Download The_Age_of_Religious_Wars_Ch._12

The Age of Religious Wars
(1562-1648)
Timothy Alejandro,
Kush Thukral,
Martin Valdez
Counter Reformation
 The Peace of Augsburg only recognized Lutheranism, not any
other Protestants.
 Counter Reformation – Catholic Reformation
 Genevan Calvinism vs. Catholicism, Calvinism had a
representative leadership, while Catholicism was
hierarchically structured.
 People who were against hierarchical rule were attracted to
Calvinism.
French Wars of Religion
(1562-1598)
 Huguenots = French Protestants
First persecuted to pacify
Habsburg Emperor
Charles V, who won the
Battle of Pavia 1525.
Edict of Chateaubirand
1551– Henry II established
new measures against
Protestants
Second major
persecution John Calvin
gets arrested and exiled
in 1534
Edict of Fontainebleu 1540
– subjugated the
Huguenots to the
Inquisition.
Struggle for the Throne
 After the Habsburg -Valois War 1559, the French throne
weakened.
 The Bourbon vs. the Montmorency-Chatillon vs. the Guise
 Guises = reactionary militant Catholics
 The Bourbons & the Montmorency were Protestant
supporters for political reasons.
 Boubon Louis I and Montmorency- Chatillon Gaspard de
Coligny were political Huguenot resistance leaders.
Appeal of Calvinism
 Huguenots held important geographic areas and were heavily
represented.
 Aristocrats became Huguenots believing that they could obtain
land.
 John Calvin and Theodore Beza advanced their cause by converting
powerful aristocrats:
 Jeanne d’Albert – Mother of Henry IV
 Condé – Protestant leader
Condé’s and Colingy’s military organization + Protestant religious organization = combination
that benefitted both sides.
Catherine de Médicis
 Catherine de Médicis took over the French throne after
Francis II died. Became regent because her son Charles IX
was too young.
 Her goal: to preserve the monarchy
 She sided with the Protestants against the Guises first.
 January Edict 1562 – allowed Protestants to worship publicly
outside of towns
Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1562-1563: The Duke of Guise was assassinated during the First French war of religion
1567-1568: the Second French religious war
1568-1570: Condé was killed in the 3rd French war
Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1570: Ended the third war and gave Huguenots religious
rights in their territories and the right to fortify their city.
After the Peace, Catherine sided with the Guises, against the Huguenots because their power
was growing.
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massarce
 Catherine was blamed in a failed attempt to assassinate
Coligny.
 Catherine convinced her son that a Protestant coup was
coming and ordered the murder of the Protestant leaders,
including Coligny.
 August 24, 1572 Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
 Coligny dies, 3,000 killed
 In three days 20,000 killed.
 Escalated the Protestant struggle to an international level.
Henry of Navarre
Henry III, politique, tried to compromise between the Catholics and the Protestants.
Peace of Beaulieu 1576 – It gave Huguenots almost complete religious and civil rights. Later
truncated because of little religious toleration by the populace.
Day of Barricades 1588 – Henry III attempted to uproot the Catholic League.
The Catholic League, supported by the Spanish, forced Henry III to work with Henry of
Navarre
Henry III died and Henry of Navarre became Henry IV, which the Church and Spain feared.
Henry IV was assassinated by a Catholic fanatic in May1610
Edict of Nantes
 April 13, 1598. Followed the Treaty of Vervins (May 2, 1598)
which ended the hostilities between France and Spain
 Insured the rights of religious minorities
 Public Worship
 Right of Assembly
 Admission to public office and universities
 Permission to maintain a fortified town
 Turned the hot war into a cold war
Imperial Spain and Philip II
The Anti-Protestant Crusade of King Philip II
 Spain remained strongly Catholic, and because of this they
played a major role in the struggle against the Protestant
Reformation.
 Philip II was the son of Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V/ King Charles I of Spain. At this time Spain had the
world’s strongest military and naval power.
 Philip II had hoped to use Spanish power to support the
Catholic cause against Protestants.
Spain
 New World Riches: The populous and wealthy Castile supplied a solid home base
for Philip II. Also Spanish colonies in the New World provided more wealth,
especially from silver mines in Bolivia, and in Mexico.
 Increased Population: Due to the increased wealth of Europe the population had
tripled, this increase in wealth and population had caused a 2% annual inflation.
This impacted the most in Spain, the new found wealth was in the hands of a few,
and the Castilian peasantry was severely taxed.
 Efficient Bureaucracy and Military: King Philip II was a reclusive ruler, he had set
up an efficient bureaucracy from the lesser nobles, and he ruled through pen and
paper versus physical presence. Philip II was also a learned and pious Catholic,
however some popes had suspected that he used religion politically as well as
devotionally.
