Download Honors WWII

WWII
Unit EQ:
How did WWII reshape
the United States’
foreign and domestic
affairs?
What enabled the rise
of dictators in Europe
after WWI?
Recall
 What countries did not get what they
wanted or thought they deserved at the end
of WWI?
Europe after WWI
 Germany and Italy unhappy with decisions
made at the end of the war
 Communists of Russia want to spread their
ideology to other countries
 Worldwide depression hit European
countries hard; esp. Germany
Table of Dictators
 In your groups complete the table of
dictators
– Note ideology, characteristics of the dictator,
their plans/actions and the methods used to
implement their results
Ticket Out the Door
 Based on your findings, why were so many
people willing to support these dictators?
What led to the
outbreak of WWII?
What did the fighting in
the years of 1940-1941
look like?
Partner Talk
 How do you think the rest of Europe
responded to the rise of dictators and their
totalitarian governments?
Main Causes of WWII
 Treaty of Versailles
– Too harsh-Germany takes full blame for war, loses
land, has to pay
 Hitler’s Actions
– Rearms, makes alliances, takes back land
 Failure: Appeasement
– Used to prevent another war
– 1938 Munich Agreement: gives Sudetenland back to
Germany, Allies say no more
 Failure: League of Nations
– No power or army
War on the Horizon
German Aggression
 1936 Germany and Italy form the Axis
Powers
 Germany invades Austria in March 1938
 Germany invades Czechoslovakia in
October 1938, again in 1939
 Allies pursue a policy of appeasement with
Hitler
 1939 Italy invades Albania
 1939 Germany and Russia sign
Nonaggression Pact
 Hitler and Germany invade Poland – Sept
1st, 1939
The German Blitzkrieg
 Lightning war
 New style of mobile warfare
– Bypass strong points
– Take ground and capture Capital
cities and railways
 Overwhelm the enemy with
speed and violence
 Use air power to pound enemy
And so to war…again
 April/May 1940 – Germany attacks
Denmark, Norway and Belgium
– The attack crushes Allied resistance
• Dunkirk: rescue 340,000 troops with 900 boats in
Northern France (9 days late May, early June)
– Attack sweeps into France
• France falls June 22, 1940
– By July only Britain resists Germany’s
onslaught
Battle of Britain
 Hitler intends to cross the
English Channel and
capture Brittan
– Launched Aug. 1940,
roughly a year of merciless
bombing by the Luftwaffe
– 20,000 killed;70,000
wounded
– RAF (Royal Air Force) fights
back, bombing Germany
– Churchill asks FDR for help
Group Work
 Construct a timeline from 1938-1941
 Note the 10 events that you feel are the
most important and explain what they were
How did the small
island nation of Japan
build an empire?
Recall
 What was the U.S.’s first interaction with
Japan?
Setting the Scene
 Emerges from isolationism
1853 when forced into trade by
U.S.
 Pushed Japan to build military
and modernize industry
 War with China (1894-1895)
and Russia (1904-1905)
 Takes over Korea
 Becomes most powerful nation
in East Asia
Group Work
 Inferring Fill-ins on Japans growing
militarism
 Use Ch 17, Section 3; pages 581-584
Group Write
 What did the actions of Japan indicate
about the way economic problems will
affect foreign policy?
What pushed the U.S.
from a policy of
isolationism to one of
war?
Think About It
 Under what conditions do you think the
U.S. should intervene in a conflict between
other nations?
Depression=Isolationism
 Need to focus
inward not outward
 American people
don’t want to be
drug into another
World War
The U.S. chooses Neutrality
 1935/36/37/39
Congress passes
Neutrality Acts
• No weapons sales
• No loans
• Cash and carry onlycan buy goods but
only non-military
related ones
U.S. Involvement Grows
 Sept. 1940: FDR pledges
“all aid short of war” to
the Allies
– FDR reelected in 1940
 Lend-Lease Act
– President may aid any
country whose defense was
vital to U.S. security
– Supplies for no payment
– Loan money
– Provide arms/munitions
Relations with Japan
 Japan continues to
play the role of
aggressor in Asia and
Pacific
So…
 U.S. places trade
embargo on Japan
 U.S. and Japan seek
ways to avoid war
Japan Attacks
 December 7th, 1941 Japan bombs the
U.S. Naval Station in
Hawaii
– Japan hopes to
“knock out” the U.S.
