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Chapter 12
The Age of Religious Wars
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Counter-Reformation
Reform movement in the Catholic Church
in response to the Reformation of the
Protestant Church
Catholics devoted to one head and one law
– such as an absolute monarchy
Enjoyed the baroque art style, which
presented life in grandiose threedimensional displays
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Politiques
Intellectuals of the 1500’s criticized the
religious strife between Catholics and
Protestants
Rulers who urged tolerance and moderation
and became indifferent to religion became
known as politiques
Elizabeth I of England the most successful
politique
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Protestant Repression in France
French Protestants were known as Huguenots
Emperor Charles V started the first wave of
Protestant persecution in 1525
1534 – Protestants arrested and leader John
Calvin sent into exile
1540 – Edict of Fontainebleau makes Protestants
subject to the Inquisition
1551 – Edict of Chateaubriand establishes more
measures against the Protestants
Later the Bourbon and Montmorency-Chatillon
families become sympathetic to the Hugenots
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Appeal of Calvinism
John Calvin attracts powerful aristocrats
Prince of Conde,
Powerful political and religious (the
Huguenots) dissidents made Calvinism a rival
religion in Catholic France
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The Medicis and the Guises
Catherine de Medicis
Unsuccessful in attempts to reconcile the differences
between the Protestants and the Catholic Guises
The duke of Guise massacres Protestant
worshippers in Champagne, causing the French
wars of religion
Medicis and her young king son go under the
control of the Guises
She seeks Huguenot aid to secure her son’s crown
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The Peace of
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Conflict ends Huguenot victory
with the deaths of the duke of Guise
Protestant military leader Conde
Peace treaty
acknowledges the Protestant nobility
grant Huguenots religious freedom, and the right to fortify
their cities
Catherine
Changes her supports to Guises,
• Paranoid fears of Huguenots causing War w/ Spain, protestant
coup
Catherine convinces King Charles IX to attack
Huguenots
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The French Civil War
 There were two sides:



Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Catherine supported the Guises in the
first phase then changes again
The Saint Bartholomew’s
Day MassacreAugust 24, 1572
Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots are massacred in Paris;
within 3 days, 20,000 more French Protestants killed
Henry of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
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St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Henry of
Navarre
Henry III, King of France, politique
Henry of Navarre Protestant Leader
defeats Henry III at the Day of the
Barricades
The Guises attempt to take the crown
The two Henrys are forced into an
alliance
Henry III assassinated right before
battle
Henry of Navarre defeats Catholic
Leage/Guises & becomes Henry IV,
King of France
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The French Civil War
 Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Catholic
League
CIVIL
WAR
Protestant
Union
 Henry IV, politique
converts to Catholicism, horrifying the Huguenots but
uniting France
 Effects of Civil War:



France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into
Paris – Peter Paul Reubens
Henry IV of France
 Ended Spanish interference in
France
 Converted to Catholicism :

“Paris is worth a mass.”
 Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:


Granted religious rights to
Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for
all
The Edict of Nantes
A formal religious settlement
that gave Protestants religious freedoms
within their own towns and territories
The violence stops, but hostilities remain
A Catholic fanatic assassinates Henry IV in
1610
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Revolt in the Netherlands
1568-1648
(a.k.a. The Eighty Years’
War)
Four Pillars of Spanish Power
1. New World Riches
1. Incredible wealth from gold and silver mines BUT
Spain never entirely free of debt
2. Increased Population
1. Gap between rich and poor grew immensely;
Spanish peasantry most heavily taxed in all of
Europe
3. Efficient Bureaucracy & Military
1. Lesser nobility = efficient, loyal bureaucratic
machine
4. Supremacy in the Mediterranean
1. Battle of Lepanto, 1571: 1/3 of Turkish fleet sunk or
captured
2. 1580 Philip inherits Portugal & Spanish army
dominates resistance
el Escorial
el Escorial
Spanish Habsburg History
• Charles V (1515-1556) Born in Ghent, Belgium in 1500
– inherits Low Countries 1515 now part of Spain
• Philip II (1556) SPANISH! and CATHOLIC!
