Download (Additional) Review for Animal Systems Test

Body Systems Test Review- (Supplemental Guide to use in conjunction with
‘Unit 8 Study Guide’) AP Biology 2016
*Be sure to go over ‘Chapter Reviews’ of Key Concepts at the end of each chapter
A. Ch. 40-Animal Form and Function: HOMEOSTASIS- GO OVER! See Bozeman Videos
Positive and Negative feedback loops! Ex: thermoregulation; insulin and glucagon (also covered in Ch. 45)
Key items to understand: Table 40.1; Types of tissue; ectotherm vs endotherm; countercurrent exchange; Fig 40.16; Fig 40.17;
40.19; Torpor (hibernation, estivation)
B. Ch. 6: Fig. 6.8- How does cell surface area and volume relate to diffusion efficiency?
C. Nervous: MAJOR FOCUS! (Primarily Ch. 48 and some of Ch. 49)
1. Know the function of the following parts of the brain:
- cerebellum: involved in balance, equilibrium, muscle tone, and the coordination of voluntary motor movement.
- corpus callosum: responsible for transferring information from one cerebral hemisphere to the other
- medulla oblongata: autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing
- hypothalamus: the bridge between nervous and endocrine systems.
- pituitary: Master gland in most vertebrates, directing functions of most other glands
- pineal body: involved in biorhythms (sleep/wake cycles)
2. Understand how neurotransmitters are transported across the synaptic cleft. Calcium is taken up by the presynaptic
membrane, causing vesicles containing neurotransmitters to bind to the plasma membrane at the axon terminals.
Neurotransmitters flood the gap, and move through simple diffusion across the synaptic cleft. They then bind to specific
receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, causing either the uptake of Na in the next neuron (excitatory), or K (inhibitory).
3. Know what happens to Na+ and K+ ions as action potential takes place in a neuron upon stimulation. First, sodium moves
into the neuron, sending the signal down the length of the cell. Then potassium moves out in an attempt to regain polarity.
4. Know what happens if the stimulus of a sensory neuron is above the threshold level. If the stimulus of a sensory neuron is
above the threshold level, a further increase in the intensity of this stimulus will cause the frequency of the impulse production
to increase. If the stimulus of the sensory neuron is below the threshold level, the impulse will not trigger.
5. How does the sympathetic nervous system react during a fight-or-flight situation? Fight or flight is a part of the sympathetic
nervous system. Some of the bodily responses to the stimulation of this nervous system might include increased heart rate and
blood pressure, increased perception by senses such as hearing, sight and smell, increased circulation and perspiration. Body
systems that might be inhibited are digestive system.
Other things from Ch. 48 and Ch. 49 to study:
*What would happen if a neurotransmitter stays in the synaptic cleft?
* What is a reflex arc?
* Figures 48.4, 48.10, 48.12, 48.13, 48.15
* Table 48.1: acetylcholine thru GABA (basic functions). Read the section on acetylcholine p. 1060
D. Endocrine/Reproductive: MAJOR FOCUS! (Primarily Ch. 45 and hormones from Ch. 46)
6. Know where the following hormones are produced and what they are responsible for
- Progesterone: Produced by the placenta and is responsible for maintaining uterine lining during pregnancy. In
human females, fertilization occurs within the fallopian tubes (oviduct)
- Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Raises blood sugar level by increasing rate of glycogen breakdown by cells in liver
- LH (luteinizing hormone): A pituitary hormone that stimulates ovaries and testes. Ovulation will occur in females
when LH is released by the pituitary.
- FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone): Stimulates gonads to produce sperm (males) and ova (females)
- Testosterone: Produced in male gonadal tissue, that promotes development of secondary sexual characteristics such
as body hair growth, deepening of voice…etc
- Estrogen: Typical female hormone that promotes development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as enlarged
breast tissue, hip development, hair growth…etc
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Promotes retention of water by kidneys. Production in the pituitary may be stimulated
if a person becomes overheated.
- Thyroxin and PTH: Controls metabolic rate
- Insulin and Glucagon: Controls blood sugar (Understand diabetes mellitus and its effects on the body. When a
person develops diabetes type 1, their endocrine function of pancreas (specifically, the Islets of Langerhans) function decreases
or usually stops. Beta cells within the Islets of Langerhans do not function, so can’t release insulin. Therefore, the excess
sugar in the blood remains in circulation instead of being taken up by the liver or the other cells of the body).
*Apply feedback loops to hormones!
E. Muscular/Skeletal/Integumentary: lesser focus
7. Know the three types of muscle tissue, which ones are voluntary/involuntary, and where they are
located in the body. The cardiac and smooth muscle are both subjected to involuntary contraction mediated by a part of the
brain that is most primitive. Cardiac and skeletal muscle are both striated. Skeletal muscle is voluntary. Digestive tract:
smooth muscle (slower response)
8. Know how the integumentary system works with the circulatory system. Integumentary is hair, skin and nails. It works
with the circulatory system to help regulate body temperature through vasodilation. The circulatory system also brings about
the movement of nutrients and oxygen to cells, and CO2 away back to the respiratory system. The skeletal system also works
with these two systems, as it does with the muscular system to produce movement.