Supremacy in the Mediterranean:
 Supremacy in the Mediterranean: During the first half of Philip’s reign the
major concern was that of the Mediterranean and the Turkish threat, Spain had
traditionally been the protector of Catholicism. The Turks had advanced into
Austria, and Philip’s half-brother; Don John of Austria had armies under him
and suppressed the Turks in the Mediterranean, momentarily giving Spanish
control over the Mediterranean. May 1571- the Holy League was formed under
Don John’s command, and included Spain, Venice, Genoa, and the Pope.
October 7, 1571: battle in the Gulf of Corinth, John’s fleet engaged the Turkish
fleet; the battle resulted in the death of 30000 Turks. Also with this new found
control Phillip II had suppressed resistance in Portugal and with this new land
came great Wealth from new colonies.
 The Battle of Lepanto (1571): Philip II helped to organize a
combined fleet to attack the Turks, this was encouraged by Pope Pius
V. Included in this organized fleet were Spanish, Genovese, and
Venetian. This was the last major Spanish naval victory. This battle had
greatly weakened the power of the Turks in the Mediterranean.
The Netherlands
 The Netherlands was the richest area not only in Philip’s reign, but of the entire
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Europe.
Cardinal Granville wanted to strip the Netherlands of their 17 provinces with a
centralized royal government.
However the states and cities of the Netherlands were much more independent, and
many of these places became Calvinist Strongholds. Cardinal Granville still plotted to
still continue with his plans for the Netherlands to strengthen the Catholic Church.
In 1564 Orange was able to remove Cardinal Granville from office.
The Compromise: a solemn pledge in the Netherlands to resist the decrees of Trent
and the Inquisition.
 One such example would be the Dutch revolt in the Netherlands, the northern
provinces of Netherlands had embraced Calvinism, this revolt was caused because
of their belief that Spain was taxing them too much; this had created feelings of
nationality for the Netherlanders.
The Netherlands
Cont.
 The Duke of Alva’s Reign of Terror (1508-1582): Philip II sent the
Duke of Alva to the Netherlands with 10,000 troops to suppress
the Revolt in the Netherlands. The Duke’s reign of Terror lasted
for 6 years, during which several thousand rebels were executed.
 Spanish rule was restored to the southern provinces of the
Netherlands, but the Northern provinces had formed the
Union of Utrecht, and the Southern Provinces along with
Spain formed the Union of Aras. The Leader of the
Northern Provinces was William of Orange, also known as
William the Silent. The Spanish had assassinated William,
but the Dutch continued to press for Independence.
 Dutch Independence was formally recognized by the Peace of
Westphalia.
England and Spain
Mary I
 Lady Jane Grey, the daughter of a powerful Protestant nobleman,
and the granddaughter of Henry VIII’s younger sister. Edward VI
had agreed to make Grey his successor instead of the Catholic
Mary Tudor, however the belief of hereditary monarchy was too
strong among the people, and they were able to remove Grey and
place Mary, and they beheaded Grey.
 Mary I was more than feared by Protestants, firstly she had
married to Philip of Spain, and eventually Philip II, a strong move
towards Catholicism and away from Protestantism. More fear was
placed when parliament had revoked the Protestant statutes of
Edward, and had reverted back to the catholic practices of Mary’s
father Henry VIII. Mary had executed the great Protestant leaders
of the Edwardian Age - John Hooper, Hugh Latimer, and Thomas
Cranmer. Also hundreds of Protestants either joined them in
martyrdom, or were burned at the stake.
Elizabeth I
 Elizabeth I, the successor of Mary I, was the daughter of
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth was able to build a
true kingdom on the ruins of Mary’s reign. She had guided a
religious settlement through Parliament that prevented
religious differences from tearing England apart. 1559 – the
Act of Supremacy, thus making Elizabeth the supreme
governor, and repealing all of the anti-protestant acts. Act of
Uniformity required all to have the second Book of Common
Prayer. And the issuance of the Thirty-Nine articles made
Protestantism the official religion.
Elizabeth I Cont.
 Extremists, Elizabeth is known as a politique because of her
method of incorporating religion and politics for a national
peace. Elizabeth had executed fewer Catholics in her 30 year
reign than Mary I had executed Protestants during her brief 5
year reign. Catholic extremists wanted to replace Elizabeth
with Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots; an untarnished heir to the
throne. Puritans - Protestants, who wanted to “purify” the
national church. These puritans had two special grievances
against Elizabeth, one: the retention of Catholicism, and two:
placing the church under the control of the monarchy.
Elizabeth had dealt subtly and swiftly with them, without
giving up a single morsel of power.
Elizabeth I Cont.
 Deteriorating Relations with Spain: England saw the invasion
of the Netherlands by Spain as a front to attack England.
After Saint Bartholomew day Massacre, England was the only
protector of Protestants, she had signed the Treaty of
Nonsuch which provided English soldiers and Cavalry to the
Netherlands.
Elizabeth I Cont.
 Mary Queen of Scots: Mary – a taut catholic had practiced
her Catholicism in a Protestant country that had deemed
mass and other Catholic practices as a capital offence. A
public scandal in Scotland had caused Mary to flee to her
cousin Elizabeth and to give up the thrown to her 1 year old
son. After being in house arrest in England for 19 years,
Elizabeth had found proof of Mary Queen of Scots role in an
attempt on her life. Elizabeth consented to her execution,
and this doused any hope for a bloodless Catholic takeover of
England.
