Download The Growth of European Kingdoms (cont.)

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Key Events
As you read this chapter, look for the key
events in the history of early regional
civilizations.
• Muhammad and his followers spread the
beliefs and practices of Islam.
• The development of trade throughout
Asia, Africa, and Europe led to the
exchange of goods and cultural ideas.
• In the 1100s, European monarchs began
to build strong states.
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The Impact Today
The events that occurred during this time
period still impact our lives today.
• More than 1 billion people around the
world are Muslims who follow the
teachings of the Quran, and Islam is one
of the world's leading faiths.
• The expansion of trade continues to
create a global society, allowing people
to exchange goods, services, and ideas
throughout the world.
• The codification of Roman law, the
emergence of common law, and the
signing of the Magna Carta continue to
influence our American legal system.
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Chapter Objectives: After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
• identify how Arab, African, and Asian
empires spread.
• list the basic tenets of Islam.
• list the accomplishments of the early
African kingdoms.
• explain the influence of Buddhism,
Hinduism, Islam, and Confucianism on
the development of Asian civilizations.
• summarize feudalism.
• examine the unique civilization of the
Byzantine Empire in the eastern
Mediterranean.
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The Arabs
• The Arabs were a nomadic, Semiticspeaking people who lived in the Arabian
Peninsula, a harsh desert with little water.
• Early Arabs herded sheep and farmed on
the oases of the Arabian Peninsula.
• Caravan trade expanded into Arab
regions,
(pages 89–90)
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The Arabs (cont.)
• The Arabs trace their ancestors to
Abraham and his son Ishmael,
-who were believed to have built a shrine
at Makkah (Mecca)
• The Arabs recognized a supreme god
named Allah (Arabic for “God”) but also
believed in other tribal gods.
(pages 89–90)
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The Life of Muhammad
• Muhammad was born into a merchant
family in Makkah.
• Muslims believe that Muhammad received
revelations from God while meditating in
the hills.
• Muhammad believed that Allah had
revealed himself partially through Moses
(Judaism) and Jesus (Christianity)
-Allah’s final revelations were to him.
(page 90)
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The Teachings of Muhammad
• Islam is monotheistic.
-Allah is the all-powerful creator of
everything.
-Islam offers salvation and the hope of an
afterlife to its followers.
-Muhammad is not considered divine, but he
is a prophet who conveys Allah’s final
revelations.
(pages 90–91)
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The Teachings of Muhammad (cont.)
• Five Pillars of Islam:
(1)belief–there is no deity but the One God,
and Muhammad is his messenger;
(2) prayer–perform prescribed prayers five
times a day;
(3)charity–give part of one’s wealth to the
poor;
(4)fasting–refrain from food and drink from
dawn to sunset during the month of
Ramadan;
(5)pilgrimage–make a pilgrimage to Makkah
at least once in a lifetime.
(pages 90–91)
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The Arab Empire
• The Mongols were a pastoral people who
came out of the Gobi in the early thirteenth
century and took control of much of the
known world.
• Led Genghis Khan, Mongol armies
spread across central Asia.
• In 1258, the Mongols seized Persia and
Mesopotamia.
(pages 92–93)
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Successors of the Arab
Empire (cont.)
• Mongol rulers eventually converted to
Islam and intermarried with local peoples.
• They also began to rebuild some cities.
• Cairo became the center of Islamic
civilization.
(pages 92–93)
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Economy and Social Structure
• Muslims live in accordance with Allah’s
teachings revealed in the Quran–humans
should live as Allah has decreed.
• Islam claims that all people are equal in
the eyes of Allah.
• However, such was not always the case in
the Arab Empire.
• For example, the empire had a welldefined upper class of ruling families,
wealthy merchants, and other elites.
(page 94)
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Economy and Social Structure (cont.)
• The Quran granted women spiritual and
social equality with men.
• They could profit from their work and
could own and inherit property.
• Islamic teachings, however, did account
for differences between men and women
in the family and social order.
• Men were dominant in society.
(page 94)
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The Brilliance of Islamic
Culture
• Arab scholars translated into Arabic–
works by Plato and Aristotle
• The Arabic translations were translated into
Latin in the twelfth century and thus
became available to Western scholars.
(pages 94–95)
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The Brilliance of Islamic
Culture (cont.)
