of oblique muscle)
Gen.
musculi obliqui
Gen.
(oblique muscles)
musculorum obliquorum
(of oblique muscle)
c) neuter gender
The nouns of the neuter gender of the second declension in Nom. sing.
have inflections – um, - on (Greek), Gen. sing.- i: cerebrum, i n (brain),
ganglion, i n (knot).
There are no exceptions to the neuter gender of the second
declension.
CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE NEUTER NOUNS OF THE SECOND
DECLENSION
Sing.
Plur.
Nom. -um, -on
Gen.
-i
Nom.
-a
Gen.
-ōrum
Case inflections are added to the stem of the noun or the adjective.
The adjectives of the neuter gender have the same case inflections.
Example of declining:
a) noun: tubercle- tuberculum, i n, the stem tubercul-
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
tuberculum (tubercle)
Nom.
tubercula (tubercles)
Gen.
tuberculi (of tubercle)
Gen.
tuberculorum
(of tubercles)
b) noun + adjective: carotical tubercle
1. tuberculum, i n
2. caroticus, a, um
3. tuberculum (II d.) caroticum (II d.)
Sing.
Nom.
Plur.
tuberculum caroticum
tubercula carotica
Nom.
( carotical tubercle)
Gen.
(carotical tubercles)
tuberculi carotici
Gen.
tuberculorum caroticorum
(of carotical tubercles)
(of carotical tubercle)
NOUNS OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION
a) masculine gender
The nouns of the masculine gender of the fourth declension in Nom.
sing. have inflection – us, and in Gen. sing – us: ductus, us m (duct).
Exceptions: Some nouns of the fourth declension refer to the
female gender: acus, us f (needle)
manus, us f (hand)
CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION
NOUNS OF MASCULINE GENDER
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
-us
Nom.
-us
Gen.
-us
Gen.
-uum
Case inflections are added to the stem of the noun.
Exceptions to the gender are declined according to the same sets of
inflections. Example of declining:
a) noun: cornu,us n, the stem cornSing.
Plur.
Nom.
cornu (horn)
Nom.
cornua (horns)
Gen.
cornus (of the horn)
Gen.
cornum (of the hornes)
b) noun+adjective: coccygeal horn
1. cornu, us n
2. coccygeus, a, um
3. cornu (IV) coccygeum (II)
Sing.
Nom.
Plur.
cornu coccygeum
Nom.
(coccygeal horn)
Gen.
cornus coccygei
cornua coccygea
( coccygeal horns)
Gen.
cornum coccygeorum
(of the coccygeal hornes)
(of the coccygeal horn)
NOUNS OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION
The fifth declension nouns of female gender have inflection –es in Nom.
sing. and –ei in Gen. sing.: facies, ei f (face, surface).
Exceptions: dies, ei m
meridies, ei m
day
noon
CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION NOUNS
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
-es
Nom.
-es
Gen.
-ei
Gen.
-erum
Case inflections are added to the stem of the noun. Exceptions to the rule
about gender of the fifth declension are declined according to the same inflections.
Nota bene! There no adjectives in the fifth declension.
Examples of declining:
a) noun: facies, ei f (face, surface)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
facies (surface)
Nom.
Gen.
faciei (of surface)
Gen.
facies (surfaces)
facierum (of the surfaces)
b) noun + adjective: middle surface
1. facies, ei f
2. medius, a, um
3. facies (V d.) media ( I d.)
Sing.
Nom.
Plur.
facies media
facies mediae
Nom.
(medial surface)
Gen.
(medial surfaces)
faciei mediae
facierum mediarum
Gen.
(of medial surface)
(of the medial surfaces)
EXAMPLES OF THE DECLINING OF THE FIRST CLASS ADJECTIVES
WITH EXCEPTIONS
One should remember that the adjective copies all the information about the
noun (gender, number and case), but the inflections may not coinside.
Agree and decline:
a) right hand
1. manus, us f
2. dexter, tra,trum
3. manus (IV d.) dextra (Id.)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
manus dextra
Nom.
manus dextreae
Gen.
manus dextrae
Gen.
manuum dextrarum
b) critical day
dies, ei m
criticus, a, um
dies (V d.) criticus (II d.)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
dies criticus
Nom.
dies critici
Gen.
diei critici
Gen.
dierum criticorum
c) contagious virus
1. virus, i n
2. contagiosus, a, um
3. virus (II d) contagiosum (II d.)
Sing.
Nom.
virus contagiosum
Plur.
