Download Environmental Pathology

Chronic Conditions Leading to
Natural Disease
• Radiation injury
• Pollutants
• Nutritional diseases
Radiation
• Non-ionizing electromagnetic waves
– Radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet waves
• Ionizing electromagnetic waves
– X-rays
– Gamma rays
• High energy particles
– Alpha particles (He nucleus, Rn)
– Beta particles (e-)
Radiation
• Factors influencing radiation absorption
– Energy
– Mass and charge
– Radiodensity of tissue
• Mechanisms of action (point or frame shift)
– Direct damage to DNA
– Indirect damage by formation of O radicals
(depends on [O2] and richness of blood supply)
Radiation
Biological doses measured in rads
1 rad of radiation delivers 100 ergs of energy per
gram of target tissue
Radiation
Whole body irradiation
• Acute  Radiation sickness
• Chronic  Carcinogenesis
Russia
Japan
• No warning
• Contaminated milk
consumed by children
• 28 workers died of
radiation poisoning
• 6000 cases thyroid
carcinoma, 15 fatal
• Warning
• Milk destroyed; foods
being screened
• 5 workers died (cause
unstated)
• ?
Radiation
Why is 2000 rads lethal, but we treat patients
with 5000 rads without killing them?
Radiation
Biologic effects
• Dose per unit time critical
– Higher dose yields greater effect
– Lower dose allows time for cellular DNA repair
• Radiosensitivity of cells
– Most sensitive in G2 and mitosis
– Less sensitive in G0 and non-dividing cells
Radiation
Histologic appearance of irradiated tissue
• Cytoplasmic swelling, vacuolization
• Nuclear swelling, pleomorphism
Radiation
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Microvasculature (constriction, necrosis)
GI tract (N&V, C&D, scarring)
Lungs (ARDS, scarring)
CNS (progressive deficits, pleomorphism)
Hematopoietic (pancytopenia, leukemia)
Gonads (germ cell destruction, both sexes)
Pollutants
• Industrial
Dust and gases
• Personal
Medications, tobacco, alcohol
Pollutants
Pneumoconiosis – disease caused by dust in
lungs and reaction of lungs to dust
Development depends upon
• Amount of dust retained in lungs
• Size and shape of particles (~10 μm)
• Solubility and physiochemical reactivity
Pollutants
Pneumoconioses
• Silicosis (tunneling, sand blasting)
• Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (mining)
• Asbestosis (exposure to buildings)
– Fibrous plaques
– Bronchogenic carcinoma
– Mesothelioma
Pollutants
Tobacco
– Emphysema (10-15%)
– Carcinoma (10%)
– Accelerates atherosclerosis
Pollutants
Alcohol
– Acute  accidental deaths (overdose, MVAs)
– Chronic  cirrhosis, nutritional deficits
Nutritional disease
• Caused by
– Ignorance and poverty
– Alcoholism
– Illness (malignancies, HIV, Crohn’s, anorexia)
• Malnutrition
– Marasmus
– Kwashiorkor
– Anorexia nervosa
Nutritional disease
Vitamin deficiencies
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin D
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B1
• Vitamin B3
• Vitamin B12
Mineral deficiencies
• Iron
• Iodine
Slide 10.29
W.B. Saunders Company items and derived items Copyright (c) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company
Slide 10.30
W.B. Saunders Company items and derived items Copyright (c) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company
Slide 10.31
W.B. Saunders Company items and derived items Copyright (c) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company
Slide 10.33
W.B. Saunders Company items and derived items Copyright (c) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company
Slide 10.32
W.B. Saunders Company items and derived items Copyright (c) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company
Slide 10.36
W.B. Saunders Company items and derived items Copyright (c) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company
Slide 10.37
W.B. Saunders Company items and derived items Copyright (c) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company
Nutritional disease
Vitamin deficiencies
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin D
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B1
• Vitamin B3
• Vitamin B12
Mineral deficiencies
• Iron
• Iodine
Forensic Pathology
• Medical subspecialty concerned with
– Identification of remains
– Cause of death
– Manner of death
Violent Injuries
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Blunt Force
Sharp Force
Gunshot Wounds
Asphyxia
Burns
Electrocution
Drug Abuse
Drug Abuse
• Alcohol and Tobacco
• Cocaine
• Amphetamines
• Opiates