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Name: ____________________________________ Date: ____________ Per: _______ Study Guide: Neolithic Revolution and Mesopotamia What You’ll Need to Study: MESOPOTAMIA VOCABULARY SHEET Know all 15 words and add Amelu, Mushkinu, and Wardu INGREDIENTS FOR SETTLEMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Water Source Natural Resources Natural Barriers Good Climate Food Supply Examples of a Natural Barrier/Natural Protection: mountains, hills, rivers oceans, desert, forest, plateau Examples of a Natural Resources: (and know what they are used for) Wood: used for shelters, boats, carts, to make fire and to cook Fertile soil: helps to grow crops Stones/ore/metals: used for tools, shelters, and parts of culture CIVILIZATION WHEEL- ALL 8 PARTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Social Structure (hierarchy) – people at a higher level have a greater status Writing System: cuneiform Government- to direct people’s behavior to keep life orderly. Make and enforce laws collect taxes, army Technology – practical tools and inventions Specialized workers - merchants, crafters, metalworkers, Culture and Arts: painting, architecture and music Religion: set of beliefs, gods and goddesses, religious ceremonies Advanced Citites READING NOTES 4 What was the problem that ancient Mesopotamians faced when they moved down to the rivers? Biggest problem was uncontrolled water supply. The rivers flooded. Other times it was hot and dry and the soil was dry and hard. They had either too much water or too little. How did they overcome/solve the problem near the rivers? They developed irrigation systems with levees, canals, and dams to prevent flooding. When the land was dry they would poke holes in the levees to flow into the fields. Why did ancient Mesopotamians build walls and moats around their cities? Walls and moats provided cities with protection from attacking neighboring communities. SOCIAL STRUCTURE How do people get placed in different social classes? A person’s status in the society places them in different classes. People at higher levels have greater status. The top or upper class were priests and land owners. In the middle were was the common class which included merchants, crafters, fisherman, and farmers. A the bottom were slaves Name the 3 social classes in ancient Mesopotamia in order from highest to lowest: 1. Amelu - upper class: government officials, priests, and military 2. Mushkinu – middle class: merchants, traders, professionals, workers, farmers 3. Wardu – lower class: slaves GOVERNMENT/HAMMURABI Why do all civilizations have a system of government? All civilizations have a system of government to direct people’s behavior to keep life orderly. Civilization operates based on government’s laws and procedures. Includes taxes, military, etc. Why were kings so powerful in Sumer? Kings could speak to the gods and were the closest to the gods. Why was Hammurabi’s Code of Laws an important achievement? It was the first time laws were written down for everyone to see. The laws were very detailed and applied to everyone. HUNTING & GATHERING VS FARMING Disadvantages Advantages Hunter-Gatherer Healthier No cavities Diseases stay contained Worked less hours Diet more varied No social classes or status because property belongs to the tribe – not individuals Unpredictable lifestyle Dangerous Constantly traveling Did not develop advanced technology No advanced construction or shelter No surplus of food Settled Farming Food surplus Leisure time Job specialization Woman had more children Possessions and wealth Advanced tools and architecture Permanent structures to live in Disease spread quickly Cavities Female death rate increased because of child birth Class divisions and gender inequalities More conflict of land and water Work long hours