• When the Arabic translations came to
Europe, they were accompanied by
commentaries by Arab philosophers. 
• One of the most important Arabic scholars
was Ibn-Rushd, who wrote commentaries
on almost all of Aristotle’s works.
(pages 94–95)
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The Brilliance of Islamic
Culture (cont.)
• Islamic scholars also made contributions to
mathematics and the natural sciences.
-they adopted India’s numerical system,
which included the use of the zero.
-It became known in Europe as the “Arabic”
system.
-Baghdad had an observatory where
scientists studied and named many stars.
(pages 94–95)
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The Brilliance of Islamic
Culture (cont.)
• Muslims also perfected the astrolabe,
-used by sailors to determine their location
by observing the position of stars and
planets.
-This instrument enabled Europeans to sail
to the Americas.
(pages 94–95)
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The Brilliance of Islamic
Culture (cont.)
• Muslims also developed medicine as a
field of study. 
• Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia
that stressed the contagious nature of
certain diseases.
(pages 94–95)
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The Brilliance of Islamic
Culture (cont.)
• Islamic art blends the Arab, Turkish, and
Persian traditions.
• Its highest expression is found in the
mosques, which represent Islam’s spirit.
(pages 94–95)
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The Emergence of Civilization
• Africa is the second largest continent. It
stretches for almost five thousand miles
and is surrounded by two seas and two
oceans. 
• Africa has four distinct climate zones: a
mild zone across the northern coast and
the southern tip; deserts in the north (the
Sahara) and the south (Kalahari); the rain
forest along the Equator; and savannas
(broad grasslands) that stretch across
Africa both north and south of the rain
forest. 
• The four different climate zones have
affected the way Africans live.
(pages 97–98)
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The Emergence of Civilization (cont.)
• Farming gave rise to the first civilizations
in Africa: Egypt, Kush, and Axum. 
• Around 1000 B.C., Nubia freed itself from
Egyptian control and became the
independent state of Kush. 
• Kush was a trading state that flourished
from 250 B.C. to A.D. 150. 
• Kush declined when Axum, located in the
Ethiopian highlands, developed into a new
power. 
• Axum was founded by Arabs. Eventually
the state combined Arab and African
cultures.
(pages 97–98)
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The Emergence of Civilization (cont.)
• One of Axum’s most distinctive features
was its religion. 
• King Ezana converted to Christianity in
about A.D. 330 and made it the official
religion of Axum. 
• Islam also impacted Africa. 
• By the early eighth century, the coastal
region of North Africa was under Arab
rule. 
• Several Muslim trading states had been
established on the African coast of the
Red Sea.
(pages 97–98)
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The Royal Kingdoms of
West Africa
• Ghana, in the upper Niger River valley,
emerged as early as A.D. 500 as one of the
first great trading states of West Africa. 
• The kings of Ghana were wealthy and
relied on a well-trained army to enforce
their wishes. 
• Ghana had an abundance of gold, making
it the center of an enormous trade empire.
(pages 98–100)
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The Royal Kingdoms of
West Africa (cont.)
• In exchange for gold, Muslim merchants
from North Africa brought textiles, metal
goods, horses, and salt. 
• Salt, used for preserving food, was also
very important for replacing salt lost from
the body due to the hot climate. 
• Berbers, a nomadic people, used camel
caravans to carry out much of the trade
across the desert. 
• Camels were well adapted to desert
conditions.
(pages 98–100)
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The Royal Kingdoms of
West Africa (cont.)
• The kingdom of Ghana, weakened by
wars, collapsed during the 1100s. 
• One of the greatest of the trading states
that arose in its place was Mali,
established by Sundiata Keita in the midthirteenth century. 
• Sundiata captured the Ghanaian capital in
1240. 
• He united the people of Mali and created
a strong government. 
• The wealth and power of Mali was based
on the gold and salt trade; however, most
people in Mali were grain farmers. (pages 98–100)
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The Royal Kingdoms of
West Africa (cont.)
• Mansa Musa, who ruled Mali from 1312
to 1337, was a rich and powerful king. 
• He doubled the size of the kingdom and
created a strong central government. 
• His pilgrimage to Makkah was
accompanied by thousand of servants,
soldiers, and camels. 
