Download BIOS 1300 SI SI Leader: Merrin Jeffries (email:

BIOS 1300 SI
SI Leader: Merrin Jeffries (email: [email protected])
Week 13 – Session 2
18 November 2014
Multiple Choice:
1. The lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the:
a. septum pellucidum
b. interventricular foramen or foramen of Monro
c. cerebral aqueduct
d. mesencephalic aqueduct
e. lateral foramen
2. The blood-brain barrier remains intact throughout the CNS, except in:
a. the pons and medulla
b. the thalamus and the midbrain
c. portions of the cerebellum and the cerebrum
d. portions of the hypothalamus and the choroid plexus
3. The CSF reaches the subarachnoid space via:
a. the subdural sinuses
b. choroid plexus
c. the apertures in the fourth ventricle
d. superior sagittal sinus
Fill-In
1. The choroid plexus is lined with __________________________ cells.
2. Blood supply to the brain is removed from dural sinuses by _______________________________________________ .
3. _________________________________ is an abnormal condition of accumulation of CSF in the ventricles.
Short Answer:
1. From Superficial to deep, name the layers that constitute the cranial meninges.
2. What would happen if an interventricular foramen became blocked?
3. How would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the
ventricles?
4. Many water-soluble molecules that are relatively abundant in the blood occur in small amounts or not at all in the
extracellular fluid of the brain. Why?
5. What are the three important functions of the CSF?
6. Which three areas in the brain are not isolated from the general circulation by the blood-brain barrier?
7. Colleen falls down a flight of stairs and bumps her head several times. Soon after, she develops a headache and blurred
vision. Diagnostic tests at the hospital reveal an epidural hematoma in the temporoparietal area. The hematoma is pressing
against the brain stem. What other signs and symptoms might she experience as a result of the injury?
8. Cerebral meningitis is a condition in which the meninges of the brain become inflamed as the result of viral or bacterial
infection. This condition can be life threatening. Why?
9. Infants have little to no control of the movements of their head. One of the consequences of this is that they are
susceptible to shaken baby syndrome., caused by vigorous shaking of an infant or young child by the arms, legs, chest, or
shoulders. Forceful shaking can cause brain damage leading to mental retardation, speech and learning disabilities,
paralysis, seizures, hearing loss, and even death. Damage to which areas of the brain would account for the clinical signs
observed in this syndrome?
FILL IN: (ch.12)
1. The cytoplasm that surrounds a neuron’s nucleus is referred to as the _______________________________ .
2. Nerve cell bodies in the PNS are clustered together in masses called _______________________________ .
3. Neurons that may be situated between sensory and motor neurons in the CNS are called _______________________
4. Ion channels that open or close in response to specific stimuli are called _________________________ channels.
5. The small phagocytic cells that occur in increased numbers in infected and damaged areas of the CNS are called
____________________________________________ .
7. The loss of positive ions, which causes a shift in the resting potential to -80 mV or more, is referred to as
__________________________________________________ .
8. ____________________________ is a CNS neurotransmitter that affects attention and emotional states.
9. The addition of stimuli that arrive at a single synapse in rapid succession is called _____________________________ .
10. Axons extending from the CNS to a ganglion are called ____________________________________ .
11. Merkel cells in the epidermis are part of the afferent division and are known as _____________________________ .
12. The neuromuscular junction is a synapse where the postsynaptic cell is a (an) ____________________________ .
13. Chemical synapses that release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine are known as _____________________ synapses.
14. The visceral motor system that provides automatic, involuntary regulation of smooth and cardiac muscle and
glandular secretions is the _______________________________________ .
15. Sensory neurons that monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints are called ________________________ .
16. Compounds that influence the postsynaptic cells’ response to a neurotransmitter are called ____________________.
17. The ___________________________ maintain the blood-brain barrier.
SHORT ANSWER: (ch.13)
1.Damage to which root of a spinal nerve would interfere with motor function?
2. Where is the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord located?
3. A person with polio has lost the use of his leg muscles. In which area of his spinal cord would you expect the virusinfected motor neurons to be?
4. A disease that damages myelin sheaths would affect which portion of the spinal cord?
5. Identify the major networks of nerves known as plexuses?
6. An anesthetic blocks the function of the dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves. Which areas of the body will be
affected?
7. Injury to which of the nerve plexuses would interfere with the ability to breathe?
8. Compression of which nerve produces the sensation that your leg has “fallen asleep”?
9. One of the first somatic reflexes to develop is the suckling reflex. Which type of reflex is this?
10. After injuring her back, Tine exhibits a positive Babinski reflex. What does this imply about Tina’s injury?
11. Why do cervical nerves outnumber cervical vertebrae?
12. If the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord were damaged, what type of control would be affected?
13. Predict the effects on the body of a spinal cord transection at C7. How would these effects differ from those of a
spinal cord transection at T10?
14. Mary complains that when she wakes up in the morning, her thumb and forefinger are always “asleep.” She
mentions this condition to her physician, who asks Mary whether she sleeps with her wrists flexed. She replies that she
does. The physician tells Mary that sleeping in that position may compress a portion of one of her peripheral nerves,
producing her symptoms. Which nerve is involved?
15.The improper use of crutches can produce a condition known as “crutch paralysis,” characterized by a lack of
response by the extensor muscles of the arm, and a condition known as “wrist drop,” consisting of an inability to extend
the fingers and wrist. Which nerve is involved?
16. Bowel and bladder control involve spinal reflex arcs that are located in the sacral region of the spinal cord. In both
instances two sphincter muscles, an inner sphincter of smooth muscle and an outer sphincter of skeletal muscle, control
the passageway out of the body. How would a transection of the spinal cord at the L1 level affect an individual’s bowel
and bladder control?
17. Karen falls down a flight of stairs and suffers spinal cord damage due to hyperextension of the cord during the fall.
The injury results in edema of the central cord with resulting compression of the anterior horn cells of the lumbar
region. What signs would you expect to observe as a result of this injury?
Briefly answer the following questions by writing your answers referencing the picture below.
1. What is the stimulus? ___________________________________________________________________
2. What tissue is the effector? ______________________________________________________________
LABEL each of the following structures.
Receptor organ
Association neuron
Effector
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Ganglion
DRAW arrows on the figure indicating the direction of impulse transmission through this reflex pathway.
3. List and label, on the above diagram, the five steps involved in a neural reflex.