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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 A Changing World
Section 2 Early Exploration
Section 3 Spain in America
Section 4 Exploring North America
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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They both have Paradise at the top, Asia below Paradise, Europe
to the left, Africa to the right, and they both include the
Mediterranean Sea.
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: A Changing World
• Examine how technology made long sea
voyages possible. 
• Explore the factors that allowed great
civilizations in Africa to flourish.
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Guide to Reading
Main Idea
New knowledge and ideas led Europeans to
explore overseas. 
Key Terms
• classical 
• caravel 
• Renaissance 
• pilgrimage 
• technology 
• mosque
• astrolabe 
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Marco Polo
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Expanding Horizons
• Marco Polo’s book, Travels, written in
1295, described his travels to Asia. 
• It inspired Columbus and other explorers
to journey to these lands 200 years later. 
• The cities of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa
became centers of the growing trade in
goods such as spices, silks, perfumes,
and precious stones.
(pages 38–39)
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Expanding Horizons (cont.)
• The Renaissance, a period of renewed
interest in classical Greek and Roman
learning, spread throughout Europe in the
1400s. 
• It encouraged Europeans to pursue new
ideas and challenges and set the stage
for exploration and discovery.
(pages 38–39)
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Expanding Horizons (cont.)
Why do you think Western European
explorers found Asia so interesting?
Possible answer: Europeans had the
ideas of becoming wealthy through
foreign trade and learning about lifestyles
in distant lands.
(pages 38–39)
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Powerful Nations Emerge
• The development of large nation-states in
Western Europe helped spark foreign trade
and travel outside the region. 
• The monarchies of Spain, Portugal,
England, and France looked for ways to
increase the power and wealth of their
countries.
(pages 39–41)
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Powerful Nations Emerge (cont.)
Why was it necessary for monarchs to
work at building powerful and wealthy
countries?
Possible answer: Countries wanted to
appear powerful so they would not be
invaded and overtaken by any other
country. Wealth would allow the monarch
to outfit a powerful army that could
defend the country or invade another
(pages 39–41)
country.
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Technology’s Impact
• Better maps and navigational instruments,
such as the astrolabe and compass,
helped navigators more accurately
determine direction and location. 
• Larger and sturdier sailing vessels, such
as the caravel, enabled sailors to travel
faster and carry more people, cargo, and
food. 
• These advances enabled sailors to
explore new routes, especially a sea route
to Asia.
(pages 40–41)
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Technology’s Impact (cont.)
• Portugal and Spain began searching for
routes to Asia and traveled south to the
West Coast of Africa.
(pages 40–41)
Technology’s Impact (cont.)
How does modern technology make our
lives easier?
Possible answer: Modern technology
helps us do things better, faster, more
efficiently, and cost effectively.
(pages 40–41)
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African Kingdoms
• Three West African kingdoms flourished:
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. 
• Ghana was a huge trading Empire
between 400 and 1100. 
• Its trade in gold and salt contributed to
its prosperity. 
• When Ghana’s power declined, the
empire saw new states emerge.
(pages 41–42)
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African Kingdoms (cont.)
• Mali and its capital, Timbuktu, became
important Islamic centers. Mansa Musa,
who ruled Mali from 1312 to 1337, was its
greatest king. 
• He made a pilgrimage to Makkah (also
spelled Mecca), the Muslim holy city.
(pages 41–42)
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African Kingdoms (cont.)
• The Songhai Empire rose in the late 1400s
and became the largest in the history of
West Africa. 
• Its ruler, Askìya Muhammad, encouraged
trade with Europe and Asia and
introduced to his country a legal system,
a system of government, and schools. 
• The empire fell in the late 1500s when the
Moroccans attacked its trade centers.
(pages 41–42)
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African Kingdoms (cont.)
Why did great empires arise in Africa?
The resources of the land, the trade with
North Africa, and powerful rulers helped
create these great empires.
(pages 41–42)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
A. classical
B 1. a period of intellectual and
artistic creativity, c. 1300–1600 B. Renaissance
__ 2. an instrument used by sailors
C. technology
to observe positions of the
D
D. astrolabe
stars
E. caravel
__ 3. relating to ancient Greece
and Rome
A
__ 4. the application of scientific
discoveries to practical use
C
__ 5. small, fast ship with a broad
bow
E
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Checking for Understanding
Reviewing Facts Name three technological
advances the furthered European
exploration. Describe how these advances
helped explorers.
Possible answers: Mapmakers refined their
methods and created more accurate maps;
the astrolabe improved navigation; the threemasted caravel allowed ships to travel
farther.
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Reviewing Themes
Culture and Traditions How did the
Islamic religion spread to the early
kingdoms of Africa? What is the name of
the holy book of Islam?
The Islamic religion spread to the early
kingdoms of Africa through trade between
African kingdoms and Arab Muslims in North
Africa. The holy book of Islam is called the
Quran.
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Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why do you think
the Renaissance began in Italy and not in
another part of Europe?
Italy’s prosperity enabled citizens to pursue
an interest in the region’s past.
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Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map of the
African trading kingdoms on page 41 of
your textbook. Which of the trading
kingdoms was established earliest? In
which region of Africa did the three trading
kingdoms develop?
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Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Review the map of the
African trading kingdoms on page 41 of
your textbook. Which of the trading
kingdoms was established earliest? In
which region of Africa did the three trading
kingdoms develop?
The earliest trading kingdom was Ghana.
The three trading kingdoms developed in
West Africa.
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Columbian Exchange Chart
From the Americas to
Europe, Africa & Asia
From Europe, Africa, Asia
to the Americas
How do you think the Columbian
Exchange has enriched each
hemisphere?