Nom.
vira contagiosa
Gen.
viri contagiosi
Gen.
virorum contagiosorum
d) oblique diameter
1. diameter, tri f
2. obliquus, a, um
3. diameter (II d.) obliqua (I d.)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
diameter obliqua
Nom.
diametri obliquae
Gen.
diametri obliquae
Gen.
diametrorum obliquarum
e) famous oculist
1. oculista, ae m
2. notus, a, um
3. oculista (I d.) notus (II d.)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
oculista notus
Nom.
oculistae noti
Gen.
oculistae noti
Gen.
oculistarum notorum
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1.Determine the declension, gender and the stem:
1. oculista, ae
11.dies, ei
2. sensus, us
12. truncus, i
3. calvities, ei
13. virus, i
4. manus, us
14. rima, ae
5. bursa, ae
15. collega, ae
6. pylorus, i
16. recessus, us
7. mentum, i
17. amarities, ei
8. coxa, ae
18.gelu, us
9. periodus, i
19. bolus, i
10.acus, us
20.osteon, i
2.Complete the dictionary form of the nouns and determine their stems:
1. tarsus …
6. superficies …
2. methodus …
7. meridies …
3. paediater …
8. ulna …
4. arcus …
9. pharmacopola …
5. genu …
10. organon …
3. Agree the adjectives with the nouns and decline the phrase:
1. venous network
4. straight muscle
2. white clay
5. rigt scapula
3. osseous ligament
6. left hand
4.Insert the correct inflection instead of dotts:
1. arteria profund … linguae
6. plexus cardiac …
2. angulus mastoide …
7. ligamenta accessori …
3. nervi carotic … extern …
8. process … pterygoidei
4. musculus longus coll …
9. facierum palatin …
5. venae cerebri medi …
10. fissura ligamenti venos …
5.Translate the following terms, determine the case and number:
1. ganglia cardiaca
6. acus chirurgica
2. glandulae palatinae
7. sulcorum arteriosorum
3. incisura mastoidea
8. meatus acusticus
4. facies thyreoidea
9. rami externi
5. diametri transversae
10.cornua coccygea
6. Translate the following compound terms into Latin:
1. branch of the middle part
6. fingers of the hand
2. internal veins of the brain
7. osseous septum of the nose
3. oblique muscle of the eye
8. median nerves
4. menian artery of the knee
9. crest of the neck of the rib
5. lamina of the arch of the vertebra
10.external acoustic passage
VOCABULARY
cerebrum, i n
cerebrum, brain
digĭtus, i m
digit, finger
fissura, ae f
fissure
ganglion, i n
ganglion
glandŭla, ae f
gland
lamĭna, ae f
lamina
meatus, us m
passage, meatu
oculus, i m
eye
acustĭcus, a, um
acoustic
albus, a, um
white
cardiăcus, a, um
cardiac
chirurgĭcus, a, um
surgical
interosseus, a, um
interosseous
longus, a, um
long
mastoideus, a, um
mastoideus
osseus, a, um
osseous, bony
thyreoideus, a, um
thyroid
EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
collega, ae m
colleage
oculista, ae m
eye specialist
pharmacopola, ae m
chemist
pharmaceuta, ae m
pharmasist
EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE SECOND DECLENSION
bolus, i f
clay
crystallus, i f
crystall
diameter, tri f
diameter
methodus, i f
method
periodus, i f
period
virus, i n
virus
EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION
acus, us f
needle
manus, us f
hand
EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION
dies, ei m
day
meridies, ei
midday
LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS
Dies diem docet.- Every next day is the apprentice of the previous one.
Dosis pro die.- Daily dose
Manu armata.- With armed hand (about surgeons)
Nulla dies sine linea.- Not a day without a clear line (without wellplanned schedule)
LECTIO OCTAVA (VIII)
Topic: the third declension of nouns: types of declining.
Number of Hours : 2
Objective: to acquire the skills of defining the type of declining of the third
declension nouns.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. The third declension of nouns: nouns with the equal and different number of
syllables.
2. Consonant type of declining: the rule and case inflections.
3. Mixed type of declining: the rule and case inflections.
4. Vowel type of declining: the rule and case inflections.
THE THIRD DECLENSION OF NOUNS: NOUNS WITH THE EQUAL
AND DIFFERENT NUMBER OF SYLLABLES
As it has been mentioned above to the third declension belong nouns of all
three genders which in Gen. sing. have inflection –is: articulatio, onis f (joint).
There are two types of nouns: with equal and different number of syllables.
Nouns with equal number of syllables are those which in Nom. and Gen. sing.
have the same number of syllables: venter, tris m (abdomen): there are two
syllables in Nom. sing. ven-ter, and in Gen. sing. also two: ven-tris, so this noun
is the one with equal number of syllables.
Nouns with different number of syllables are those which in Gen. sing. have
larger number of syllables than in Nom. sing.: cartilago, ĭnis f (cartilage): there
are 4 syllables in Nom. sing.: car-ti-la-go, in Gen sing.-5 syllables: car-ti-la-ginis.
In dictionary form we write the inflection of Gen. sing. with the part of the
stem: homo, ĭnis m :man (Gen.sing.- inis, where – in is the part of the stem and
– is – inflection in Gen.sing.). The stem is found by dropping the inflection –is
in Gen. sing. Thus, the dictionary form of the noun thigh- “femur, ŏris n”,
Gen.sing. femŏris. To find the stem the inflection – is should be removed, so
the stem is femor-.
Nota bene! If a noun that belongs to the third declension has only one
syllable in dictionary form the whole word must be written down: os, ossis n
(bone); pes, pedis m (foot).
