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TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Roman Culture and Achievements
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
•
Summarize the works of Roman literary
figures, historians, and philosophers.
•
Describe the art and architecture developed by
the Romans.
•
Understand how Romans applied science and
mathematics for practical use.
•
Explain how Rome’s legal codes protected
everyone in the empire.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
Virgil – poet who wrote the epic poem The Aeneid
•
satirize – to make fun of
•
mosaic – picture made from chips of colored
stone or glass
•
engineering – the application of science and
mathematics to develop useful structures and
machines
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
(continued)
•
aqueduct – stone structure that carried water
from the hills to the cities
•
Ptolemy – astronomer-mathematician who
proposed a theory that the Earth was at the
center of the universe
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did advances in arts, learning, and
the law show the Romans’ high regard
for cultural and political achievements?
Through war and conquest, Roman generals
carried the achievements of Roman civilization
to distant lands. Yet the resulting civilization was
not simply Roman.
It blended Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman
achievements.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman
traditions produced Greco-Roman civilization.
The Romans admired and adapted ideas from
Greek culture.
Travel during the Pax Romana spread this new
tradition.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Virgil’s epic poem The Aeneid describes how the
Greek hero Aeneas escaped from Troy to found
Rome.
• Virgil’s goal in writing the poem was to increase
patriotism and help unite Rome after years of
civil war.
• The poem stressed the cultural links between
Rome and Greece.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Romans were impressed by the Hellenistic
philosophy of Stoicism.
Stoicism stressed duty, acceptance of one’s fate,
and concern for the well-being of all people.
Emperor Marcus Aurelius became a noted Stoic
philosopher and writer.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Many poets
satirized
Roman
Society.
Historians
often stressed
patriotic
virtue.
Horace used wit to attack
human folly.
Martial was so biting he
had to use a fictitious
name to protect himself.
Livy recounted tales of
heroes such as
Cincinnatus.
Tacitus wrote of the
loss of liberty after the
fall of the Republic.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Roman art and architecture were adapted
from Etruscan and Greek roots.
• Artists and sculptures stressed realism and
sought to focus on the subject’s character and
expression.
• Some sculpture was highly idealistic, portraying
traits of power, grace, or strength.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Romans used art to beautify
their homes. Mosaics were
created from small bits of
stone or glass.
In A.D. 79, a volcano, Mt.
Vesuvius, erupted, burying
Pompeii in ash and trapping
residents, but preserving
their homes and artwork.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Roman architecture stressed grandeur.
Immense palaces,
temples, and stadiums
were monuments to
Roman power.
Architects improved on
structural devices such
as columns and arches.
Using concrete enabled
them to build strong
structures with domes.
The dome of the
Pantheon in Rome
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Romans excelled at
engineering, the
practical application
of science.
Engineers built
roads, bridges, and
harbors throughout
the empire.
These structures
were so solidly
built that many
were still in use
long after the
empire fell.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Eleven aqueducts
brought water from
the surrounding
hills into the city
of Rome.
The water supplied
large public baths.
Wealthy Romans
had water piped into
their homes.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Roman scientists are generally remembered
for recording rather than creating new
advances in science.
Galen
Ptolemy
Pliny the Elder
Compiled an
Looked at the
Compiled volumes
encyclopedia of all
work of earlier
on geography,
known medical
astronomers. He
zoology, and
knowledge that
suggested the Earth
botany.
was used for
was the center of
centuries.
the universe, an
error accepted for
1,500 years.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Rome’s greatest legacy was its
commitment to justice and the rule of law.
A single, written legal code covered citizens
and noncitizens alike.
However, penalties varied according to social
class. Lower-class defendants often received
harsher treatment.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Rome’s commitment to law is a legacy still
followed in the modern United States.
Many Roman
principles
became part
of the
modern
American
legal code.
•
An accused person is presumed
innocent until proven guilty.
•
A defendant has a right to face
his accuser and offer a defense.
•
Clear evidence must be offered
to prove guilt.
•
Judges are required to interpret
laws fairly.