– Calvinism strong in Netherlands
– Philip
• “Remove Calvinism by force” policy
• Spanish Inquisition
• Spanish troops (military rule)
Dutch Revolt
• Philip apponints
– sister Margaret, regent
– Cardinal Granvelle, head councilor
– Angers Calvinists
• attack Antwerp: churches, libraries, statues, altars destroyed
• William of Orange (“the Silent”) & Count of Egmont
– organizes Calvinist province leaders against Spanish
– war at sea (Dutch, Danes, Scots & English)
Duke of Alba
• U6.2 #6
– Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba, who was
appointed captain-general of the Netherlands
The Duke of Alba presiding over the Council of
Troubles
Revolt in the Netherlands
• Cardinal Greenville –
– check Protestant gains by church reforms
• William of Orange – political autonomy before religion
– led revolt against Greenville and had him removed from office
– Orange takes over Calvinist-inclined Northern territories
– Alba replaced by Don Luis de Requesens
• The Compromise,
– a solemn pledge by Philip II of Spain to Louis of Nassau (Orange’s
brother) to reject the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition
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River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
• Regent Margaret- Protestants were called “beggars”
• Revolt by the Protestants,
– violently put down by Philip II’s Duke of Alba
• executes thousands of suspected heretics
•
"Dutch Revolt." Image. Hulton Archive. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 12 Sept. 2010.
<http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/>
Spanish Fury - U2.6 #8
• Spanish Fury – Nov. 4, 1576
– Spanish mercenaries massacre 7,000 people
• Pacification of Ghent- Nov. 8, 1576
– unites Protestant and Catholic Netherlands after
Fury
• Jan. 1577 Union of Brussels = 2 yrs. Unified
Netherlands!
• Perpetual Edict
– Removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands
Unity broken
• Alex Farnese, Duke of
Parma (Margaret’s son) breaks
unity in 1579
– Southern provinces
• form Catholic union, Union
of Arras
• accept Spanish control
– 7 northern provinces
William of Orange and
friends
• establish the Union of
Utrecht
• deny Spanish control
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Unity broken
• Dec. 1580 the Apology
– Philip II undermines chance to re-take the Netherlands
• Dutch Declaration of Independence (1581)
– French duke of Alençon (deposed in 1583)
• July 1584, William of Orange assassinated
– Son, Maurice, takes over
– aided by England and France
English Interference
• Elizabeth I, Queen of England – dilemma:
– Either help Protestants antagonizing Philip
– Or not help, but Spain might invade England if they
gain Netherlands
– so she helps the Dutch secretly – then openly and
– 1588 she defeats the Spanish Armada in the English
Channel
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The Netherlands
after the revolt
1609
 Union of Utrecht
becomes “United
Provinces” (aka Dutch
Republic)
DOES not gain
independence until 1648
through the Treaty of
Westphalia
Mary I of England
Bloody Mary
Protestant Persecution
Executes leaders
hundreds are burnt at the
stake
Many flee
Marries Philip II of
Spain
militant Catholicism
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Phillip II of Spain Married Mary I of
England
Elizabeth I of England
Creates Anglican Church
Settled religious differences
by merging Protestant doctrine with Catholic ritual
Repealed anti-Protestant legislation
Thirty-Nine Articles-1563,
moderate Protestantism the official religion
Animosity grows between England and Spain
over dominance of the seas
Act of Supremacy- 1554
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Protestant Extremists
Puritans – Protestants who wanted to purify the
church of any “popery” had two grievances about
Elizabeth:
• the retention of Catholic ceremony in the Church of England
• the continuation of the Episcopal system of church governance
Presbyterians – Puritans’ creation of an
alternative national church of semiautonomous
congregations governed by representative
presbyteries
More extreme Puritans, Congregationalists
wanted every congregation to be autonomous
Catholic and Protestant Extremists
Radical Catholics wanted to replace Elizabeth I
with Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
Catholic ruler of Scotland
forced to abdicate the throne and flee to England and
cousin Elizabeth I
Mary under house arrest
Elizabeth uncovers two plots against her life
• Mary is compliant with the assassination attempts and is
executed
Mary’s death ends Catholic hopes of a bloodless
reconciliation with Protestant England
Spainish Intervenes
Invasion of the Spanish Armada
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Queen Elizabeth
Queen Elizabeth Tilsbury Speech
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Sir Francis Drake
shells the Spanish port of Cadiz and raids Portugal,
delaying the invasion of the Spanish Armada
A huge Spanish fleet of 130 ships and 25,000
sailors is crushed by the swifter defending British
navy (1/3 of the Armada never return to Spain)
Balance of Power Shifts
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Defeat of the Spanish Armada, July 1588
Elizabeth Regina
Queen Elizabeth Tudor I
Born: September 7,
1533 to King
Henry VIII and
Anne Boleyn, his
second wife.