CONSONANT OR MAIN TYPE OF DECLINING
According to the consonant type we decline the nouns of all genders with
different number of syllables and one consonant as the last letter of the stem.
For instance: paries, ĕtis m (wall). In Nom. sing. this noun has 3 syllables and 4
in Gen. sing. and the stem ends in one consonant.
CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE CONSONANT (MAIN) TYPE OF THE
THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
Sing.
m
Plur.
f
n
m
n
f
Nom.
different
Nom.
Gen.
-is
Gen.
-es
-a
-um
Examples of declining the third declension nouns of the consonant type:
thigh: femur, ŏris n; the stem is femor- consonant type
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
femur
Nom.
femŏra
Gen.
femŏris
Gen.
femŏrum
wall: paries, ĕtis m, the stem is pariet – consonant type
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
paries
Nom.
pariětes
Gen.
pariětis
Gen.
pariětum
cartilage: cartilago, ĭnis f, the stem is cartilagin- consonant type
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
cartilago
Nom.
cartilagĭnes
Gen.
cartilagĭnis
Gen.
cartilagĭnum
MIXED TYPE
To this type belong the nouns:
a) having the same number of syllables in Nom. and Gen. sing and the inflections
–es or –is in Nom. sing.: pubes, is f (pubis), auris, is f- (ear)
b) nouns of all genders if their stem ends in two or more consonants.: os, ossis n
(bone), the stem is oss; venter , tris m (abdomen), the stem is ventr-.
The main characteristics of mixed type is the inflection – ium in Gen. plur. All
other case inflections coincide with the case inflections of the consonant type.
CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE MIXED TYPE OF THE THIRD
DECLENSION NOUNS
Sing.
m
Plur.
f
n
m
n
f
Nom.
different
Nom.
Gen.
-is
Gen.
-es
-a
-ium
Examples of declining the third declension nouns of the mixed type:
abdomen: venter, tris m, the stem is ventr-.
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
venter
Nom.
ventres
Gen.
ventris
Gen.
ventrium
ear: auris, is f, the stem is aur-.
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
auris
Nom.
aures
Gen.
auris
Gen.
aurium
bile: fel, fellis n, the stem is fell-.
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
fel
Nom.
fella
Gen.
fellis
Gen.
fellium
VOWEL TYPE
According to the vocal type we decline the nouns of neuter gender with the
inflections –e, - al, -ar in Nom. sing.: rete, is n (net); anĭmal, ālĭs n (animal),
exemplar, āris n (example).
Nota bene! The noun of Greek origin hepar, ătis n (liver) is declined
according to the consonant type.
The main characteristics of the vowel type is inflection –ia in Nom. plur.
(instead of –a in consonant type) and inflection –ium in Gen. plur. (instead of –
um in consonant type).
Examples of declining the third declension nouns of the vowel type:
net: rete, is n, the stem is ret-.
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
rete
Nom.
retia
Gen.
retis
Gen.
retium
animal: animal, ālis n, the stem is animal-.
Sing.
Nom.
animal
Plur.
Nom.
animalia
Gen.
animalis
Gen.
animalium
example: exemplar, aris n, the stem is exemplar-.
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
exemplar
Nom.
exemplaria
Gen.
exemplaris
Gen.
exemplarium
Examples of declining compound medical terms consisting of the first
class adjectives and the third declension nouns with different types of
declining
a) stony part
1. pars, tis f
2. petrosus, a, um
3. pars petrosa (pars is declined according to the third declension
mixed type, because the stem of the noun part- ends in two
consonants; petrosa is declined according to the first declension).
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
pars petrosa
Nom.
partes petrosae
Gen.
partis petrosae
Gen.
partium petrosarum
b) venous network
1. rete, is n
2. venosus, a, um
3. rete venosum (rete is declined according to the third declension
vowel type because this noun is of neuter gender and has inflection
–e in Nom. sing; venosum is declined according to the second
declension neuter gender).
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
rete venorum
Nom.
retia venosa
Gen.
retis venosi
Gen.