Pacific Fleet
Bombing






Japanese achieve complete surprise
½ of U.S. fleet is at anchor… “sitting ducks”
Attack is ferocious and lasts only 2 hours
2,400 U.S. Americans are killed
1,200 are wounded
21 warships are sunk or are heavily damaged
– 8 of 9 battleships
– Several aircraft carriers are sunk or
burning in the bay
 Japan achieves “knock down” but not
“knock out” they hope for
“A date which will live in
infamy”
President Roosevelt, Dec. 8
1941
Attack on Pearl Harbor
 1. Note how the military and civilians at Pearl Harbor
reacted to the attack.
 2.Why do you think the leaders of the U.S. Navy believed
a full-scale naval attack against Pearl Harbor was
impossible?
 3.In what ways did the Japanese take advantage of
weaknesses in American defenses?
 4. Note examples of how the Japanese were able to
surprise the United States.
 5. The attack on Pearl Harbor marked a turning point in
American history. Why?
U.S. Response
 America is outraged by
Japanese treachery
 December 8th U.S. declares
war on Japan
– Congress votes…all but one
congress person votes to go
to war
 December 11th Germany and
Italy declare war on U.S.
“Hostilities are joined.
There is no blinking at
the fact that our people,
our territory and our
interests are in grave
danger”
Group Work
 Read the Japanese and U.S. views of the
bombing of Pearl Harbor
 Answer the 2 discussion questions that
follow
Ticket Out the Door
 What pushed the U.S. from a policy of
isolationism to one of war?
How did the U.S.
prepare to enter the
war? How did the war
affect daily life on the
home front?
Partner Talk
 Suppose you are President Roosevelt on
December 8th 1941. What do you think
would be the 3 most important things you
would need to do to prepare the country for
war?
Mobilization
 Sept 1940-authorized 1st peacetime
draft
 Selective Training & Svcs Act-all
males aged 21-36 must register
GI’s (Government Issue)
– 16 million serve as soldiers, sailors,
aviators
Diversity in the Armed Forces
 300,000 Mexican-Americans
 25,000 Native Americans
– 400 Navajo “code talkers”
 1 million Blacks
– Allowed to fight 1942, by end of
war will have some desegregated
units
– Tuskegee Airmen: 1st Black flying
unit
 350,000 women served in all
areas but combat
Economy and War Production
 Switch from production of consumer goods to
war goods
– Overseen by the government
 By end of war produced:
–
–
–
–
–
–
300,000 planes
80,000 landing craft
100,000 tanks
5600 merchant ships
6 million rifles and guns
41 billion rounds of ammo
Financing the War
 1941-45 the gov’t spends $321 billion
– 41% paid with higher taxes
– Remainder covered by the sale of liberty (war)
bonds and loans
Life on the Home Front
 Wartime=Jobs
 Rationing of goods
– Gasoline, sugar, coffee, meat, butter, etc.
 Recycling
– Nylons, rubber, metals, etc.
 Victory gardens
 Practiced for possible attacks
– Blackouts, test air raid sirens
 Propaganda widely used
Group Write
 How did the U.S. prepare to enter the war?
How did the war affect daily life on the
home front?
What was the social
impact of the war on
minorities in the U.S.?
African-Americans
 Economic discrimination
– 41’ even w/ huge need for workers 1 in
5 remain jobless
– Gov’t employment agencies honor
“white only” requests
– Union organizer, A. Philip Randolph,
calls for march on Wash. DC
– To avoid FDR signs Executive Order
8802 opening jobs to all Americans (Not
Women)
 During WWII 2nd migration North- 2
million
– Live in overcrowded ghettos
– Some cities race riots break out
 Soldiers
– Segregated units
– Face prejudice at home
**All work for change; Double “V”
campaign by Pittsburgh Courier calls for
victory against Axis Powers & equality,
-Congress of Racial Equality
-nonviolent protests like sit-ins (1943)
Mexican Americans
 1942 shortage of farm laborers leads
gov’t to bring in braceros
– provide transportation, food, shelter &
med care
– between 42’-47’ 200,000 brought
– Most live in barrios-Spanish speaking
neighborhoods
 Zoot Suit Riots: LA between people
seen as “un-American” and U.S.
sailors; race riots 43’
Native Americans
 25,000 join military
 23,000 work in war industries
– Adapt quickly to white culture; many lose
cultural roots
Women
 “Rosie the Riveter”: icon of
working women
– Work in all jobs: 1944, 19.4
million
 Problems:
 Hostile attitudes in “male” jobs
– Paid less than men
– Lack of child care
 After war
– Forced out of jobs
– Propaganda used to show women
their “place”
Japanese Americans
 Pop 127,000 mostly on W. Coast
 FDR executive order 9066
– 1942 110,000 interned to remote
“camps”-many lose everything
 Supreme Court states Constitutional
 Released early 45’; not compensated till
1988, $20,000 to every survivor
 17000 serve in military
Group Work
 Read and answer discussion questions for
Japanese Internment Camps
What strategies did the
Allies use to retake
Europe?
