Download Chapter 10- Thinking (Cognition)

Chapter 10- Thinking (Cognition)
Day 1
Cognition refers to mental activities associated with processing, _______________________
______________________________________________________.
Cognitive Psychology studies: ____________________________
_____________________________________________________
How We Think
For Classification /Efficiency Purposes Humans Create:
Concepts: ______________________________________________
Concepts are often organized into _______________________.
Humans usually form concepts by creating a:
Prototype: _________________________________________________. Allows us to
incorporate items easily.
Methods of Problem Solving
1. Trial and Error: _____________________
2. Algorithm: ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________.

Looks at ___________________________________ or has specific
formula to solve the problem.
3. Heuristics: “common sense” ________________________________
________________________________________________________

Short-cuts that involve our preconceptions.
Algorithms vs. Heuristics
Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G
-Algorithms ______________________________________________
-Heuristics _________________________________________.
4. Insight: ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
The Light-Bulb going off when you get an idea.
Obstacles to Problem Solving
1. Confirmation Bias: ______________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2.Fixation: ______________________________________________
3. Mental Set: ____________________________________________
________________________________________________________
You usually use strategies that have _____________________________
_________________________ even though it may not be most efficient
strategy for the new problem.
4.Functional Fixedness: ____________________________________
________________________________________________________
5.Representative Heuristic: “common sense” _____________________
________________________________________________________.
May lead us to make ________________________________.
6.Availability Heuristic: ____________________________________
______________________________________________________.
EX: People are tend to be more fearful of the dangers of airplane travel than of
traveling in an automobile.
Obstacles to Decision Making
1.Overconfidence_________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.
On questions where 60% of respondents answer correctly, ______________
________________________________________________________
2.Framing:
______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.
Best way to market ground beef:
_________________________
3.Belief Bias: the way pre-existing beliefs can distort logical reasoning; ___________
______________________________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________.
4.Belief Perseverance: Once we have decided that we believe something,
we will
_____________________________________________________.
Day 2-
Language
Development of Language
Language: refers to our ____________________ and how they are combined to
communicate
Language: Building Blocks
1. Phonemes: the ____________________
2.Morphemes: the ___________________________; may be a word or a part of a
word (such as a prefix)
Language: The Rules
Grammar: a _______________ that enables us to communicate with and
understand others. Includes _______________________.
–Semantics: ____________________; rules for how we get
meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language.
–Syntax: the rules for ____________________________________
____________________________________ in a given language.
Examples of Language Rules
Semantic Examples: ____________________ of word does what?
Adding –s to a noun does what?
Syntax Examples: In English ____________________________ but the
opposite is true in Spanish.
 Pretty girl
Chica bonita
Stages of Language
1. Babbling Stage:
–beginning at _______________________
–the stage of speech development in which the infant ________________
___________________________at first unrelated to the household
language
10 months start to ________________________________________
Start to ____________________________________________________ at
home
2. One word stage:
–__________________________
–the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in
__________________________
3. Two-Word Stage
–beginning _________________________
–the stage in speech development during which a child speaks
______________________________________________
4. Telegraphic Speech
–early speech stage in which the child _____________________ – “go car”
– using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words
Theory 1: Skinner Believes We Learn Language Through
Learning Techniques (Class. Cond., Op. Cond, and
Observation)
Tools for learning language according to ___________________:
1.Association: _____________________________ with certain sound of words
2.Imitation: watch ____________________ and syntax and then we imitate them.
3.Reinforcement: ________________________ and words of encouragement
when we speak correctly.
Theory 2: Chomsky Believes Our Brains Are Hardwired With
Inborn Universal Grammar
Language is Enabled by a:
Language Acquisition Device: ___________________________________
________________________________________________
Argued although children do learn the language of their environment, the rate
they acquire words and grammar without being taught is too astonishing to be
_______________________________________________________
Cognitive Neuroscientists: Statistical Learning
Mix between ___________________________
___________________________ in language development
Learning during the first ________________________
Learn a new language easiest when ____________________________
When a young brain does not learn any language, ________________________
_______________________________________________
Languages Influence on Thinking
Linguistic Determinism : Benjamin Whorf’s idea that ____________________
_________________________________________________
English has many self-focused emotions vs. Japanese which has many words for
interpersonal emotions.
Language Relativity and Doublespeak
Double-Speak describes when _________________________________ and
possibly mislead people.
Examples:
“Downsizing”=multiple firings of employees.
“Physical Persuasion”=___________________
“Collateral Damage”=death of civilians
“Concentration Camp”=__________________________
Thinking Without Language
There are some ideas in which we do not depend on language.
Ex: _____________________
Animal Thinking and Language
Animal Thinking
____________________________
Count, exhibit insight, use tools, and transmit cultural innovations
_________________________________
Animal Thinking and Language
___________________________
Chimps have learned 181 different signs
Can form sentences
Human language similar to a ____________________________
Animal language much more sophisticated