retium venosum
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Determine the stem and the type of declining for the following nouns:
1. glosumus, ěris n
12. tuber, eris n
2. cervix, ícis f
13. fames, is f
4. cor, cordis n
14. mens, tis f
5. flexio, ōnis f
15. fluor, ōris m
6. plasma, ātis n
16. ovis, is f
7. dens, tis m
17.limen, ĭnis n
8. mel, mellis n
18.ars, tis f
9. apis, is f
19. pulvinar, āris n
10.margo, ĭnis m
20.lac, lactis n
11. calcar, āris n
21. tuberositas, ātis f
2. Make a compound medical term, decline noun and adjective in singular and
plural forms:
1. internal ear
carotid wall
2. left foot
arterial network
3. middle phalanx
3. Translate from Latin. Find the nouns of the third declension, name them in
dictionary form and determine the type of declining.:
1. concha auris
6. radices pulmonum
2. lobus pulmonis
7. digiti pedis
3. ventriculus cordis
8. parietes cranii
4. radix pulmonis
9. ossa digitorum
5. paries ventriculi
10. ossa pedis
4.Insert the necessary inflection:
1. pes profundus …- deep foot
2. ossa zygomatic …- zygomatic bones
3. pulmonis sinistr …- of the left lung
4. partes osse …- bony parts
5. tuberositatum deltoide …- of deltoid tuberosities
5.Translate the following into the Latin:
1. opening- openings
2. apex- apexes
3. bones- of bones
4. animal- animals
5. canal- canalas
6. Translate from the Latin language. Determine the nouns of the third declension
and define the type of declining:
1. digiti pedis dextri
2. ossa digitorum manus
3. paries ventriculi sinistri
4. apex pulmonis sinistri
5. lobus pulmonis medius
6. Determine the gender, case number and type of the following nouns:
1. pulmones
6. retia
2. articulationum
7. canalium
3. corpora
8. partis
4. foraminis
9. exemplarium
5. cordis
10. pubes
VOCABULARY
auris, is f
ear
canalis, is m
canal
concha, ae f
helix (aural cavity)
cor, cordis n
heart
deltoideus, a, um
deltoid
exemplar, āris n
example
hepar, ătis n (Greek)
liver
os, ossis n
bone
paries, ĕtis m
wall
phalanx, gis f
phalange
pubes, is f
pubis
rete,is n
net
substantia, ae f
substance
tuberositas, ātis f
tuberosity
spongiosus, a, um
sponge-like
venter, tris m
abdomen
ventriculus, i m
ventricle
LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS
Homo ornat locum, non locus hominem.- It is a man who makes the place better,
but not the other way.
Mens sana in corpore sano.- A sound mind in sound body.
Ubi pus, ibi incisio.- Where is pus, there is a cut.
LECTIO NONA (IX)
Topic: Declining The Adjectives Of The Second Class In Singular And Plural
Forms.
Number of Hours: 2
Objective: to acquire the skills of declining the adjectives of the second class with
the nouns of the I-V declensions in singular and plural forms.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. Case inflections of the second class adjectives in singular and plural forms.
2. Case inflections of the third declension adjectives with suffixes –ior, -ius in
singular and plural forms.
CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE SECOND CLASS ADJECTIVES IN
SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS
The adjectives of the second class (with three, two and one inflection) are
declined according to the vocal type of the third declension and have the
following inflections:
Sing.
Plur.
m, f, n
Nom.
different
Nom.
Gen.
-is
Gen.
m,f
n
-es
-ia
-ium
EXAMPLES OF DECLINING THE SECOND CLASS ADJECTIVES:
a) adjectives with three gender inflections:
saluber, bris, bre (healing), the stem is salubr-
Sing.
m
Plur.
f
n
Nom. saluber, salubris, salubre
salubris
Gen.
m
f
n
Nom. salubres, salubres, salubria
salubrium
Gen.
b) adjectives with two gender inflections
temporalis, e (temporal),the stem is temporalSing.
m, f
Nom.
Gen.
Plur.
n
temporalis temporale
temporalis
m, f
Nom.
n
temporales temporalia
temporalium
Gen.
c) adjectives with one gender inflection
simplex, ĭcis (simple), the stem is simplicSing.
Plur.
m, f, n
m
n
f
Nom.
simplex
Nom.
Gen.
simplicis
Gen.
simplices simplicia
simplicium
CASE INFLECTIONS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES WITH
SUFFIXES –IOR, -IUS IN SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS
The adjectives of the third declension with the suffixes –ior, - ius are
declined according to the consonant type of the third declension and have the
following case inflections (inflections are written with the part of the stem).
Sing.
m
Plur.
f
n
m
n
f
Nom.
-ior
-ius
-ioris
Gen.
Nom.
-iores
-iora
Gen.
-iorum
EXAMPLES OF DECLINING THE ADJECTIVES WITH SUFFIXES
–IOR, -IUS
posterior, ius (posterior, back), the stem is posteriorSing.
m
Plur.
f
n
m
n
f
Nom.
posterior
posterius
posterioris
Gen.
Nom.
posteriores
Gen.
posteriora
posteriorum
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Decline the adjectives with the nouns in singular and plural forms:
1. small horn
6. angle
2. nasal crest
7. arch
3. articulative net
8. homo sapience
4. costal surface
9. simple joint
5. posterior tubercle
2. Translate compound medical terms:
1. medialis, e (nervus, i m; facies, ei f; tuberculum, i n; arteria, ae f; pars, tis f)
2. par, paris (os, ossis n; organon, i n; ramus, i m)
3. sapiens, tis (animal, ālis n; homo, inis m)
4. superior, ius (plexus, us m; regio, ōnis f; membrum, i n; linea, ae f)
3. Insert the necessary inflections:
1. canales alveolar…
6. facies articular … anteri …
2. musculi intercostal … intern…
7. ductus sublinguales min …
3. cartilagines nasal… accessori…
8. ligamentum auricular … anter …
4. columna vertebral …
9. nodi lymphatici cervical… profund..