Spit It Out
 Do you know anyone who fought in
WWII? If so, where?
Before Pearl Harbor
 August 1941; Atlantic Charter
– Meeting between FDR and Churchill
discussing aims of war and the principles to
guide them through the war
Battle of the Atlantic
 Not really one battle but a
series of lots of engagements
over a 6 yr period (1939-45)
 Germans want to keep supplies
from Allies so U-Boats would
blow up ships
 Allies use convoy system and
radar but U-Boat wolf pack
attacks- up to 20 U-Boats at a
time, still managed to sink or
damage scores of ships
North Africa
 Considered the “soft under belly” of the fighting
 British and Italian forces had been fighting here since
Aug 1940
 Feb 41’ Hitler send Gen. Rommel and German troops to
aid Italians
 Series of Axis wins; until the Battle of Alamein- Allies
win keep Germans from getting needed oil
 By May 43’ trap 240,000 Germans who surrender; even
though they were told to fight to the death
Casablanca Conference
 After Germans and
Italians are pushed out
North Africa, Churchill
and FDR must meet to
work out the rest of the
war, Jan 43’
– Decided to deal with
Europe and Hitler 1stwant unconditional
surrender
– After focus will move to
Pacific
Invasion of Italy
 July 43’ Allies land on Sicily
– Fascist council removes
Mussolini, party disbanded
 Sept 43’ Italy surrenders
 Oct 43’ Italy declares war on
Germany and Germany sets
Mussolini up as a puppet ruler
in N. Italy
 Jan-Mary 44’ battle Germans
at Anzio, trapped Allies
breakthrough German line
 April 45’ German troops in
Italy surrendered
War in the Soviet Union
 June 22, 1941 Hitler
breaks non-aggression pact
with Soviets- invades
 As Axis troops advance
Soviet troops move deeper
into Russia, destroying
anything Axis powers
could use
 Allied troops do not come
to the rescue
Battle of Stalingrad
 Beginning in mid-Sept 1942 Germans
firebomb/shell the city for 2 months
– Winter cuts off German troops from supplies and
they take refuge in the city
– The Red Army surrounds the city and in Jan 43’
attacks
 Turning point- Soviets begin to push the
Germans out of Russia
Allied Air War
 RAF begins bombing
German cities during
Battle of Britain
 By 1944, RAF carpet
bombed German cities
by night and the
Americans by night
 Goal: destroy German
ability to fight
Operation Overlord
 Launch forces from
Britain to the shores of
Normandy
 D-Day June 6, 1944
– By night 1000 RAF
bombers pound German
defenses, by day
Americans
– 23,000 Allied troops
parachute behind
Germans
http://www.army.mil/d-day/slideshow.html
D-Day, cont’d…
 At dawn invasion begins
– Ships carrying troops shell
the coast
– 150,000 troops land on 60
miles of coastline
– Within a week 500,000
troops have landed, by end
of July, 2 million
– Rough Losses on D-Day
for Allies 10,000; of which
6600 are American GIs
Liberating France
 Aug 44’ Allies use blitz
to break off the beaches
 Paris, freed by French
Resistance and then
Allied troops- Aug 25,
44’
– By mid Sept 44’ Allies
cross into Germany
Battle of the Bulge
 Dec 44’ Allies attack in Netherlands, Germans
counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg
– Manage to push Germans back and advance
 Largest battle in W. Europe during WWII
 Largest ever fought by U.S.
– 600,000 GI’s fight; 80,000 are killed, wounded or
captured
– German losses 100,000; most Nazi leaders realize the
beginning of the end
Group Write
 Explain why Stalingrad and the Battle of
the Bulge marked two different turning
points for Germany during the war
What events marked
the end of the war in
Europe?
Think About It
 What do you think the VE in VE Day
stands for?
Yalta Conference
 Feb. 1945: Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin
meet and plan the final defeat of Germany
– Agree to split Germany into 4 zones, one each
under the control of the U.S., Britain, Soviet
Union, France
– Divides Berlin the same way (deep in the Soviet
zone)
 Stalin promises to enter the war against Japan
3 months after Germany falls, also free
elections in Eastern Europe
On to Berlin
 March 45’- German cities
continue to be bombed
 American forces move east
toward Berlin, Soviets
continue to move from west
– Capturing Berlin a matter of
honor to Soviets; surround
Berlin while another group
connects with American troops
on April 25
The End
 Soviets have Berlin
surrounded, Hitler
won’t leave city
– Commits suicide in an
underground bunker
April 30, 1945
 Germany surrenders
May 8, 1945
– VE Day
How did Germany’s
policies towards the
Jews and other
undesirables develop
from murder into
genocide?
