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Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 BCE (5%) EXAM REVIEW Key Concept 1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth Key Concept 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies ESSENTIAL QUESTION (EQ): · In what ways was did geography impact the peopling of the Earth? · What is the significance of the Neolithic Revolution (aka the Agricultural Revolution) to the human history? · What systems and institutions did humans develop to deal with the increasing complexity of society? KEY TERMS & CONCEPTS Hunting-Foraging Bands Neolithic Revolutions River Valley Civilizations Pastoralism Urbanization Early Empires Animism/Polytheism Monotheism IMPORTANT PERIODIZATION c. 8000 BCE: standard date for the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution in Mesopotamia but, agriculture developed at other times in other places: c. 7000 BCE: agriculture developed in East Asia c. 6000 BCE: agriculture developed in the Nile region c. 3000 BCE: agriculture developed in Andean South America IMPORTANT CIVILIZATIONS Region Southwest Asia East Africa North Africa South Asia East Asia Americas Civilization Mesopotamia, Persia Bantus Eygpt, Kush Indus Valley Shang Olmec, Chavin IMPORTANT MIGRATIONS & TRADE ROUTES MIGRATIONS Southeast Asians across the Pacific (Oceania) East Asians to North America continuing to South America Central Asians into India, Europe (Indo-Europeans) Central Africans to eastern and southern Africa (Bantus) TRADE AREAS Important trade regions: limited regional trade in all areas Must-know terms involving trade: barter systems, weapons, belief systems IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGY Domestication of animals, agriculture. Irrigation, dams wheel, plow, the sail, metalwork, brick-making, the arch, cities, governments, geometry, algebra, writing, calendars: early developments in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. 2 IMPORTANT ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND LITERATURE Art Architecture Cave paintings – found globally Religious figurines – Sun-dried bricks, the arch, found globally ziggurats, Assyrian bas reliefs --Mesopotamia Staturay – Pyramids – Egypt Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece Bronze figurines – China Cities --- Babylon (Mesopotamia), Memphis (Egypt), Catal-huyuk (Turkey), Mohenjo-Daro (India), Zhengzhou (China), Caral (Peru) Large stone heads – Mesoamerica Stonehenge monoliths – England Literature Epic of Gilgamesh and the Code of Hammurabi – Mesopotamia Book of the Dead – Egypt Hebrew Scriptures – Eastern Mediterranaen Upanishands – South Asia ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Type of System Agricultural societies – cultivate crops 8,000 BCE Types of technology developed rate of technological development domestication of plants and animals iron tools writing systems constant development Pastoral societies – domesticated animals 8,000 BCE domestication of horses and camels Foraging societies – hunting and gathering 35,000 BCE baskets for gathering and storing and hunting tools Main geographic locations river valleys in Mesopotamia, Nile River valley, India, China, MesoAmerica, Andes steppes, grasslands, deserts, mountain ranges everywhere until sedentary agricultural societies and then empires took over the most fertile areas COMPARISONS OF EARLY RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS CULTURE Cuneiform; Extensive trade with Egypt and the Indus Valley Epic of Gilgamesh Early use of bronze tools, chariots MESOPOTAMIA (developed by 3500 BCE) Advanced astronomy; math based on 60 Pessimistic view of world, perhaps due to irregular, unpredictable flooding of the rivers Polytheism - gods powerful and often cruel Kings powerful, but not divine POLITICAL ORGANIZATION City-states and warrior kings Hammurabi's Code Competition among city states as well as frequent invasions led to less political stability than in Egypt SOCIAL STRUCTURE Job specialization farmers, metallurgist, merchants, craftsmen, political administrators, priests; Social classes; Marriage contracts, veils for women; women of upper classes less equal than lower class counterparts Concerned with decorative arts, shipbuilding, some medical knowledge EGYPT(developed by 3000 BCE) INDUS VALLEY (developed by 2500 BCE) SHANG CHINA (developed by 1700 BCE) Less advanced in math and astronomy than Mesopotamians Less extensive trade, especially in earlier eras Polytheism, with pharaoh as a god Optimistic view of life (regular, controllable flooding of the river) Strong belief in the afterlife; Book of the Dead Hieroglyphics - complex, pictorial language Writing system only recently decipherable Soapstone seals that indicate trade with both Mesopotamians and China pottery making with bulls and long-horned cattle a frequent motif Small figurines of women Cruder weapons than Mesopotamians - stone arrowheads, no swords Polytheism - naked man with horns the primary god; fertility goddesses Two cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Oracles bones used to communicate with ancestors Pattern on bones formed basis for writing system; writing highly valued, complex pictorial language with 3000 characters by end of dynasty Uniform written language became bond among people who spoke many different languages Bronze weapons and tools, horsedrawn chariots Geographical separation from other civilizations, though probably traded with the Indus Valley Divine kingship - the pharaoh; highly centralized, authoritarian government Generally stable government throughout the 3 kingdoms Extensive bureaucracy; pharaoh's power channeled through regional governors Smaller nobility than Mesopotamia; fewer merchants Some social mobility through the bureaucracy Priests have high status (only ones who understand the complex hieroglyphic written language) Women - probably higher status than in Mesopotamia; love poetry indicates some importance placed on male/female relationships One female pharaoh Hatshepsut Influential wife of pharaoh - Nefertiti Assumed to be complex and thought to be centralized Limited information, but large granaries near the cities indicate centralized control Priests have highest status, based on position as intermediaries between gods and people Differences in house sizes indicate strong class distinctions Statues reflects reverence for female reproductive function Centralized government, power in the hands of the emperor Government preoccupied with flood control of the rivers Job specialization bureaucrats, farmers, slaves Social classes - warrior aristocrats, bureaucrats, farmers, slaves Patriarchal society; women as wives and concubines; women were sometimes shamans 4 MESO AND SOUTH AMERICA (developed by 1200 BCE) Olmecs in Mesoamerica: Highly developed astronomy; used to predict agricultural cycles and please the gods Polytheism; religious rituals important, shamans as healers Ritual ballgames Irrigation and drainage canals Giant carved stone heads; probably with religious significance Olmecs: apparently not united politically; unusual for ancient civilizations Chavin: probably political unification; public works operated by reciprocal labor obligations; had a capital city Olmec: craft specializations; priests have highest status; most people were farmers Chavin: Priests have highest status; capital city dominated the hinterlands; most people were farmers