Coronated: January
15, 1559 at
Westminster Abbey
Died: March 24, 1603 at age 69
'Proud and haughty, as although she knows
she was born of such a mother, she
nevertheless does not consider herself of
inferior degree to the Queen, whom she
equals in self-esteem; nor does she believe
herself less legitimate than her Majesty,
alleging in her own favour that her mother
would never cohabit with the King unless
by way of marriage, with the authority of
the Church.... She prides herself on her
father and glories in him; everybody
saying that she also resembles him more
than the Queen does and he therefore
always liked her and had her brought up in
the same way as the Queen.'
the Venetian ambassador Giovanni
Michiel describes Elizabeth; spring 1557
Pre-Ruling Conflicts
Before she became Queen,
Elizabeth, a Protestant, clashed with
her sister Mary and other Catholics.
While her brother Edward was King,
Elizabeth was unrightfully implicated in
a plot to overthrow the young King by
his uncle Thomas Seymour.
Then, in the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554,
Queen Mary accused Elizabeth of being
in the plot to overthrow her.
The Captivity of Elizabeth
After the Wyatt Rebellion, Elizabeth
was locked up in the Tower of London
even though there was no
evidence against her.
She was then moved to
the gate house at
Woodstock Manor in
Oxfordshire for one
year.
She was let go at the bequest of
Mary’s husband, King Phillip of Spain.
Elizabeth’s Refusal to Marry
Most thought that the Queen would marry
within her first year or so as Queen.
Elizabeth valued the independence she had
and did not feel she needed a man to guide
her.
It would have also been politically difficult
for her to choose a suitable husband.
The Privy Council, whose job it was to
choose a husband for the Queen, was too
divided to ever agree on a suitable mate.
This made it much easier for Elizabeth
to refuse any marriage suggestions or
proposals.
State of Affairs in 1558
'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted;
the nobility poor and decayed; want of
good captains and soldiers; the people
out of order; justice not executed;
justices of peace unmeet for office; all
things dear; excess of meat and drink,
and apparel; division among ourselves;
war with France and Scotland; the
French King, having one foot in Calais
and the other in Scotland; steadfast
enmity, but no steadfast friendship
abroad.'
An anonymous contemporary
observer in 1558
Re-Establishing Protestantism
After Elizabeth was named Queen,
she re-established the Protestant
Church in England.
She herself believed in toleration of
all religions.
She was often forced to take a harsher
stance on punishment of Catholics
because of the schism between the two
sects.
‘There is only one Christ, Jesus, one
faith… all else is a dispute over trifles.’
The Act of Supremacy
Gave Elizabeth ultimate control of
the Church of England.
Title of monarch
modified to "Supreme
Governor of the
Church in England".
Also included an oath
of loyalty to the
Queen that the clergy
were expected to take.
If they did not take it, then they would
lose their office.
The Act of Uniformity
Implemented in the summer of 1559
Crux of Elizabethan Church, establishing a
set form of worship.
The Prayer books of Edward VI were fused
into one, and were to be used in every
church in the land.
Church attendance on Sundays and holy
days was made compulsory.
The wording of the Communion was to be
vague so that Protestants and Catholics
could both participate,
Had trouble getting passed through
Parliament.
A large number of the Parliament,
extremists on both sides, opposed the
bill
Puritans
Puritans put power in the local parish,
above anything else, which put it in direct
conlict with the monarchy.
The Church of England was more
dedicated to England and the Queen than
to God, which troubled Protestants
Elizabeth's government was able to keep
the Puritan movement underground.
John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury,
adopted some reforms, but did not want to
create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I had
created Protestant ones.
He was also more interested in establishing a
uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.
The Northern Rebellion
In 1569, The Catholics of Northern England
started a rebellion with the hopes of taking
away the English crown from Elizabeth and
giving it to Mary, Queen of Scots.
Led by two members of the Northern nobility:
Charles Neville
Thomas Percy
Led to a Papal Bull set forth by Pope Pius V,
The Bull of Deposition (Regnans in Excelsis),
excommunicating Elizabeth.
The Bull of Deposition was issued after the
putting down of the rebellion but it led
Elizabeth to stop her policy of religious
toleration.
The Catholic powers of Europe were also
ordered to act against the unlawful queen as
she was a heretic and enemy of the true faith.
Political Skill
Elizabeth’s approach to the
monarchy was drastically
different from any of her
predecessors because of her
willingness to listen to those
around her.
She would change a policy if it was
unpopular.
Her approach to politics was
serious, conservative, and
cautious.
Advisors
Elizabeth was especially gifted at choosing
smart people to help her lead.
Sir William Cecil
Secretary of
Sir Francis
Walsingham,
Indecisive or Compromising?