• Later he encouraged the building of
mosques and the study of the Quran in
his kingdom.
(pages 98–100)
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The Royal Kingdoms of
West Africa (cont.)
• Songhai began to surpass Mali in the
fifteenth century. 
• Sunni Ali expanded the empire by leading
his army on successive military
campaigns. 
• This led to control of the gold and salt
trade. 
• Under Muhammad Ture, the Songhai
Empire reached the height of its power. 
• Its chief cities prospered from the salt and
gold trade until the end of the 1500s.
(pages 98–100)
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Societies in East and
South Africa
• Islam influenced many of the small states
and societies in eastern Africa. 
• Beginning in the first millennium B.C.,
farming people who spoke dialects of the
Bantu language moved into East Africa
and the Congo River basin. 
• They came not as conquerors, but as
small communities.
(page 100)
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Societies in East and
South Africa (cont.)
• The Bantu people began to take part in
the regional trade up and down the East
African coast. 
• The result was the development of trading
posts including Mogadishu, Mombasa,
and Kilwa. 
• States formed more slowly in southern
Africa. 
• Zimbabwe was the wealthiest and most
powerful state from 1300 to 1450. 
• It prospered from the gold trade.
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(page 100)
Societies in East and
South Africa (cont.)
• Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe’s capital, was
surrounded by massive walls built with
granite blocks held together without
mortar.
(page 100)
African Society and Culture
• The relationship between African kings
and their subjects was not as rigid as in
other civilizations. 
• The king was held in high esteem, but
he often met with subjects who had
complaints. 
• Most people lived in small villages. 
• Their sense of identity was determined by
their membership in an extended family
and a lineage group. 
• Lineage groups–communities of extended
family units–were the basis of African
society.
(page 101)
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African Society and Culture (cont.)
• While religious beliefs varied from place to
place, most African societies shared some
common ideas, such as belief in various
gods, the power of diviners to foretell
events, and the importance of ancestors. 
• In Africa, as elsewhere, art had religious
significance. 
• In the 1200s and 1300s, metalworkers at
Ife (now southern Nigeria) produced
handsome bronze and iron statues. 
• They may have influenced Benin artists
in West Africa who produced impressive
bronze heads of kings and figures of
animals.
(page 101)
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China Reunified
• China fell into chaos after the Han
Dynasty ended in 220.
-After three hundred years of civil war, the
short-lived Sui dynasty was set up in
581.
-This dynasty was able to unify China
under the emperor’s authority.
(pages 103–105)
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China Reunified (cont.)
• The Tang dynasty lasted from 618 to 907. 
-Tang rulers brought peace to northwestern
China and expanded their control to the
borders of Tibet.
• Technological developments added new
products.
• One of these was gunpowder, which was
used to make explosives and the firelance.
• The renewed Silk Road thrived.
• However, the vast majority of the Chinese
people still lived off the land in villages.
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The Mongol Empire
• The Mongols came from Mongolia, north
of China.
• They were a pastoral people organized by
clans.
• In 1206, Genghis Khan was elected
(“universal ruler”) at a massive meeting
in the Gobi.
• He devoted himself to conquest, creating
the largest land empire in history.
(pages 105–107)
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The Mongol Empire (cont.)
• In 1279, Kublai Khan (a grandson of
Genghis Khan) completed the conquest
-He established the Yuan dynasty in
China.
-He ruled China from his capital at Khanbaliq
(“the city of the Khan”), now known as
Beijing, until his death in 1294.
• Under Kublai Khan, Mongol forces
advanced against Vietnam, Java, Sumatra,
and Japan.
• Only Vietnam was conquered.
(pages 105–107)
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The Mongol Empire (cont.)
• Landscape painting reached its height
during the Mongol dynasties.
• The poems celebrated the beauty of
nature, the changes of the seasons, and
the joys of friendship.
(pages 105–107)
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The Rise of the Japanese
State
• One reason for the difference in Chinese
and Japanese history is the difference in
their geography.
• What are some of those differences?
• China is on a large continent.
• Japan is a chain of many islands.
(pages 107–108)
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The Rise of the Japanese
State (cont.)
• In the 7th century, to keep out the Chinese
Shotoku Taishi, of the Yamato clan,
attempted to unify the various Japanese
clans.
