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Coral Reef Biodiversity Biodiversity The variety of the earth’s species, the genes they contain, the ecosystems in which they live and the ecosystem processes. Biodiversity is a vital natural resource Basic Concepts of Biological Diversity Genetic diversity: total # of genetic characteristics. Habitat diversity: total # different kinds of habitat in a given unit area. Species diversity: total # of a specific species, sub species or group of species 10 species; 100 ind, 87 elephants, 9 sp w/ 2 ind each 10 species; 100 ind, 10 ind each species Species Diversity Merely counting the number of species is not enough to describe biological diversity. Basic Concepts of Biological Diversity Genetic diversity: total # of genetic characteristics of a specific species, sub species or group of species. Habitat diversity: the different kinds of habitat in a given unit area. Species diversity: Species richness- total # of sp Species evenness- the relative abundance of sp Species dominance- the most abundant sp Diversity Index A diversity index is a mathematical measure of diversity in a community. Important to select area, understand what you are counting and be familiar with the organisms in order to do a DI What is the Diversity Index of that forest? Species Richness (diversity) Species richness not very informative Each community has 5 spp & 50 individuals Spp1 Comm A 10 Spp 2 10 Comm B 46 1 Spp 3 10 Spp 4 10 Spp 5 10 1 1 1 Take a few minutes to look over the spread sheet You will observe data gathered on 3 different ecosystems. 1.Write down 3 observations 2.Which ecosystems are more diverse; those with larger DI numbers or smaller ? Explain Take a few minutes to look over the spread sheet Write down 3 observations 1. Which ecosystems are more diverse; those with larger DI numbers or smaller ? Explain 2. Compare Ecosystems A and B- How do their indices compare? Each has 10 different species, Ecosystem A has only 29 organisms and Ecosystem B has over 300 Which has a healthier Diversity Index? Why 4. Compare the last two Ecosystem indices. What do you notice? DI Sample A pop. DI B pop. DI C pop. DI 29 0.1058 311 0.1067 4400 0.1209 Species 1 2 0.0048 23 0.0055 100 0.0005 Species 2 3 0.0107 23 0.0055 200 0.0021 Species 3 4 0.0190 34 0.0120 500 0.0129 Species 4 3 0.0107 22 0.0050 600 0.0186 Species 5 2 0.0048 33 0.0113 400 0.0083 Species 6 3 0.0107 44 0.0200 700 0.0253 Species 7 4 0.0190 33 0.0113 600 0.0186 Species 8 2 0.0048 22 0.0050 300 0.0046 Species 9 3 0.0107 33 0.0113 700 0.0253 Species 10 3 0.0107 44 0.0200 300 0.0046 Totals Diversity indices To get a better description of the community we need to get a measure of spp richness and evenness of their distribution Diversity indices Over 60 indices used in ecology Indices used to measure proportional abundance Two major forms: Dominance indices (e.g. Simpson index) Information indices (e.g. Shannon Weiner index) Simpson Diversity Index (D) It takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species D ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 representing infinite diversity and 1 representing no diversity Simpson Diversity D = (n (n -1)/N(N-1)) Index (D) s 1 1 Where: Ds = Bias corrected form for Simpson Index n1 = number of individuals of spp 1 N = Total number of spp in community In this form as diversity increases index value gets smaller Simpson Sugar Red YelloDiversity Red White Total w Maple Maple Oak Ash Index (D) Birch # Trees 56 48 12 6 3 ((56*55)/(125*124))+ ((48*47)/(125*124)) + …………. ….((3*2)/125*124)) = 0.35509 125 Diversity Lab DIRECTIONS: In this activity your "ecosystem" will be the school parking lot, and the "species" will be the different car models and colors. As a class, we will be comparing the species diversity of the student and staff parking lots. Quadrat Sampling • Students analyze images of two different reefs and make a hypothesis on the rate the health of each. • Transect studies are used to determine the biodiversity of two areas. In order to compare the two reef systems a line or path is used for sampling. A ten meter transect in the field is transferred to every 12 inches in the classroom • Students determine and classify the number and type of corals quadrat sampling method in the classroom. • Just because there are the same number of total organisms and species in two areas does not mean that they have the same biodiversity. • Conclusion should be made once data is collected. The hypothesis analyzed and new hypothesis typically formed based on the data. Quadrat Sampling Estimating percent cover on the benthos using a metre-square quadrat with string or fishing line strung across at 10 cm intervals. Transect and Quadrat Sampling Habitat A Common Coral Group HARD CORALS GORGON IANS Medium- Rusty Medium- Brown G-Rust G-Brow SOFT CORALS S-Tree Orange Tree Coral Dendronephthya genus H-Eleg Elegance Coral (Catalaphyllia jardinei) Ricordea Mushroom S-Rico Acropora Staghorn Coral Brain coral H-Stag family Faviidae H-Brai Coral Zoanthus Eagle Eye Grou S-ZoEy p Coun Zoanthus S-ZoBr Cyanobacteria covering coral ted if <1cm H-EuGr Green Hammer Coral Euphyllia H-EuBR Brown Habitat B A 1 3 2 B C Conclusion Quadrat Sampling • Just because there are the same number of total organisms and species in two areas does not mean that they have the same biodiversity. • Conclusion should be made once data is collected. The hypothesis analyzed and new hypothesis typically formed based on the data. Earth is home to a tremendous diversity of species • • • Ecosystem diversity- the variety of ecosystems within a given region. Species diversity- the variety of species in a given ecosystem. Genetic diversity- the variety of genes within a given species. Niches • • • Realized niche- the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species lives. This determines the species distribution, or areas of the world where it lives. Niche generalist- species that live under a wide range of conditions. Niche specialist- species that live only in specific habitats. The Fossil Record • Fossils- remains of organisms that have been preserved in rock. Much of what we know about evolution comes from the fossil record. The Five Global Mass Extinctions • Mass extinction- when large numbers of species went extinct over a relatively short period of time. The Sixth Mass Extinction • • • Scientists feel that we are in our sixth mass extinction, occurring in the last two decades. Estimates of extinction rates vary widely, from 2 % to 25% by 2020. In contrast to previous mass extinctions, scientists agree that this one is caused by humans.