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Slang Informal verbal communication that is generally unacceptable for formal writing. Polysemous • Words that have multiple meanings Root • The form of a word after all affixes are removed Bound Morphome • A morpheme which never occurs alone but is attached to other morphemes Ex: Kindness, unlikely Homographs Words that are spelled identically and possibly pronounced the same Ex: Bear (animal) Bear (tolerate) Homonyms Words that are pronounced and possibly spelled the same, but with a different meaning Ex: Bat (animal) Bat (stick) Bat (flutter) Homophones Words that sound alike but have different spellings and meanings Ex: there they’re their Lexicon A speaker’s mental dictionary Morpheme The smallest unit of linguistic meaning or function Ex: sheep dog s 1 2 3 (3 morphemes) Morphology The sub-field of linguistics that studies internal structure of words and relationships among words Ebonics An alternative term used in 1997 for various dialects of the African-American English Etymology The history of words; the study of the history of words Phonology The sub-field of linguistics that studies structure and systematic patterning of sounds in human language Phonetics *The system of speech sounds of a language or group of languages *The study and systematic classification of the sounds made in spoken utterance Pragmatics A technical term meaning, roughly, what the person speaking or writing actually meant, rather than what the words themselves mean. Semantics The study of meaning, reference, truth, and related notions Syntax The rules of sentence formation; the component of mental grammar and structure of phrases and sentences Antonym A word of opposite meaning Acronym A word formed by combining the initial letters of a series or related words Ex: NATO, ESL, MIA Clause A group of words containing a subject and predicate (Found in a complex or compound sentence) Creole Pidgin language that has become established as the native language of a speech community Connotation An additional, suggested meaning as opposed to a literal, direct meaning Cognate Words that have the same linguistic root or origin Denotation The literal direct meaning of a word Metonymy A figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one thing for that of another Ex: The White House government Orthography *The art of writing words with proper letters according to standard usage *the representation of sounds of a language by written or printed symbols *language and spelling *usually arises as methods of communication b/w groups that have no language in common Synonym One of two or more words or expressions of the same language that have similar meanings Dialect A variety of a language whose grammar differs in systematic ways from other varieties Prefix Affix has to be added to the beginning of a word Ex: mislead Suffix Affix has to be added at the end of the word Ex: foolish Illocutionary Force The basic purpose of a speaker in making an utterance and attitudes that accompany it Proto-language A recorded or reconstructed language that is the ancestor of another language Inflectional Morphemes Indicates number, person, case, and tense; the part of grammar that deals with inflections of words Derivational Morphemes The part of grammar that deals with the derivations of words Deep Structure The abstract level of language; conceived as containing all info needed to make any sentence Surface Structure Grammatical structure that actually occurs; in some types of grammar, a representation of the sequence of syntactic elements that constitute one sentence