The Spanish Armada
 The Spanish Armada:When Philip II had gained the thrown
he was allied with England due to his marriage with Queen
Mary of England, however with her death and the ascensions
of Queen Elizabeth I in 1588, this alliance was nullified.
Phillip II wanted to conquer England and place it in the
Roman Catholic fold. He tried many times to assassinate
Elizabeth, but after a while he got tired and he sent the
Spanish armada to England. He had sent 130 ships with
25000 sailors and soldiers.
English Victory
 English Victory: The “Protestant Wind,” a furious storm that
aided the smaller English ships, these ships were equipped
with long range weapons, and were more maneuverable in
the English Channel. The Spanish lost 40 ships, and thousands
of men, and most of the ships that made it back to Spain were
unfit for service, whereas the British lost no ships, and only
100 men. This was a significant blow to the prestige and
power of Spain and the Spanish Armada; this also marked the
start of the downward spiral of Spain’s power and influence.
Thirty Years War
1618-1648
Preconditions for War
Political
•Germany is an ungovernable land of about 360 autonomous political entities
•Each entity has its own taxes, money, laws, etc.
•Palatine Calvinists defensive alliance that was supported by Spain’s sixteenth century enemies : England, France, and the
Netherlands
•Calvinism unrecognized by Peace of Augsburg
•Maximilian of Bavaria forms the Catholic League to counter a Protestant alliance formed by Frederick IV
•Catholic League created an army under Count Johann von Tilly
•Fredrick III, devout Calvinist becoming Elector Palatine
•German princes opposed efforts to consolidate the Holy Roman Empire, so rights from Peace of Augsburg would not be
taken away
Economical
•Germany being Europe’s highway for merchants and traders
Religious
•Tension between Catholics and Lutherans for securing rights in ne another’s land
•Holy Roman Empire divided by Catholics and Protestants almost evenly
•Lutherans vs. Calvinists
•Calvinist vs. Catholics
•Catholics vs. Lutherans
The Bohemian Period
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Cause: Habsburg Ferdinand ascends to the Bohemian throne
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Revokes the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants
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“Defenestration of Prague”-Protestants nobility in Prague response to Ferdinand’s act by throwing his regents out
of the window of the royal palace
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Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor as Ferdinand II
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Bohemians respond by deposing him in in Prague and declaring the Calvinist elector Palatine, Fredrick V
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Revolt lead to war
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Ferdinand gained military support from Spain, Maximilian of Bavaria, and Lutheran elector John George I of
Saxony
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Each had own goals:
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Maximilian wanted the electoral title from his distant Palatine cousin
John George wanted territorial gain
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In November 1620, Tilly won a decisive victory at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague
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Catholic victory with re- Catholicized Bohemia and Catholic control of the Palatinate
The Danish Period
 King Christian IV, the Lutheran ruler of Denmark, in 1625 intervened to support
Protestant cause against Emperor Ferdinand II with French, English, and Dutch
encouragement
 Humiliated by Maximilian and forced to retreat to Denmark
 The emperor secured the assistance of Albrecht von Wallenstein, who carried on
Ferdinand’s campaign to Denmark
 Ferdinand issued Edict of Restitution because of Wallenstein had so broken Protestant
resistance which reasserted Catholic safeguards of the Peace of Augsburg
 It reaffirmed illegality of Calvinism and ordered the return of all the church lands the
Lutherans had acquired since 1552
 Catholic Victory
The Swedish & Swedish-French Period
King Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden moves into Germany supported by the French and Dutch
 Swedish victory at Breitenfield in 1630 (Major Turning Point)
 Battle of Lutzen (1632)
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Gustavus Adolphus dies
 Created a brief Standstill
 H.R.E. Victory
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Ferdinand has Wallenstein assassinated for trying to strike bargains with Protestants (1634)
 Treaty of Prague ends Swedish Period(1635)
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Compromise between German Protestant states and Ferdinand
 France and Netherlands refuse to join because they want more
 Strengthened Hapsburgs and weakened German princes
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French enter war to try to weaken Hapsburg power starts Swedish-French Period(1635)
France attacks Spain with success
War between French, Swedish, and Spanish which devastated Germany
Germans too disunited to resist the foreign armies
Peace talks began in Westphalia in 1644
War kill an estimated one third of German population
Population Loss
The Treaty of Westphalia
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Ended hostilities in the Holy Roman Empire
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Made French the international diplomatic language
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Rescinded Edict of Restitution
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Reasserted Peace of Augsburg
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Gave Calvinists legal recognition
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Independence of Swiss Confederacy and the United Provinces of the Netherlands was now law
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Bavaria became an elector state
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Pope opposed it all together
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France still at war with Spain
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Treaty of Pyrenees
 Made France dominant power
 Spain never recovered