5. concha nasal … medi …
10. septum intermuscular.. lateral…
4. Translate anatomical and histological terms:
1. septum sinum frontalium
2. spina ossis sphenoidalis
3. sulcus cerebri lateralis
4. nucleus anterior corporis trapezoidei
5. ligamentum transversum scapulan inferius
5. Translate into Latin:
1. lateral cartilage of the nose
6. the apex of the posterior horn
2. articulative joint of the knee
7. inferior root
3. anterior incisure of the ear
8. palm
4. inferior surface of the tongue
9. palm
5. dorsal nerve of the scapula
10.medial lamina of
VOCABULARY
alveolaris,e
alveolar
auricularis, e
aural
intercostalis, e
intercosta
intermuscularis, e
intermuscular
jugularis, e
jugular
lumbalis,
lumba
palmaris, e
palmar
sphenoidalis, e
sphenoideal
sublingualis,e
subling
lacrimalis, e
lacrimal
LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS
Ars longa vita brevis.-The art is endless and life is short
Sapienti sat.- For clever is enough
Radīces litterārum amāre sunt, fructus dulces.- The roots of the science
are bitter but the fruit are sweet.
LECTIO SEXTA (VI)
Topic: morphological and syntactic structure of anatomical and histological terms.
Number of Hours: 2
Objective: to acquire the skills of practical use of anatomical and histological
terms of different levels of complication.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. The structure of anatomical and histological terms consisting of nouns.
2. The structure of anatomical and histological terms consisting of
adjective+adjective combinations.
noun+
3. The structure of anatomical and histological terms consisting of two nouns +
adjective.
4. The structure of anatomical and histological terms consisting of two nouns and
two adjectives.
THE STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMS
CONSISTING OF NOUNS
The term (Lat. terminus, i m) is the scientific notion which profoundly
describes the subject, process or phenomenon.
Anatomical and histological terms can consist of two nouns. One of them
denotes general name of anatomical term in Nom. case and the other one in Gen.
case which concretizes this formation: spina (Nom.) scapulae (Gen.)- spine of the
shoulder. While translating such terms the following order should be kept:
1. to read the term, determine the case and number of each noun;
2. write down the dictionary form of each noun;
3. translate the term: first place is occupied by the noun in Nom. (sing. or
plur.); and the second place is occupied by the noun in Gen. case (sing. or
plur.).
For example:
- body of the vertebra (body is the noun in Nom. sing., vertebra is the noun in
Gen. sing.);
1. corpus, ŏris n
2. vertebra, ae f
3. corpus vertebrae
- muscle of the tongue (muscle is the noun in Nom. plur., of the tongue is the
noun in Gen sing.):
1. musculus, i m- Nom. plur. musculi
2. lingua, ae f
3. musculi linguae
- phalanx of the fingers (phalanx is the noun in Nom. plur., of fingers is the noun
in Gen. plur.):
1. phalanx, gis f- Nom. plur. phalanges
2. digitus, i m- Gen. plur. digitōrum
3. phalanges digitōrum
- plexus of the nerves (plexus is the noun in Nom. sing., of the nerves in Gen.
plur.):
1. plexus, us m
2. nervus, i m- Gen. plur. nervōrum
3. plexus nervorum
THE STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMS
CONSISTING OF NOUN +ADJECTIVE, ADJECTIVE+ NOUN
CONSTRUCTIONS
Most of anatomical and histological terms consist of the noun denoting the
general name of the formation in Nom. sing or Nom. plur. and the adjective which
has the same gender, number and case. It is necessary to place the adjective after
the noun. While translating such constructions the following order should be kept:
1. to write down the noun in dictionary form;
2. to write down the adjective in dictionary form;
3. choose the nescessary form adjective according to the noun’s
gender;
4. write down the term in Nom. ( sing. or plur.), where noun occupies the
firs place.
For example:
- oblique line
1. linea, ae f
2. obliquus, a um
3. linea obliqua (Nom. sing.)
1.
2.
3.
lateral muscles
musculus, i m- Nom. plur. musculi
lateralis, e- Nom. plur. laterales
musculi laterales
1.
2.
3.
4.
accessory nasal cartilage
cartilago, ĭnis f
nasalis, e
accessorius, a, um
cartilago nasalis accessoria
THE STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMS
CONSISTING OF TWO NOUNS + ADJECTIVE
If anatomical or histological term consists of two nouns and one adjective
there can be possible two ways of constructing while translating into the Latin
language:
- noun in Nom. (sing. or plur.)+ adjective in Nom. (sing. or plur.)+noun in Gen.
(sing. or plur.);
- noun in Nom. (sing. or plur.)+ noun in Gen. (sing. or plur.)+ adjective either in
Nom. (sing. or plur.), or in Gen. (sing. or plur.). Adjective’s case depends on
the noun it belongs to.