• He wanted to limit the power of the
aristocrats and portrayed the ruler as
divine and as a symbol of the Japanese
nation.
• Despite this, aristocrats still ruled the
nation
(pages 107–108)
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The Rise of the Japanese
State (cont.)
• A class of military servants called samurai
(“those who serve”) developed to protect
the security and prosperity of the
aristocrats.
• The samurai lived by a strict warrior code
known as Bushido (“the way of the
warrior”),
(pages 107–108)
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The Rise of the Japanese
State (cont.)
• A nobleman named Minamoto Yoritomo
defeated several rivals to set up a
centralized state under the rule of a military
leader known as the shogun (general).
-This form of government was called the
shogunate.
-The real power was in the hands of the
shogun, not the emperor.
-The Kamakura shogunate, founded by
Yoritomo, lasted from 1192 to 1333.
(pages 107–108)
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The Rise of the Japanese
State (cont.)
• In 1281, Kublai Khan sent warriors to
invade Japan but a typhoon destroyed his
fleet
-Japan would not be invaded again until
1945.
(pages 107–108)
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The Rise of the Japanese
State (cont.)
• The power of local aristocrats continued
to grow in the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries.
• Heads of noble families called daimyo
(“great names”) controlled large estates
that were tax exempt.
• By 1500, Japan was nearly in chaos.
• A civil war, from 1467 to 1477, led to the
virtual destruction of Kyoto, and central
authority disappeared.
(pages 107–108)
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Life and Culture in Early
Japan
• Early Japan was largely a farming
society.
• Due to abundant rainfall, many farmers
grew wet rice (rice grown in flooded
fields).
• Trade and manufacturing developed
during the Kamakura period.
• Paper, iron casting, and porcelain
industries emerged.
• Trade with Korea and China developed
during the eleventh century.
(pages 108–109)
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Life and Culture in Early
Japan (cont.)
• The Japanese worshiped nature spirits
called kami.
• They also believed the spirits of their
ancestors were present around them.
• These beliefs evolved into the state
religion known as Shinto (“the Sacred
Way” or “The Way of the Gods”), which
is still practiced today.
(pages 108–109)
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Civilization in Southeast Asia (cont.)
• Between 500 and 1500, emerging
organized states used Chinese and Indian
models of government, adapting them to
their own needs and creating unique
states.
• Vietnam had been conquered by the
Chinese in 111 B.C.
• The Vietnamese overthrew the Chinese
in the tenth century.
• Vietnamese rulers adopted the Chinese
model of a centralized government and
called the new state Dai Viet (Great Viet).
• Dai Viet adopted state Confucianism.
(pages 110–111)
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The New Germanic Kingdoms
• After the collapse of the Western Roman
Empire, a new civilization emerged in
western Europe.
• European civilization developed during
the Middle Ages, or medieval period
(500–1500).
• Historians used the term Middle Ages to
refer to the middle period between the
ancient world and the modern world.
(pages 116–117)
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The Role of the Church
• By the fourth century, the Christian church
had developed a system of organization.
• Priests headed local communities called
parishes.
• The bishop of Rome came to claim he
was the leader of what was now called the
Roman Catholic Church.
• Later Roman bishops came to be called
popes, from the Latin word papa, “father.”
(page 117)
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The Role of the Church (cont.)
• The Church also developed a body of
doctrine.
• Church councils, including
representatives from the entire Christian
community, met to define Church
teachings.
(page 117)
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Charlemagne and the Carolingians
• In 768 Charles the Great, or
Charlemagne, became ruler of the
Frankish kingdom in Germany.
-ruled from 768 to 814.
-he expanded the kingdom into what
became known as the Carolingian
Empire.
-This empire covered much of western and
central Europe and was unsurpassed until
the time of Napoleon.
-In 800 he was crowned emperor of the
Romans by the pope.
(pages 117–118)
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Feudalism
• But his fell apart soon after his death.
• People began to turn to local landed
aristocrats or nobles to protect them.
• Nobles exchanged protection for service.
- This exchange led to a new political and
social system called feudalism.
(pages 118–119)
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Feudalism (cont.)
• At the heart of feudalism was the idea of
vassalage.
-It came from Germanic society where
warriors swore a loyalty oath to their
leaders and fought for them.
-The leaders, in turn, took care of the
warriors’ needs.
