Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
ADVANCED PROSTATE CANCER What is prostate cancer? The prostate gland is part of the male reproductive system. About the size of a walnut, its role is to secrete fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. Prostate cancer refers to the growth of cancerous cells within this gland. Prostate cancer occurs when abnormal cells, supported by male hormones such as testosterone, begin to grow uncontrollably to form tumours. In some men, prostate cancer cells may also spread beyond the prostate and move to other parts of the body, most commonly the bones or lymph nodes (small, bean-shaped glands throughout the body). This is referred to as advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. Prevalence Prostate cancer has emerged as the most common non-skin cancer in men in Europe, accounting for over of all cancer diagnoses in men1 20% About 10-20% of patients present with advanced stage disease2 3 Prostate cancer is the rd most common cause of cancer death in Europe with a mortality rate of at least one man 6 every minutes resulting in more than 90,000 deaths every year1 Causes of prostate cancer The factors that determine the risk of developing prostate cancer are not well known, although a few have been identified. The well-established risk factors for prostate cancer are:3 Increasing age about 80% of men who reach the age of 80 have prostate cancer cells in their prostate Ethnic origin Genetic predisposition Increasing age Men with advanced prostate cancer often report feelings of:4,5 Anxiety and depression, stress or loss of control, and problems in coping References: 1. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F et al. Globocan 2008 v2.0, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. IARC CancerBase No. 10 [Internet]. Lyon,France: International Agency for Research on Cancer 2010. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr. Last accessed: November 2015 2. Yap TA, Zivi A, Omlin A et al. The changing therapeutic landscape of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2011; 8 (10): 597–610 3. Mottet N, Bastian P.J, Bellmunt J, et al. Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. 2014. available from: http://uroweb.org/guideline/ prostate-cancer/. Last accessed: November 2015 4. Pirl WF, Mello J. Psychological complications of prostate cancer. Psychiatric Times; 1 November 2002 5. Korfage IJ, Essink-Bot M-L, Janssens ACJW, et al. Anxiety and depression after prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment: 5-year follow-up. Br J Cancer 2006;94:1093–8 ONC/15/0005/EUp November 2015