Thus, while translating the terms of the above constructions, the following
order should be kept:
For example:
1. to define case and number of each word;
2. write down all words in dictionary form;
3. translate the term:
- costal surface of the shoulder (surface is the noun in Nom. sing., costal- the
adjective in Nom. sing., of the shoulder is the noun in Gen. sing.):
1. facies, ei f
2. costalis, e
3. scapula, ae f
4. facies costalis scapulae
- the apex of the posterior horn ( apex is the noun in Nom. sing., of the posterior is
the adjective in Gen. sing., horn- is the noun in Gen. sing.):
1. apex, ĭcis m
2. cornu, us n- Gen. sing. cornus
3. posterior, ius- Gen. sing. posterioris
4. apex cornus posteriōris
- straight muscle of the thigh (muscle is the noun in Nom. sing., straight- the
adjective in Nom. sing., of the thigh in Gen. sing.):
1. musculus, i m
2. rectus, a, um
3. femur, ŏris n
4. musculus rectus femŏris
Most of the anatomical and histological terms have the following model of
medical terms consisting of three words: noun in Nom. sing.+ adjective in Nom.+
noun in Gen.: incisura anterior auris- anterior incisure of the ear.
However, the following model of three words constructions can be
observed: noun in Nom.+ noun in Gen.+ adjective in Nom.: septum nasi osseumbony septum of the nose.
Due to the fact that there is no definite rule when the noun in Gen. case
should occupy the second place, such terms have to be memorised according to the
anatomical nomenclature.
THE STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL TERMS
CONSISTING OF TWO NOUNS AND TWO ADJECTIVES
There also exist constructions consisting of two nouns and two adjectives. In
such case it looks as following: noun in Nom. + adjective in Nom.+ noun in Gen.+
adjective in Gen.To translate such type of construction we should take the
following steps:
1. to define case and number of each word;
2. to write down all words in dictionary form;
3. to translate the term sticking to the above model
For example: medial lamina of pterygoideal process (lamina is the noun in
Nom. sing., medial- is the adjective in Nom. sing., of the process is the noun in
Gen. sing., of the pterygoideal is the adjective in Gen. sing.):
1. lamina, ae f
2. medialis, e
3. processus, us m- Gen. sing. processus
4. pterygoideus, a, um- Gen. sing. pterygoidei
5. lamina medialis processus pterygoidei
Another model of anatomical and histological combinations consisting of
four terms can be introduced. It has the following scheme: noun in Nom.+
adjective in Nom.+ noun in Gen.+ noun in Gen.
For example: articulative surface of the tubercle of the rib (surface is the
noun in Nom. sing., articulative- is the adjective in Nom. sing., of the
tubercle is the noun in Gen. sing., of the rib- in Gen. sing.):
1. facies, ei f
2. articularis, e
3. tuberculum, i n- Gen. sing. tuberculi
4. costa, ae f- Gen. sing. costae
6. facies articularis tuberculi costae
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1. Translate the terms and explain constructing model:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
substantia spongiosa
foramen vertebrae
vertebra coccygea
processus articularis
tuberculum anterius
6. articulatio genus
7. collum costae
8. crista tuberculi
9. manubrium sterni
10.tuberositas ulnae
2. Translate the terms, explain the constructing model:
1. ligamentum longitudinale anterius
2. foramen ischiadicum majus
6. crista tuberculi majoris
7. apex partis petrosae
3. nervus auricularis posterior
4. plexus thyreoideus impar
5. ramus lobi medii
8. apertura thoracis inferior
9. sulcus medianus linguae
10. paries externus ductus
3. Translate the terms, explain the construction:
1. radix inferior plexus cervicalis
6. rami cruris posterioris capsulae
internae
2. plexus venosus foraminis ovalis
7. fovea articularis processus
articularis superioris
3. crus anterius capsulae internae
8. caput superius musculi
pterygoidei lateralis
4. musculus rectus capitis posterior
9. ligamentum transversum scapulae
major
superius
5. hiatus canalis nervi petrosi majoris
10. ligamentum capitis fibulae
posterius
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4. Translate the terms and define the construction:
large muscle of the thight
6. cartilage of the septum of the nose
lower cavity
7. transverse ligament of the knee
sulcus of sigmoid cavity
8. costal surface of the lung
opening of the hollow vein
9. sulcus of the large stony nerve
lamina of the vertebra of the arch
10. lateral loiwer artery of the knee
arteria, ae f
biceps, ĭtis
brachium, i n
canalis, is m
capsula, ae f
cavus, a, um
crus, ūris n
fibula, ae f
lobus, i m
manubrium, i n
membrana, ae f
ovalis, e
septum, i n
sigmoideus, a, um
spongiosus, a, um
substantia, ae f
thorax, ācis m
tuberositas, ātis f
VOCABULARY
artery
doubleheaded
shoulder
canal
capsule
hollow
pedicle
calf- bone
lobe
manubrium
membrane
oval
septum
sigmoid
spongy
substance
chest
tuberosity
elbow bone
ulna, ae f
LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS
Omne minimum nocut- All excessive is wrong.
Consilium absente aegroto- Meeting without patient’s presence.
Imperāre sibi maximum imperium est- To order to yourself is the greatest
power.
LECTIO DECIMA (X) AT UNDECIMA (XI)
Topic : masculine gender of the third declension. Exceptions to the gender.
Number of Hours: 2
Objective: to acquire the skills to recognize the nouns of masculine gender of the
third declension and exceptions to the gender.
