Download first semester exam review

FIRST SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS
• Vocabulary: data, experiment, control,
hypothesis,
• Skills: how to make a line graph, how to read
data off of a line graph
CHEMISTRY OF LIVING THINGS
• Vocabulary: chemical compound,
• Content:
– protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom,
electrons are on the outside of an atom
– amino acids are the monomers (building blocks) of
proteins
– Water’s polarity allows it to dissolve many of the
substances needed to keep living things alive
– DNA is the molecules that provides the instructions or
codes used to make proteins that guide the cell’s
activities
CELLS
• Vocabulary: plant cells, animal cells,
endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes,
lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
flagella, cilia, vacuole, chloroplast, nucleus
CELLS
• Content:
– The 3 Parts of the Cell Theory are: 1) all living things are
made from cells 2) all cells come from preexisting cells 3)
cells are the basic unit of organization for all living things
– Prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes) are very simple organisms.
They do NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS or membrane-bound
organelles. They do have ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell
membrane and could have a cell wall
– Eukaryotic cells (eukaryotes) are more complex. They
have a TRUE nucleus, membrane-bound organelles,
cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. Humans are eukaryotic
organisms
– Plant cells and animal cells both have mitochondria, plant
cells only have chloroplasts and large, central vacuoles for
storing water and carbohydrates
LIVING THINGS
• Vocabulary: homeostasis,
• Content:
– the characteristics of living things are 1. all living things
reproduce 2. all living things use energy 3. all living things
respond to their environment 4. all living things grow and
develop 5. all living things adapt to their environment 6. all
living things are made of cells 7. all living things are have
organization 8. all living things try to maintain stability
(homeostasis)
– living things are organizes (simplest to most complex):
chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems,
organisms
– organs, like our kidneys, work to maintain homeostasis
within complex organisms
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
• Vocabulary: selective (semi-) permeability,
exocytosis, dynamic equilibrium, diffusion,
osmosis, endocytosis, fluid mosaic model,
hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic, active transport,
passive transport
• Skills: how to determine the net movement of
water depending on the concentration of
solute in the solutions
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
• Content:
– selective permeability and semi-permeability mean the
same thing. This property allows the plasma
membrane to control what crosses into and out of the
cell
– the fluid mosaic model describes how the phospholipids
in the plasma membrane are arranged so that there are
2 layers of phospholipids with their polar heads facing
the water (which is outside the cell on the top layer and
inside the cell for the bottom layer) and the nonpolar
tails are facing the middle of the plasma membrane
away from the water (both sets of nonpolar tails face
each other in the middle of the membrane)
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
• Content (continued):
– phospholipids make up most of the plasma membrane
but there are proteins and carbohydrates that can be
found in the plasma membrane “floating” among the
phospholipids
– when molecules move “with the concentration
gradient” or “down the concentration gradient” when
being transported across a plasma membrane the cell
does not need to use energy and it is called PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
– when molecules move “against the concentration
gradient” or “up the concentration gradient” when
being transported across a plasma membrane the cell
DOES need to use energy and it is called ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
• Content (continued):
– “salt water” or “greater concentration” is meant to
imply that that solution is hypertonic
– ACTIVE TRANSPORT processes in the cell include
endocytosis, exocytosis, and ion pumps
– PASSIVE TRANSPORT processes in the cell include
diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
– because the plasma membrane controls the
substances going into and out of a cell, it is the
main structure that maintains homeostasis within a
cell
CELL CYCLE
• Vocabulary: cell cycle, interphase,
• Content:
– checkpoint enzymes, called CDK’s, monitor a cell’s
progress as it goes through the different stages of
the cell cycle
– when checkpoint enzymes are damaged by
sunlight, radiation, smoking, the cell cycle can
continue without control and cause cancer
– diffusion is an insignificant method of cellular
transport (it happens too slow) in large cells which
is why cells need to be so small to survive
CELL CYCLE
• Content (continued):
– the cell cycle starts with the G1 phase in which the cell
grows larger, then the S phase where DNA is replicated,
then the G2 phase where the cell grows larger again,
then the M phase which stands for mitosis and the
nucleus divides, and finally the C phase where the cell
divides. Because the cell isn’t dividing during G1, S, and
G2 phases it is called INTERPHASE, which is also the
longest phase of the cell cycle. Uncontrolled mitosis can
lead to cancer
– when cells divide and become different (differentiation)
types of cells they will always have the same DNA
– DNA coils during mitosis so that the DNA can be divided
evenly between tow cells
CELL ENERGETICS
• Vocabulary: chloroplast, chlorophyll, lightdependent reactions, light-independent reactions,
mitochondria, glycolysis, kreb’s cycle, electron
transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation), ATP
• Content:
– chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membranes in
the chloroplasts and are the main light-capturing
molecule for photosynthesis, meaning chlorophyll
is the molecule responsible for capturing most
sunlight energy for photosynthesis
– the equation for photosynthesis is
6CO2 + 6H2O →C6H12O6 + 6O2
CELLULAR ENERGETICS
• Content (continued):
– ATP is the molecule used by cells for the cell to do
work
– eukaryotic cells get most of their ATP from the
breakdown of glucose during the Electron Transport
Chain (aka – oxidative phosphorylation)