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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2016) Water-borne Diseases and its Effect on Domestic Animals and Human Health: A Review Praveen Kumar Praveen1, Subha Ganguly2, Rajesh Wakchaure3, Parveez Ahmad Para4, Tanvi Mahajan5, Kausar Qadri6, Shweta Kamble7, Ruchi Sharma8, Shashank Shekhar9, Nirupama Dalai10 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, 2Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, 3Associate Professor, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, 4Assistant Professor, Department of Livestock Product and Technology, 5Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, 6Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicine, 7Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, 8 Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Arawali Veterinary College (Affiliated with Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences), N.H. – 52 Jaipur Road, V.P.O. Bajor, Dist. Sikar, Pin – 332001, India 9 M.V.Sc., Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, Kshudiram Bose Sarani, P.O. Belgachia, Kolkata – 700037, West Bengal, India 10 Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Livestock require the proper balance of water, carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals for optimal levels of performance. Out of these nutrients, water is the most critical for all classes of livestock. Water constitutes 60 to 70 percent of the body of livestock. Water is necessary for maintaining body fluids and proper ion balance, for digesting, absorbing and metabolizing nutrients, eliminating waste material and excess heat from the body and for transporting nutrients to and from body tissues [2]. The significance of environmental factors to the health and well-being of human populations’ is increasingly apparent [3, 4]. Water is a critical nutrient for dairy cattle and is required for numerous essential physiological functions. The total body weight of dairy cattle is 56 to 81% water and water is the main component of milk and waste products [13, 14]. Therefore, dairy cattle have a substantial daily requirement for water. Decreasing free water intake is undesirable as it will limit milk production and reduce health status, resulting in decreased producer profitability. In addition, the mineral content of water may contribute substantially to the mineral requirements of dairy cows. Water is necessary for regulation of body temperature, growth, reproduction, lactation, and digestion, lubrication of joints, eyesight and as a cleansing agent. Water is needed for all metabolic processes essential for life, growth and reproduction. Water is an especially important nutrient during periods of heat stress. It is essential for increasing growth rate, resistance against diseases [12-14]. Environment pollution is a worldwide problem and its potential to influence the health of human populations is great [5], [6]. Abstract-- Water is the most important requirements for sustenance of life. The increasing population, growing industrialization and indiscriminate exploitation resulted in contamination of water. Water may act as an important source of a large number of infectious and noninfectious diseases in both animals and humans.The water we drink are essential ingredients for our wellbeing and a healthy life. Water- borne diseases are caused by the pathogens found in water that is contaminated with infected faeces, urine, discharges and tissues. Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic organisms that most commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of food thus infected. Keywords- Bacteria, Diseases, Microbiology, Water, Public Health I. INTROUCTION Water is the most important requirements for sustenance of life. The increasing population, growing industrialization and indiscriminate exploitation resulted in contamination of water. Water may act as an important source of a large number of infectious and noninfectious diseases in both animals and humans. The water we drink are essential ingredients for our wellbeing and a healthy life. Unfortunately polluted water and air are common throughout the world [1]. The WHO states that one sixth of the world’s population, approximately 1.1 billion people do not have access to safe water and 2.4 billion lack basic sanitation [1]. Polluted water consists of Industrial discharged effluents, sewage water, rain water pollution [2]. Water as an essential nutrient is second only to oxygen in importance to sustain life. 242 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2016) In poor countries of the world more than 80% polluted water have been used for irrigation with only seventy to eighty percent food and living security in industrial urban and semi urban areas [7]. Water- borne diseases are caused by the pathogens found in water that is contaminated with infected faeces, urine, discharges and tissues. Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogenic organisms that most commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of food thus infected. Various forms of waterborne diarrheal disease probably are the most prominent examples, and affect mainly children in developing countries; according to WHO such diseases account for an estimated 4.1% of the total daily global burden of disese, and cause about 1.8 million human deaths annually. The World Health Organization has estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene [8].Water-borne diseases spread by contamination of drinking water systems with the urine and faeces of infected animal or human. Waterborne disease in both epidemic and endemic forms continues to occur in both developed and less developed countries. Waterborne diseases are dominated by pathogens which are transmitted by the faecal droplet inhalation (e.g. adenoviruses). It is also interconnected with the consumption of shellfish and other harvest fisheries outputs and through indirect exposure to water in foodstuffs when the water is used in irrigation, in food processing, or as an ingredient. It spread from person to person, consuming contaminated food or beverages, from contact with animals or their environment. Infectious diseases cause approximately 26% of all deaths worldwide and 31% of all disability. Water plays a role in the transmission of a significant number of these diseases. In the last 20 years, it has been