Spit It Out
 What does the word genocide mean?
 What does the word holocaust mean?
Nazi Police
 Gestapo: secret police;
job to id and pursue
enemies of Nazi Regime
 SS: private army of Nazi
Party
Hermann Goering :
head of Gestapo
– Merged 1939
– Duty: protect party and
policies, guard camps
and ghettos
Heinrich Himmler:
head of the SS
Nazi Policies
 Official policy: Anti-Semitism
 Starting in 1933, Jewish businesses boycotted
 Nuremberg Laws 1935: stripped Jews of their
citizenship, outlaw marriage between Jews and
non-Jews
 1938: forced to sell businesses to Aryans at
fraction of cost
 Defined Jew as anyone having 3 Jewish
grandparents or practicing religion
– Id card- Red “J”
– Yellow star of David on clothes
Jewish Refugees
 1933-37, 130,000 flee with Nazi
encouragement
 World depression makes many
countries unwelcoming; many stop
admittance
 Many who fled come back under
Nazi control once they take most
of Europe
– Nazis est. ghettos
Kristallnacht
 “Night of Broken Glass”
 Nov 9, 1938
– Destroyed synagogues,
businesses, homes
– Thousands sent to camps
– Jews fined for the
damages
Mobile Killing Squads
 Round up undesirables put in gullies or in dug
pits and shot
 Hitler O.K.s in war zones but not in conquered
areas
 Jan 42’- “Final Solution”
– Plan: genocide
– Camps:
• Concentration camp: prison/labor/sometimes a hold over
• Labor camp
• Death camp
1000 Jews near Lubny, before
massacre; Oct 14, 1941
Picture to the Right: The boy's
murdered family lies in front
of him; the men to the left are
ethnic Germans aiding the
squad. Slarow, Soviet Union,
July 4, 1941.
Death Camps
 Shootings/gas chambers
– Zyklon B
 1st opened Auschwitz
 At 4 of 6 camps in Poland, people killed right
away
 Auschwitz and Majdanek- not able to work you
were gassed
– Work=life expectancy few months
– Auschwitz up to 12,000 could be gassed and cremated
in a day
• 1.5 million die here
Rescue/Liberation
 U.S. knew about as early as Nov 42’
– Jan 44’ FDR creates War Refugee Board (Congress
objects) to aid people threatened by Nazis
• Raise $ to help smuggle some out
 As Americans advance Nazis move prisoners to
camps in Germany
– 1000s die on death marches
 Year after the end of the war, Allies hold the
Nuremberg Trials to hold Nazi leaders
accountable; 24 tried, 12 get death sentence
What were the
characteristics of the
war in the Pacific?
How was the war
brought to an end?
Think About It
 What do you think is the most important
way the use of nuclear weapons has
changed the world?
War in the Pacific
 Deal was to focus on Europe 1st but the
U.S. does not stand idle against the threat
in the Pacific
 Pearl Harbor is not the only U.S. territory
attacked by the Japanese on Dec. 7, 1941
 So what do we do?….
Group Work
 Inferring Fill-ins: War in the Pacific
 Chapter 18, Section 4
Discussion Questions
 Why was it important that the Allies get
control of the Pacific Islands?
 Why were there so many casualties on both
sides?
 Explain the significance of the Battle of
Okinawa.
The Manhattan Project
 FDR notified that Germany is working on
an atomic bomb, so we begin…1939
 Field test 1st “A” Bomb July 16th, 1945 in
the desert of New Mexico
– Shattered windows 125 miles away
Should we use the Bomb?
 Other alternatives
1.Invade Japan
2. Naval blockade and traditional bombing
3. Bend demands for unconditional surrender
 Interim committee: recommends the bomb,
Truman gets final say (only in office for 3
months)
“Little Boy”
 Aug 6, 1945:
Hiroshima
 Enola Gay drops Little
Boy
– 80,000 die; more
wounded (fire, radiation
sickness, force of the
explosion)
– 90% of the cities
buildings are destroyed
or damaged
“Fat Man”
 Aug 9, 1945
 Bock’s Car drops Fat
Man
– Roughly 60,00070,000 die
– Destroys 40% of city
– Terrain lessens impact
Japan Surrenders
 Aug 14th- surrender
 Aug 15th- VJ Day
 Formal surrender:
Sept 2, 1945 on the
USS Missouri
Group Work
 Complete Activity: Put Yourself in
Truman’s Place