Many were annoyed
by the Queen’s
refusal to take
sides on the issue
of religion.
Protestants felt
that she should be
more harsh in her
treatment of
Catholics and punish
their religious
worship as crime.
But by not
persecuting
Catholics, she
struck a balance
that lasted
through much of
her reign.
She had to endure
much less political
struggle than her
siblings, who were
more extremist
towards either
side.
Scotland
• Many believed that Mary,
Queen of Scots, a catholic, was
the rightful Queen of England.
• Since Mary too was a female
sovereign Queen, Elizabeth was
careful about how she
recognized Mary’s power
because she didn’t want to be
in the same situation.
After Mary was forced out of Scotland and
fled to England, Elizabeth locked her up in
the Tower of London for 20 years.
Although Elizabeth did not want to have her
cousin executed, she was forced to send
Mary to execution after the plot of
Babington was uncovered.
Succession
On her deathbed, Elizabeth
passed the crown onto James of
Scotland.
He was the son of Mary, Queen of
Scots, Elizabeth’s cousin
Elizabeth felt comfortable in
giving the crown to James
because he had been raised by
Protestant minister with whom
Elizabeth had a correspondence.
How She Left the Country
England was one
of the most
powerful and
prosperous
countries in the
world.
It had proved
itself to be the
strongest Naval
force in the
World.
Conclusion
Overall, Elizabeth was much better at
handling the conflicts between feuding
portions of the country.
Elizabeth’s skills as a realpolitique
helped her manage the balance
between the Catholic and Protestant
sects.
Henry was much more of a
traditional monarch and spent more
time on his social and romantic life
than on leading the country.
The Thirty Years’ War
1618-1648
The FIRST continent-wide war in
modern history!!!!
Culmination of religious wars from the
16th century!!!!
And it ends with . . .
Peace of Westphalia: 1648
Why The Thirty Years War?
Fragmented Germany –360 autonomous political entities
Religious Divisions in the Holy Roman Empire
• Between the equally-numbered Catholics and Protestants
• Between liberal and conservative Lutherans
• Between Lutherans and Calvinists
majority of 300 German states = Lutheran
Bohemia & Hungary = Protestant
Austria = supposed Catholic, with strong Protestant influence
Swiss = Catholic & Calvinist
Transylvania = Calvinist
Peace of Augsburg solves Nothing
• Calvinist Palatine
• Calvinism unrecognized as a legal religion
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Why another War?
War between emperor and princes
, HRE too divided
• “Protestant Union”(1608) Calvinist Palatine
 Frederick III is Elector Palatine
 PU supported by Dutch, English & Henry IV of France
• “Catholic League”(1609)
 CL founded in Bavaria & backed by Spain
• Austrian Habsburgs want a strong central
government must push out Protestantism!
Spanish Interference!
Twelve Years’ Truce (Netherlands/Spain) to
expire 1621
Spanish still strong although Armada KAPUTT!
Spain wants
• to control Scheldt River
• remove Dutch from East Indies BUT Dutch refuse to
leave East Indies & they control Antwerp
• to expand into the Rhineland & some Swiss
cantons BUT French are strongly opposed
Support Habsburgs position in Europe after failure in
Netherlands
What kind of war?
not just a religious war but very political
German civil war of religion
German civil war of constitutional issues
International war
• France & Habsburgs (Spain & Austria
• Spain & Dutch
• kings of Denmark & Sweden and prince of Transylvanian become
involved
majority of battles fought on German soil
generals were soldiers of fortune with their own
designs on land, wealth & power
Habsburg Family Tree – Part II
Maximilian I
(1493-1519)
Philip___________La Loca
Charles V (Sp/HRE)
Ferdinand I
(1516-1556)
(1556-1564) HRE
Philip II (Sp)
(1556-1598)
Maximilian II
Charles of Styria
Philip III (Sp)
(1564-1576)
(1598-1621)
Rudolf II
Matthias
Ferdinand II
(1576-1612) (1612-1619) (1619-1637)
RII & M = kings of Hungary, Bohemia/ FII = king of Bohemia
Four Phases of the
War




Bohemian (Czechs) (1618-1625)
Danish (1625-1630)
Swedish (1630-1635)
Swedish-French (1635-1648)
Bohemian Period of the
Thirty Years’ War
Catholics name Ferdinand II as Holy Roman
Emperor,
revokes religious freedom to Bohemian Protestants
Bohemians defiantly name Palatine, Frederick V
their king
Spain joins Maximilian, who defeats Frederick’s
troops at the Battle of White Mountain, thereby
taking over Bohemia and Palatine
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Bohemia revolts
Defenestration of Prague:
Mathias’ reps thrown out the window (land on dung)
Sentin troops to restore order (DEFEAT)
Mathias dies & Ferdinand II should reign
Catholics name Ferdinand II as Holy Roman
Emperor,
revokes religious freedom to Bohemian Protestants
Bohemians elect “Frederick of the Palatinate”
The Outcome (Catholics Win)
So War: Ferdinand and Catholic League vs.
