Download A P Midterm quiz with answers

SERC Home School: Anatomy and Physiology Mid-Class Self-Quiz
1. What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? Prokaryotes are simple cells that do not have a
membrane bound nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are more advanced and have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, a
membrane bound nucleus, and organelles.
2. What is DNA? What does it do? Deoxyribonucleic acid, it made up of four nucleobases and backbones of sugars
and phosphates. It contains the genetic code or information for the cells of the body.
3. What is the organized structure of DNA and proteins called? It contains DNA bound proteins and serves to
package the DNA ad control its function. Chromosomes or chromatin.
4. What is the cell theory? All living things are made up of a cell or cells.
5. How many chromosomes does the human body have? 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.
6. What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis? Where do they occur in the body? Mitosis produces
two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell (46 chromosomes) and are made in the entire body.
Meiosis occurs in the reproductive organs of males and females producing sex cells. This makes four gametes
per division with ½ the chromosomes of the parent (23 chromosomes).
7. What are the end products of mitosis and meiosis? Mitosis=identical daughter cells that are diploid, Meiosis=
sex cells that are haploid.
8. Draw the process of mitosis and label the major phases in order. You can find this in your notes and handouts.
9. Draw the process of meiosis and label the major phases in order. You can find this in your notes and
handouts.During prophase what are the identical bundles of DNA called?
10. At the end of mitosis what are the two cells called? Daughter cells.
11. Define gametogenesis and oogenesis. Gametogenesis: is a biological process by which diploid or haploid
precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. Oogenesis: is the
creation of an ovum (egg cell). It is the female form of gametogenesis. The male equivalent is spermatogenesis. It
involves the development of the various stages of the immature ovum.
12. What does the theory of evolution state? is any change across successive generations in the heritable
characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological
organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins.
Look at the life history of different lions in the chart below. Decide which one you think is the most fit and answer
the questions below.
Lion Number
Length
Weight
# Cubs sired
# Cubs surviving
Age at death
Cause of death
Comments
1
2
3.0 meters
175 kg
19
15
13 yrs.
Wounds from fight
with rival male
The strongest of the
four
2.7 meters
160 kg
25
14
14 yrs.
Starvation caused by
tooth infection
Had the greatest
number of females
in harem
3
4
2.8 meters
162 kg
20
14
14 yrs.
Unknown
2.9 meters
160 kg
20
19
19 yrs.
Foot Infection
Moved pride and
changed feeding
habits in response to
a fire
Led his pride for the
longest time
13. Which lion is the most fit and why? Lion #4 was the most successful because he had the most surviving cubs
and genetic success.
14. How does and organism’s environment affect its fitness? An organisms environment can determine the
amount of resources available, which include variables such as competition (direct and indirect),
food/water/shelter, number of viable females/males, and habitat available for offspring (carrying capacity).
15. Why is the concept of “survival of the fittest” not necessarily correct? The fittest organism isn’t always the one
that survives, sometimes luck, then environment, or random chance may remove the most fit individual from
the population.
16. Explain the differences between convergent and divergent evolution. Convergent evolution causes biological
structures in different (unrelated) organisms to be similar due to environmental pressures. Divergent evolution
causes structures in related species to be different because of environmental pressures.
17. Next to the scenarios listed below write C for convergent evolution or D for divergent evolution next to each:
a. Mammals, birds, and bats all have similar but different bone structures in their hands. C
b. Birds and earthworms both have crops and gizzards. C
c. Bats and birds fly. C
d. Legless lizards and snakes don’t have arm limbs. D
18. What are the three major functions of bones? Movement, support, protection.
19. What is bone made up of? 26% minerals (mostly calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate),50% is water,4% is
fat, 20% is protein.
20. What is the difference between cortical bone and trabecular bone? Cortical=solid bone with only a few small
canals, trabecular bone= softer bone with scaffolding and honey comb spacing.
21. What is the difference between a tendon and ligament? A tendon is a thick band of tissue that connects muscle
to bone, while a ligament connects two bones together.
22. Name the five (SHOULD BE 6) types of bones found in the body and their functions. Long Bones--They serve as
support columns. They assist the animal in body support, locomotion and eating. Example: Femur; Short
Bones--They are shaped like a cube and are located in complex joints, such as the knee and hock. They diffuse
concussion and diminish friction. Example: Hock ; Flat Bones--They protect vital organs such as the brain, the
heart, and the lungs. They are longer and wider than they are thick. Example: Scapula. Pneumatic bones--they
contain air spaces called sinuses that are in contact with the atmosphere. Example: Frontal face bones.
Irregular Bones--important to the protection and support of the central nervous system and are points of some
muscle attachment. Example: Vertebrae; Sesamoid Bones--they are flat and round. They are located along the
course of tendons. Example: Kneecap or patella
23.
Use the cat diagram below to answer the following questions: (use your class diagrams for checking answers to this)
24. Label the following on the cat:
a. Cervical vertebrae
b. Thoracic vertebrae
c. Lumbar vertebrae
d. Coccygeal vertebrae
e. Scapula
f. Radius
g. Ulna
h. Tibia
i. Fibula
j. Mandible
k. Pelvis
25. For the following label each as voluntary or involuntary:
a. Breathing
b. Eye blinking
c. Bicep curls
d. Sneezing
e. Heart beating
26. Name the three types of muscle and how they function.
Smooth: involuntary contraction reduces size of hollow organs, slower and longer contractions
Cardiac: constant involuntary contractions, do not tire, y shaped cells move as a unit
Skeletal: voluntary contraction allows physical motion, react quickly and tire quickly
27. Draw the cellular structure for the three different types of muscle.
28. Give an example of an antagonistic muscle pair. Identify the extensor and flexor within the pair.
tricep (extensor) bicep (flexor)
29. Name the two dominant types of protein filament in all muscles. In which types of muscle does allosteric
change “slide” filaments against one another laterally?
- Proteins: myosin and actin
- “sliding filament model” is for skeletal muscle
30. How does ATP enable muscular movement?
ATP is the fuel for muscles. As the bonds between the adenine nucleotide and the three phosphates
are broken, energy is made available to the cell, allowing for muscular contraction.
31. Describe the body’s three main sources for ATP.
1. Creatine phosphate
2. Glycogen
3. Cellular respiration
32. Draw and label a muscle engaged in an isometric contraction.
Draw and label a muscle engaged in an isotonic contraction.
33. Put in order from inside the muscle to muscle exterior: 3. Perimysium, 1. Epimysium, 2. Endomysium.
34. Label the following on the cat:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
Trapezius
Tricep
Bicep
Deltoid
Lattissimus dorsi
Scapular deltoid
Rector abdominus
Obliques
Masseter
Orbicularis
Temporalis
Cepalo humgral
Gastrognemus
Gluteus medius
o. Digital extensurs
p. sartorcus