TOPIC CONTENT
1. Male gender inflections of the third declension nouns
2. Exceptions to the rule of male gender
3. Piculiarities of declinimg the noun mater, tris f
4. Muscles’ names according to the functions they perform
MALE GENDER INFLECTIONS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS
The third declension includes nouns of the masculine gender which in Nom.
sing. have six inflections: -o, -os, -or, -er, -es (with different number of syllables),
-ex, and in Gen. sing. – inflection –is: vomer, ĕris m (vomer). The stem is to be
found in Gen. sing. by means of dropping the inflection –is.
It is known that in most nouns of the third declension the stem appears only
in Gen. sing, due to this fact it is necessary to know the rules of stem changing
according to the gender inflection:
N
n/n
Inflection in
Nom. sing.
1.
-o
2.
3.
4.
-os
-or
-er
5.
-es
(with different
number of
syllables)
-ex
6.
Inflection in Gen.
sing.
with the part of
the stem
-ōnis
- ĭnis (rare)
-ōris
-ōris
-ēris
Example
pulmo, pulmōnis, m (lung)
homo, homĭnis m (man)
flos, floris m (flower)
abductor, abductōris m (abductor)
trochanter, trochanteris m (head of
the femur)
venter, ventris m (abdomen)
-ēdis
-ětis
pes, pedis m (foot)
paries, parietiětis m (wall)
-ĭcis
apex, apĭcis m (apex)
Nouns of masculine gender of the third declension can be declined
according to the consonant (the vast majority of nouns) or mixed type.
Examples of declining the nouns of the third declension (together with the
adjective):
a) consonant type
-papillary wall
1. paries, ĕtis m (wall)
2. mastoideus, a, um (papillary)
3. paries (III d., consonant type) mastoideus (II d., m.)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
paries mastoideus
Nom.
pariětes mastoidei
Gen.
pariětis mastoidei
Gen.
pariětes mastoideorum
-large head of the femur
1. trochanter, ēris m (head of the femur)
2. major, majus (large)
3. trochanter (III d. consonant type) major (III d. consonant type)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
trochanter major
Nom.
trochantāres majores
Gen.
trochantēris majoris
Gen.
trochantērum majorum
b) mixed type
- front abdomen
1. venter, tris m (abdomen)
2. frontalis,e (front)
3. venter (III d., mixed type) frontalis (III d., vowel type)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
venter frontalis
Nom.
ventres frontales
Gen.
ventris frontalis
Gen.
ventrium frontalium
EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF MALE GENDER
Despite their gender inflections some nouns can be of female or neuter gender:
gaster, tris f
mater, tris f
lex, legis f
cor, cordis n
os, oris n
os, ossis n
cadaver, ĕris n
papaver, ĕris n
piper, ĕris n
tuber, ĕris n
stomach
cerebral membrane
law
heart
mouth
bone
corps
poppy
pepper
tuber
PICULIARITIES OF DECLINIMG THE NOUN MATER, TRIS F
Exception mater, tris f has two piculiarities:it is declined according to the
consonant type of the third declension;the adjective is put before the noun.
Example of declining the noun mater, tris f ( together with the adjective):
hard cerebral membrane
durus, a, um (hard)
mater, tris f (cerebral membrane)
dura (the first declension)
mater (the third declension of consonant type)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
dura mater
Nom.
durae matres
Gen.
durae matris
Gen.
durārum matrum
All other exceptions are declined according to the general rules.
Examples of declining remaining exceptions to the gender (together with the
adjectives):
a) consonant type
sciatic tubercle
tuber, ĕris n (tubercle)
ischiadicus, a, um (sciatic)
tuber (the third declension of consonant type)
ischiadicum (the second declension of neuter gender)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
tuber ischiadicum
Nom.
tuběra ischiadica
Gen.
tuběris ischiadici
Gen.
tuběrum ischiadicorum
b) mixed type
pulmonary heart
cor , cordis (heart)
pulmonalis, e (pulmonary)
cor (the third declension mixed type)
pulmonāle (the third declension vowel type)
Sing.
Plur.
Nom.
cor pulmonale
Nom.
corda pulmonalia
Gen.
cordis pulmonalis
Gen.
cordium pulmonalium
MUSCLES’ NAMES ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTIONS THEY PERFORM
In the Latin language there some nouns denoting names of muscles
according to the functions they perform. All these nouns belong to the third
declension masculine gender. They can be formed by means of such suffixes as: tor (or –or, or –sor, -or –xor):
dilatator, ōris m
extensor, ōris m
flexor, ōris m
Grammar construction of such combinations comprises of two nouns in
Nom. sing.: depressor: musculus depressor. In multy -word anatomical terms
containing such nouns dependable word is always in Gen. sing. For example:
depressor of the ribs where depressor is in Nom. sing., of the ribs Gen. plur., so
into the Latin this term will be translated in the following way: musculus levator
costarum.
EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN THE CLASS AND AT HOME
1.Form Gen. sing., define the stem and type of declining:
1. mos …
6. embryo …
2. culex …
7. vortex …
3. sapo …
8. herpes …
4. rigor …
9. calor …
5. catheter …
10. pollex …
2.Agree the first and second class adjectives with the nouns:
1. wall (carotic, external, lower, lateral)
2. lung (left, right)
3. foot (flat, right, left)
4. head of the femur (large , small)
5. man (healthy, sick, clever)
3.Translate into Latin two-words anatomical terms:
1. apex of the lung
6. porta of the lung
2. apex of the tongue
7. arch of the foot
3. apex of the nose
8.cortex of the brain
4. wing of the colter
9. bark of cerebellum
5. surface of the lung
4.Translate from Latin, define case and number of the underlined word:
1. lobus pulmonis superior
2. arcus pedis longitudinalis
3. musculus extensor digitorum
4. arcus venosus dorsalis pedis
5. incisura cardiaca pulmonis sinistri
6. musculus flexor pollicis brevis
7. musculus levator labii superioris
8. musculus depressor septi nasi
9. musculus abductor digiti minimi
10. fissura obliqua pulmonis
5.Translate multy-word anatomical terms into Latin:
1. right lung of the man;left lung of the 6. long muscle that straightens the
man
fingers
2. apex of the right lung; apex of the left 7. deep muscle that flexes the fingers
lung
uvula of the left lung
3. lower segment of the lung; medium
8. venous arch of the foot; transversal
segment of the lung
arch of the foot
4. short muscle that moves the thumb of 9. external wall of the duct
the hand
5. muscles which lift the ribs
6. Agree and translate in singular and plural:
1. parietal tubercle
2. palatine bone
3. soft cortex of the brain
4. healthy stomach
5. back wall
7. Agree the adjectives of the first and second declensions with exceptions:
1. heart (venous, pulmonary, flexible)
2. bone (short, flat, temporal)
3. tubercle (grey, front)
4. cortex of the brain (hard, soft)
5. cortex (of the kidney, of the brain)
8. Translate the terms, name the exceptions in dictionary form:
1. tuberculum jugulare ossis occipitalis
2. musculus depressor anguli oris
3. cornua majora ossis hyoidei
4. spina nasalis ossis frontalis
5. ossa faciei minora
9. Translate into Latin:
1. incisure of the apex of the heart
2. left ventricle of the heart
3. large vein of the heart
4. bones of the toes of the foot
5. bones ot the fingers of the hand
6. bones of the skull; bones of the face
7. cavity of the mouth
8. diaphragm of the mouth
9. junction of bones
10. lips of the mouth
10. Define the declension, gender and type of declining:
1.collega, ae
11. virus, i
2. mater, tris
12. effectus, us
3. casus, us
13. piper, eris
4. dies, ei
14. amnion, i
5. os, ossis
15. manus, us
6. delirium, i
16. color, oris
7. pavor, oris
17. lex, legis
8. locus, i
18. myces, etis
9. olla, ae
19. res, rei
10. tuber, eris
20. lobus, i
VOCABULARY
The masculine nouns of the third declension
apex, ĭcis m
cortex, ĭcis m
flos, ōris m
homo, ĭnis m
paries, ĕtis m
pes, pedis m
pollex, ĭcis m
pulmo, ōnis m
trochanter, ēris m
venter, tris m
vertex, ĭcis m
vomer, ĕris m
apex
cortex
flower
human being, man
wall
foot
thumb
lung
head of the femur
abdomen
crown of the head
vomer
THE NOUNS OF THE MASCULINE GENDER OF THE THIRD
DECLENSION- NAMES OF MUSCLES
ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTION THEY PERFORM
abductor, ōris m
adductor, ōris m
depressor, ōris m
extensor, ōris m
flexor, ōris m
levator, ōris m
abductor
driving muscle
depressor
straighter
flexor
lifter
EEXCEPTIONS TO THE MALE GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
stomach
cerebral cortex
law
heart
corpse, dead body
poppy
tubercle
mouth
bone
pepper
LEXICAL MINIMUM FOR PRACTICAL USE
NOUNS
ala, ae f
wing
cerebellum, i n
cerebellum
diaphragma, ătis n
diaphragm
hilus, i m
porta
junctura, ae f
junction
labium, i n
lip
lingula, ae f
uvula
lobus, i m
lobe
gaster, tris f
mater, tris f
lex, legis f
cor, cordis n
cadaver, ĕris n
papaver, ĕris n
tuber, ĕris n
os, oris n
os, ossis n
piper, ĕris n
ADJECTIVES
aegrotus, a, um
cerebralis, e
cinereus, a, um
hyoideus, a, um
mobilis, e
mastoideus, a, um
minimus, a, um
pius, a, um
ill, sick
cerebral
grey
hyoid
flexible, mobile
papillary
the smallest
soft
planus, a, um
renalis, e
sanus, a, um
durus, a, um
flat
belonging to kidney
healthy
hard
LATIN APHORISMS AND PROFESSIONAL SAYINGS
Alma mater.- Feeding mother (that is the way students call their educational
establishment).
Dura lex, sed lex.- The law is strict but it is the law.
Lege artis.- According to rules of art.