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Structures of the Body Explain This: Los Angeles, like most large cities, has a combination of freeways/interstates and local roads. Why? Structure of the Circulatory System Our circulatory system is responsible to transport materials throughout our body. Just as with any highway system, larger blood vessels allow blood to travel faster and longer distances than smaller vessels. Circulatory Organs Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries Circulatory Organs Organ Function Heart Pumps blood through blood vessels Arteries Carries blood away from the heart (most with oxygen) Veins Carries blood to the heart (most without oxygen) Fun Fact: Do you remember the last time you were frightened? How did your heart respond to the scare? Fun Fact: When you are frightened your body releases chemicals that speed up your heart rate. This is known as the fight-orflight reaction. As your heart beats faster, your muscles receive more blood. As a result, your body has extra strength to react quickly. Explain This: Structure of the Respiratory System Unlike fish, our bodies are not designed for underwater breathing! For this reason, scuba divers have to wear special equipment to breath under water. Respiratory Organs Nose Mouth Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Lung Alveoli Respiratory Organs When we breathe in, oxygen travels through a series of tubes till it reaches the alveoli sacs in the lungs. There oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide from the blood. The carbon dioxide travels in reverse till it exits the body through the nose or mouth. Fun Fact: The air we breathe in is filled with pollution, microorganisms, and other things that can make us sick. How does the body protect itself? Fun Fact: Our body is designed to filter the air we breathe. The hair in our nostrils collect dust and other large particles that we breathe in. Smaller particles and microorganisms are trapped by the sticky mucus that follows. Picture This: Write a paragraph describing what comes to mind when you see this picture. Structure of the Skeletal System Just as a building has a frame and an inner structure to keep it standing, the human body is composed of more than 200 bones of the skeletal system. Bones Cranium Sternum Ribs Vertebrae Pelvis Femur Bones Bone(s) AKA Location Function Cranium Skull Head and face Protects brain Vertebrae Spinal Column or Backbone Top of neck to pelvis Provides vertical support and protects spinal cord Attached to vertebrae Protects heart and lungs Attached to ribs Protects heart and lungs Hip Attachment point for leg bones Legs Manufactures red blood cells and allows for movement Ribs Sternum Breastbone Pelvis Femur Thighbone Fun Fact: A criminal investigator can determine by observing the skeletal remains if a victim was male or female! Fun Fact: What is the difference between these two skeletons? Fun Fact: Females have a wider pelvis with a larger opening than males. Which of these is a female? Which is a male? Fun Fact: Male Female Fun Fact: Do you know what the largest bone is in the body? It has the largest influence on your height. Fun Fact: The femur is the largest bone in the body! Whereas the stapes bone is the smallest. Femur Stapes Joints Joints are located everywhere a bone meets another bone. Ligaments and Cartilage Ligaments- tough tissue that stretches across joints holding the bones together. Cartilage- tissue found on the end of bones to provide cushion and limit friction. Explain This: What is the difference between these two cars? Structure of the Muscular System The engine of a car is what allows the car to move. Similarly, muscles allow us to move, usually by pushing or pulling against bones. It also provides protection to internal organs and allows for the movement of substances within the body. There are over 600 muscles in the human body. Muscles Voluntary- muscles you are able to control Involuntary- muscles automatically controlled by the brain Muscles Cardiac Muscles Smooth Muscles Skeletal Muscles The heart Muscles found inside digestive organs Involuntary Muscles attached to bones Voluntary Involuntary Skeletal Muscles Biceps Triceps Deltoid Pectoralis Abdominal Gluteus maximus Fun Fact: Can you override the brain’s control of a muscle? Fun Fact: Some muscles are both voluntary and involuntary. The brain usually controls these muscles, but you can override the brain's control. Picture This: Write a short story based on this series of pictures. Structure of the Digestive System The human body, as with a car, needs fuel to function. When you eat food travels through a series of organs to break food down into usable energy. Digestive Tract Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Digestive Tract Organ Function Mouth -Teeth grind food into smaller pieces -Saliva turns starches into sugars Esophagus -Connects mouth to stomach -Peristalsis (muscle contractions) moves food down the tube Stomach Muscle contractions churn food with gastric juices (acid and enzymes) into smaller pieces, forming a souplike mixture. Digestive Tract Organ Function Small Intestine -Intestinal juice, pancreatic juice, and bile break food down into molecules -Villi (small fingerlike projections) cover the intestinal wall and absorbs nutrients Large Intestine -Absorbs water and minerals -Stores feces (solid waste from undigested food) until expelled Fun Fact: How long does the digestion process take from beginning to end? Fun Fact: After eating a balanced meal, which contains plenty of fiber, it takes 24 hours for digestion to occur. After eating a meal lacking fiber, it can take up to 96 hours for digestion to occur. Discuss This: Class Discussion: Imagine a world that did not have a waste management system. What would that world look like? Excretory Organs Skin Lungs Kidneys Large Intestine Bladder Excretory Organs Organ Function Skin Expels salt, water, and other wastes when you sweat Lungs Expels carbon dioxide and water when you breathe out Kidney Filters excess salt, water, and urea (liquid wastes) from the blood and stores in bladder Large Intestine Removes solid wastes (feces) from the body Bladder Stores urine (filtered wastes from kidneys) until expelled through urination Fun Fact: The kidneys are essential for our bodies to maintain clean blood. What would happen if one of our kidneys failed? Fun Fact: The human body can survive with one functioning kidney! The surviving kidney would enlarge as it would need to work twice as hard to filter all the body’s blood. Discuss This: How is the human body similar to a machine? Other Systems of the Body Integumentary System: Skin and Nails Hair Sweat Glands Oil Glands Other Systems of the Body Immune System: Skin White Blood Cells Other Systems of the Body Nervous System: Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Nerve Other Systems of the Body Endocrine System: Fun Fact: Can organs belong to more than one system? Fun Fact: Each organ may have several different functions. For this reason, it is common to see an organ listed as a part of several different organ systems!