recognized that many diseases are caused by emerging or re-emerging pathogens, 75% of which are zoonotic. Approximately 4 billion cases of diarrhea occur each year, leading worldwide. The percentage of illness caused by pathogens is difficult to determine. Waterborne pathogens cause both gastrointestinal disease such as diarrhea and other illness such as leptospirosis and hepatitis.Water-borne Nematode infections, one important waterborne nematodal disease is Dracunculus. It is acquired by swallowing water in which certain copepod occur that act as vectors for the Nematoda. Anyone swallowing a copepod that happens to be infected with Nematode larvae in the genus Dracunculus, becomes liable to infection. The larvae cause guinea worm disease [9]. Another class of waterborne metazoan pathogens are certain members of the Schistosomatidae, a family of blood flukes. They usually infect victims that make skin contact with the water [9]. Blood flukes are pathogens that cause Schistosomiasis of various forms, more or less seriously affecting hundreds of millions of people world-wide [10]. Available evidence suggests that emerging waterborne pathogens will continue to be recognized as being of significant and increasing public health concern due to a range of underlying driving forces. This include: 1. Changing pattern of water use 2. Increasing travel and recreational activities. 3. Water scarcity, climate change, severe weather events. 4. Conflicts and disasters. 5. Increasing urbanization and colonization of new habitats. 6. Density of domestic pets. 7. Ecosystem disturbance. Today, 37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne diseases annually, 1.5 million children are estimated to die of diarrhoea alone. Water-borne diseases and water-caused health problems are mostly due to inadequate and incompetent management of water resources. In the urban areas water gets contaminated in many different ways, some of the most common reasons being leaky water pipe joints in areas where the water pipe and sewage line pass close together. Sometimes the water gets polluted at source due to various reasons and mainly due to inflow of sewage into the source. Water-borne diseases are transmitted by drinking unhealthy water. Unfortunately, they are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children in our country. About 20 per cent of the communicable diseases in India are waterborne. Poor sanitation, improper storage of water and lack of proper waste disposal are the main causes of water contamination [11-14]. Route of transmission Excreted material and other animal waste products are the predominant sources of waterborne pathogens. The pathogens use these material as transport vehicles from the animal reservoir to the particular water environment, where their stability in that environment will influence the infectivity and thereby the risk to humans. Water Quality Water provided to livestock should be clean, cool, plentiful and easily available during hot climate. 243 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2016) Important Water-borne diseases of zoonotic importance: A key consideration in the nutrition of dairy cattle is evaluation of the quality of drinking water. Water quality is an important issue in the production and health of dairy cattle. Limiting water availability to cattle will lower production rapidly and harshly. Monitoring of water quality during periods of reduced production or nonspecific diseases will improve herd health and solve production problems. The five properties most often considered in assessing water quality for livestock are organoleptic properties (odor and taste), physiochemical properties (pH, total dissolved solids, total dissolved oxygen and hardness), presence of toxic compounds (heavy metals, toxic minerals, organophosphates and hydrocarbons), presence of excess minerals or compounds (nitrates, sodium sulfates and iron) and presence of bacteria. Cattle drinking water contaminated by feces and urine causes decrease in water consumption and animal weight gain [12-14]. Symptoms of Water-borne illness Most waterborne illnesses cause common symptoms and characteristics of each symptom depend on the bacteria, viruses, or pathogenic microorganisms. These symptoms include: 1. Abdominal discomfort or cramping 2. Fever 3. Vomiting 4. Diarrhea and 5. Loss of weight and fatigue may accompany several of the viral illnesses. Name of disease Causative agent Anthax Paratuberculosis 3. Black Quarter 4. Rinderpest Bacillus anthracis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clostridium chouvoei Paramyxovirus 5. Actinomycosis Actinomycosis bovis Name of disease Causative agent Leptospirosis Leptospira spp 2. Campylobacteriosis Campylobacter spp. 3. Salmonellosis Salmonella spp 4. Yersiniosis Yersinia spp. 5. Erysipelas Erysipelothrix insidiosa Animal involved Domestic and wild animal Domestic and wild animal Swine, Cattle, Horse, Dog, Cat and Poultry, Birds. Animals and Birds Pig, Rodents Important Water-borne diseases of humans: Important Water-borne diseases of domestic animals: Sl No. 1. 2. Sl No. 1. Animal involved Cattle Cattle, Sheep Cattle S.No. 1. 2. 3. Name of disease Viral Hepatitis A Poliomyelitis Rotaviral diarrhea Causative agent Hepatitis A Virus Poliovirus Rotavirus 4. 5. 6. 7. Cholera Typhoid Paratyphoid Amoebiasis Vibrio cholera Salmonella typhi Salmonella paratyphi Entamoeba histolylytica 8. 9. Giardiasis Guinea worm disease Giardia spp. Dracunculus medinensis Treatment of water The two most common methods to kill microorganisms in the water supply are: oxidation with chemicals such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide or ozone, and irradiation with Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation. Cattle, Sheep Cattle II. CONCLUSION Water related diseases are the most common cause of deaths. The paucity of clean water for domestic use has led to the increase in the number of deaths in both the urban and rural parts of developing economies. 244 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 6, Issue 1, January 2016) [9] And India is no different. Deaths due to water related diseases in India are in the range of nearly 80 percent. Here is a list of the 5 most deadly water related diseases that occur in India. [10] REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] European Public Health Alliance, (2009). 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