Frederick and Protestant Union
Ferdinand crowned as HRE and defeats
Frederick at Battle of White Mountain
1620
Outcomes of Phase
I
Spain fortifies Rhineland
prepare to take on French and Dutch
Ferdinand II gets elected king of Bohemia &
confiscates 50% of nobles’ estates
some goes to churches, monasteries & orders
some goes to mercenaries = new aristocracy
Jesuits re-Catholicize Bohemia
missions, schools, court proceedings, executions
Protestantism expunged in Austria
Protestant Union dissolved in 1621
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Danish Period of the
Thirty Years’ War 16251630
Danish Lutherans vs. Habsburg power!
Denmark’s King Christian V (a.k.a. Duke of
Holstein) vs. Ferdinand II
religious as well as political agenda
some Dutch, English, French backing
Emperor Maximilian humiliates Protestant forces
in Germany under Lutheran king Christian V and
forces them to return to Denmark
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Emperor Ferdinand allied w/mercenary
Protestant Albrecht of Wallenstein
gen. Wallenstein who plunders Germany and Danes
(Spanish cousins of HRE help)
Wallenstein actually reaches Baltic & Danish Pen.
Breaks Protestant resistance orders the
Edict of Restitution
Reasserting the Peace of Augsburg
Results of Phase II
Germany is completely engulfed by the
Counter Reformation
Palatinate, northern Lutheran states, Bohemia
& Austria = re-Catholicized
1629 HRE issues “Edict of Restitution”: All
Catholic states pre Peace of Augsburg (1555)
are restored as Catholic
Terror sweeps Germany, France, Denmark
& Sweden
Swedish Period of the
Thirty Years’ War 1630-1635
, Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus: great ruler
united Sweden
increased land acquiring areas of Poland & Russia
creates Europe’s most modern army
1630 lands in Germany to take over fight for
Protestantism
in the meantime...Richelieu has turned Catholic states
against Feredinand II (fear of centralization)
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Phase III – Swedish
1630-1635
Glorious Victories (military backing from
Saxony)
1631 Breitenfeld
1632 Lützen (GA dies in battle)
Oxenstierna (GA’s Chancellor) picks up fight
penetrates Bohemia as far south as the Danube
Internal Discord
Wallenstein betrays Spanish/gives up fight;
begins private peace talks with Swedes & Saxons
Assassinated by Ferdinand
• proved it was more a war of greed and politics NOT
religion
Internal Discord
Saxons (ind. of Swedes) enter into talks w/ Emperor
Peace of Prague –
German Protestant states compromise with
Ferdinand
the war continues elsewhere
annuls Edict of Restitution
• other German states sign treaty & pull support of
Swedes
Swedes isolated in Germany
French/Spanish not ready to give up yet
Fourth and Final Period:
The Swedish-French Period
French, Swedish, and Spanish troops for the next
thirteen years attack and loot Germany simply for
the sake of war itself
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Phase IV: French-Swedish /
International Phase 1635-1648
Richelieu (FR) not happy with Habsburgs win
he declares war on Spain (Habsburg – Philip IV – helping
HRE)!
Portugal & Catalonia declare independence from Sp.
Netherlands, Savoy also enter on Swedish side!
Spain and France continue to war until 1659, when
France emerges victorious
Richelieu, Ferdinand II, Louis XIII, Wallenstein die early
1640’s
Battles go both ways
Germany grows to resent this foreign invasion
France becomes Europe’s dominant power, while
Hapsburg Spain never recovers
The Treaty of Westphalia
Treaty of Westphalia of 1648
Ends the war
Rescinded the Edict of Restitution and put back
the Peace of Augsburg
Calvinists officially recognized
Swiss Confederacy, the Netherlands and
Bavaria become independent
Brandenburg –Prussia becomes most powerful
German state
FINAL RESULTS
Germany devastated!
2/3 population dead
sinks back into “feudal chaos” – 300
independent states (Staatensystem)
Europe enters “Balance of Power”
France & England Rise
Holy Roman Empire & Spain decline
Religious Wars END!!! = permanent split in
Christendom
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