9. Know the five functions of the skeletal system, how each helps maintain homeostasis.
• Provides a framework and support structure for the tissues of your body to attach to
• Protects your internal organs, including your heart, lungs, and brain
• Produces red blood cells, and some white blood cells
• Along with muscles, acts to help the body with locomotion and other movement
• A storehouse for minerals such as calcium and phosphorous
F. Circulatory (major focus)/Respiratory (lesser focus)- Ch 42
10. What happens to the respiratory system when too much carbon dioxide is found in the blood? The system would respond
by having the organism increase their respiration in an attempt to remove the CO 2 from the blood, and allow more oxygen into
the cells.
11. Know the difference in how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported through the circulatory
system. CO2 is carried in human blood primarily as bicarbonate ions in the plasma, while Oxygen is carried by the
hemoglobin in red blood cells.
12. In humans, how does the circulatory help regulate body temperature? In blood vessels, vasodilation and vasoconstriction
occurs to regulate body temperature. When ambient (outside) temperature drops, the blood vessels close to the skin’s surface
constrict in an attempt to keep the blood warmer by drawing it closer to the body core. This is why, many times, your skin
appears bluish when you get extremely cold. Conversely, the blood vessels will dilate closer to the skin when it warms up
outside. This is an attempt by the body to diffuse warmth through the skin by bringing the blood in vessels closer to the
surface.
13. Understand blood pressure and the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Systolic blood pressure is the
measurement of the pressure when the ventricles contract (numerator of the b/p fraction); diastolic number is the measure of
the pressure when the heart relaxes (denominator of the b/p fraction). It is important that you realize that mean arterial blood
pressure is not just the average of the two parts of the b/p fraction, because the diastolic phase of the heart beat lasts quite a bit
longer than the systolic phase of the heart beat. Think of the lub-dub, lub-dub…and you can reason it out!
G. Immune- Ch 43: Major Focus
14. What occurs during the primary response and secondary response following an infection? Primary response involves
various white blood cells called lymphocytes such as B and T cells. Each of these cells has a specific job to do in immunity.
Secondary response involves the activation of memory cells, a type of daughter B cell which recognizes invading infectious
agents, and targets those specifically.
15. What is the difference between humoral immunity response and cell-mediated immunity? Cell-mediated immunity is an
immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of various cells, such as macrophages,
natural killer cells (NK), cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, in response to an antigen. The humoral immune response is mediated by
secreted antibodies produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage. B Cells transform into Plasma cells (which secrete
antibodies immediately to cause agglutination with the antigen) and Memory cells.
*Differentiate between innate and adaptive (acquired) response- including lines of defense and responses.
H. Excretory/Digestive: Lesser focus
16: Know what the following do during digestion:
- Salivary Amylase: breaks up starches into monomers of carbohydrates
- Bile: emulsifies (breaks up) fats, increasing surface area on which enzymes are to work.
- Pepsin: digestion of proteins
- Insulin: causes liver and other body cells to take up glucose, lowering blood glucose levels.
- Hydrolytic enzymes: speeds up the hydrolysis of a chemical bond found in the large molecules ingested during
digestive process (like proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates)
The presence of acid chyme in the small intestine MUST be neutralized. The duodenum (first section of the small
intestine) secretes substance which causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate to neutralize the acid.
*BIG PICTURE OF MACROMOLECULE DIGESTION: Carb digestion begins in mouth (salivary amylase) and finished in
small intestine (various enzymes); protein digestion-stomach and small intestine; fats/lipid digestion- small intestine
only…large fat droplets get emulsified (‘physically’ broken down) to smaller fat droplets by bile (produced in liver) and these
small droplets then get a hydrophilic coating (why?). They are then absorbed by the lymphatic system in slam vessels (lacteals)
before returning to circ. system
17: Excretory: Explain osmoregulation (hyper vs hypo); what is urea?; Study- Fig 44.10 (Key functions of excretory system);
Fig 44.19A (not B); Read the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter (p. 973- look at the diagram on Osmoregulation).
Understand: 1- how a kidney’s nephron woks (OVERALL…not the specific tubules) to filter blood; 2- ADH and its effects; 3Why should you never drink salt water if ‘lost at sea’? (relate to water potential)
18. Some key terms to be familiar with: Cephalization; Body symmetry (we are bilateral); Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, True
Coelomate (we are True); Quadriped vs Biped; Anterior vs Posterior; Dorsal vs Ventral; Superficial vs deep
19. THIS IS NOT ON MY TEST, BUT WAS ON A PAST AP EXAM: Understand what happens as blood filters through the
kidneys. (what steps take place)
 when blood enters the glomerulus, pressure forces water and solutes through the capillary walls into the Bowman’s
capsule. Solutes include glucose, salts, vitamins, nitrogen wastes, and any other substances small enough to pass
through the capillary walls. Red blood cells, and proteins remain in the capillaries. The other materials diffuse into
the Bowman’s capsule, and then flow into the convoluted tubule. This substance is essentially blood plasma that lacks
most proteins.
 As a filtrate passes through the proximal tubule and, later, through the distal tubule, additional material from the
interstitial fluids joins the filtrate. This material is selectively secreted into the convoluted tubule by both passive and
active transport.
 when filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, it becomes more concentrated due to passive flow of H 2O out of the tube.
As the filtrate moves up the loop of Henle, it becomes more dilute due to passive and active transport of salts out of
the tubule. These salts move into the interstitial fluids, and as the tubule passes towards the renal pelvis, water
passively moves out of the collecting duct and into the interstitial fluids. (osmosis, homeostasis). It is most
concentrated in the collecting duct. (urine)