-By the eighth century a man who served a
lord militarily was known as a vassal.
(pages 118–119)
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Feudalism (cont.)
• By the 700s, heavily armored cavalry
(knights) dominated warfare.
• They had great prestige and formed the
backbone of the European nobility.
• By the ninth century the land the lord
granted to a vassal was known as a fief
(pages 118–119)
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The Growth of European
Kingdoms
• The feudal system gave power to many
different lords.
• Gradually, kings began to extend their
own powers, and their actions laid the
foundations for the European kingdoms
that still dominate Europe.
• The political institutions created by one
kingdom, England, impacted the formation
of democracy in the United States.
(pages 119–121)
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The Growth of European
Kingdoms (cont.)
• In 1066 an army commanded by William
of Normandy defeated King Harold of
England at the Battle of Hastings.
• William was crowned king of England and
began to combine Anglo-Saxon and
Norman institutions.
(pages 119–121)
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The Growth of European
Kingdoms (cont.)
• Henry II, who ruled from 1154 to 1189,
enlarged the power of the English
monarchy.
• He expanded the royal courts’ powers to
cover more criminal and property cases.
• Because the royal courts were all over
the land, a body of common law–law
common to the whole kingdom–began
to replace varying local codes.
(pages 119–121)
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The Growth of European
Kingdoms (cont.)
• Resenting the monarchy’s expanding
power, many nobles rebelled against
King John.
• In 1215 at Runnymede, John was forced
to sign a document of rights called the
Magna Carta, or Great Charter.
• The Magna Carta gave written recognition
to the longstanding feudal idea of mutual
rights and obligations between lord and
vassal.
(pages 119–121)
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The Growth of European
Kingdoms (cont.)
• The Magna Carta was used to strengthen
the idea that the monarch had limited
power, and it later helped support the
concept that individuals are entitled to
trial by jury.
(pages 119–121)
The Growth of European
Kingdoms (cont.)
• The English Parliament emerged in the
1200s
• It came to be composed of two knights
from every county, two people from every
town, and all of England’s nobles and
bishops.
• Later, nobles and church lords formed the
House of Lords, and knights and townspeople formed the House of Commons.
• The Parliament imposed taxes and passed
laws.
(pages 119–121)
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The Growth of European
Kingdoms (cont.)
• After the death of the last Carolingian king
in 987, Hugh Capet became king and
founded the Capetian dynasty of French
kings.
• The French monarchy’s power grew under
King Philip II Augustus, who ruled from
1180 to 1223.
• Philip took back by force the French
territories ruled by the English.
• He thereby greatly increased the income
and power of the French monarchy.
(pages 119–121)
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The Growth of European
Kingdoms (cont.)
• As leaders of a new Roman Empire, the
German kings tried to rule both German
and Italian lands.
• Frederick I considered Italy the center of
a “holy empire,” hence the name Holy
Roman Empire.
• His attempt to conquer northern Italy was
opposed by the pope and the northern
cities.
• Frederick II wanted to establish a
centralized state in Italy but met with
(pages 119–121)
the same resistance.
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The Crusades
• From the eleventh to the thirteenth
centuries, European Christians carried out
a series of military expeditions known as
the Crusades.
• The Crusades began when Pope Urban II
agreed to help Alexius I.
• The pope wanted to provide leadership
for a great cause.
• He urged Christians to liberate Jerusalem
and the Holy Land (Palestine) from the
Muslims, whom the Church considered
infidels or unbelievers.
(page 123)
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The Crusades (cont.)
• Only the First Crusade was successful.
The crusaders captured Jerusalem in
1099. 
• The crusaders formed four Latin crusader
states, which were surrounded by
Muslims. 
• These kingdoms depended on Italian
cities for supplies from Europe. 
• It was difficult for the crusader kingdoms
to maintain themselves. 
• In 1187, Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces
led by Saladin.
(page 123)
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The Crusades (cont.)
• Historians disagree on the effects of the
Crusades.
-They certainly benefited some Italian cities
economically.
-Perhaps the greatest impact of the
Crusades was political.
-They eventually helped to break down
feudalism, and strong states emerged.
(page 123)
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Chapter Summary
This chart shows some of the defining
characteristics of regional civilizations
between 400 and 1500.