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EGYPT: The Art of Immortality (pg. 8-9 The Annotated Mona Lisa Text) 1. Egyptian art remained unchanged for ______________________ years. Their overriding concern was assuring a __________________________ for their rulers, who were considered _______________________. 2. In the pursuit of permanence, the Egyptians established the essentials of a major civilization: _______________________, ________________________________ and ________________________________. 3. What is the “Rosetta Stone?” _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Who cracked the hieroglyphics code? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Since Egyptians believed the pharaoh’s ___________, or spirit, was ____________________, they stocked the tomb with ______________________________ for it to enjoy in perpetuity. 6. What were wall paintings and hieroglyphics in the tombs for ? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Why were portrait statues placed in the tombs? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Sculpture and paintings followed a rigid formula for representing the human figure. In acres of stone carvings and drawings, the human form is depicted with a front view of the _______________ and _______________________ and profile view of ______________, ______________________, and _________________________. In wall paintings, the surface is divided into ____________________________ bands separated by ___________________. 9. What does the size of a figure in Egyptian art indicate? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Since statues were intended to last __________________ , they were made of hard substances like _____________________ and _______________________. Whether standing or seated, they included _____________________________ parts. The pose was always ___________________________ and _______________________________, with arms close to the torso. Human anatomy was usually, at best, an ______________________________________. 11. QUEEN NEFERTITI, C. 1360 B.C. Nefertiti’s husband, Pharaoh Akhenaton, was a radical ___________________________ and an ___________________, who encouraged a temporary loosening of artistic conventions, seen in this more naturalistic representations of his wife (to the right). How does the picture (to the left) of Akhenaton and Nefertiti show both the old artistic conventions and a loosening of those conventions? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 12. MUMMY ART: To provide a durable receptacle for the deceased’s spirit, the Egyptians perfected the science of ________________________. Preserving the body began with extracting the deceased’s ___________________________ through the _____________________ with a metal hook. Viscera, like the ______________, __________________________, ______________________ and ________________ were removed and preserved in separate urns. What was left was then soaked in ______________ for more than a month, after which the pickled cadaver was literally _________________________________________________. The shriveled body was then _____________________, women’s breasts padded, the corpse swaddled in layers of bandages, and finally interred in nested coffins and a stone _____________________________.” 13. In 1881, ____________ dead king’s bodies were discovered, including that of _________________________, whose dried skin, teeth and hair were still intact. The _________________ year old monarch, in whose court ________________ grew up, was called “ _____________________” and with good reason; he fathered more than _____________ children during his opulent _____ year reign. Yet, when a customs inspector surveyed Ramses’ mortal remains during the transfer of the mummy of Cairo, he labeled it “ ______________________________________.” 14. General contracting for the GREAT PYRAMID – The Great Pyramid of ___________________ at ___________ is the largest stone structure in the world. Ancient Egyptians leveled its ______ acre site – the base a perfect _______________- so successfully that the southeast corner is only _____________inch higher than the northwest. Since the interior is an almost solid mass of _________________ slabs, massive weight of stone above. The Grand Gallery’s ceiling was ____________ and ____________ , while the king’s chamber had six ___________________ roofs above separate compartments to relieve stress and displace the weight of overhead blocks. Built in _________________B.C. to last forever, so far it has. If you were to construct the Great Pyramid, this is what you’d need: SUPPLIES: ___________________ limestone blocks, each weighing 2.5 tons, rudimentary _________________________ tools, ___________________ to float blocks from quarry on east side of Nile to west bank, ____________________________, temporary brick ramps, ______________________________ to haul stone to construction site, _______________________________ limestone facing to surface finished 480 –foot tall pyramid. LABOUR: ________________________ construction workers to move blocks weighing up to ______________tons, without benefit of draft ______________, the ________________, or block-andtackle. ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: _________ years 15. SCHEMATIC DESIGN OF THE PYRAMID – The inner design of the pyramid included two __________________ (1 and 2), which were left incomplete. The final _______________ (3) was reached through the ____________________(4), and was ventilated by two narrow ______________________ (5 and 6). After the _______________________ (7) was sealed from within by stone plugs, workmen in the Gallery escaped down a ______________ (8) and up the Descending Corridor (9). 16. KING TUT’S TOMB- In life, King Tutankhamen, who died at the age of _______, was unimportant. However, his ___________ is the only one to be discovered in its near-original condition. 17. Describe the funerary regalia that came from Tut’s tomb: _________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ EGYPT: The Art of Immortality (pg. 8-9 The Annotated Mona Lisa Text) ANSWERS* 1. Egyptian art remained unchanged for 3,000 years. Their overriding concern was assuring a comfortable afterlife for their rulers, who were considered GODS 2. In the pursuit of permanence, the Egyptians established the essentials of a major civilization: literature, medical science and higher mathematics 3. What is the “Rosetta Stone?” A slab of black basalt with the same inscription in three languages, including Greek hieroglyphics 4. Who cracked the hieroglyphics code? French linguist Jean-Francois Champollion 5. Since Egyptians believed the pharaoh’s Ka or spirit, was immortal they stocked the tomb with every earthly delight for it to enjoy in perpetuity. 6. What were wall paintings and hieroglyphics in the tombs for ? a form of instant replay, inventorying the deceased’s life and daily activities in minute detail 7. Why were portrait statues placed in the tombs? Provided an alternative dwelling place for the ka, in case the mummified corpse deteriorated and could no longer house it. 8. Sculpture and paintings followed a rigid formula for representing the human figure. In acres of stone carvings and drawings, the human form is depicted with a front view of the eye and shoulders and profile view of head, arms and legs. In wall paintings, the surface is divided into horizontal bands separated by lines 9. What does the size of a figure in Egyptian art indicate? The size of a figure indicated rank, with pharaohs presented as giants towering over pygmy-size servants 10. Since statues were intended to last eternally they were made of hard substances like granite anddiorite Whether standing or seated, they included few projecting parts. The pose was always frontal and bisymmetrical with arms close to the torso. Human anatomy was usually, at best, an approximation 11. QUEEN NEFERTITI, C. 1360 B.C. Nefertiti’s husband, Pharaoh Akhenaton, was a radical reformer and an artist who encouraged a temporary loosening of artistic conventions, seen in this more naturalistic representations of his wife (to the right). How does the picture (to the left) of Akhenaton and Nefertiti show both the old artistic conventions and a loosening of those conventions? Still follows rigid formula for representing human figure (side profile except eyes and shoulders – frontal) the figures appear a little less rigid and more curvy/ flowing (naturalistic) than conventional. Also the figures are fairly equal in size (even though king usually quite a bit bigger) 12. MUMMY ART: To provide a durable receptacle for the deceased’s spirit, the Egyptians perfected the science of embalming Preserving the body began with extracting the deceased’s brains through the nostril with a metal hook. Viscera, like the liver, lungs, stomach and intestines were removed and preserved in separate urns. What was left was then soaked in brine for more than a month, after which the pickled cadaver was literally hung out to dry. The shriveled body was then stuffed women’s breasts padded, the corpse swaddled in layers of bandages, and finally interred in nested coffins and a stone sarcophagus. 13. In 1881,40 dead king’s bodies were discovered, including that of Ramses II whose dried skin, teeth and hair were still intact. The 3,000 year old monarch, in whose court Moses grew up, was called The Great and with good reason; he fathered more than 100 children during his opulent 67 year reign. Yet, when a customs inspector surveyed Ramses’ mortal remains during the transfer of the mummy of Cairo, he labeled it “ dried fish” 14. General contracting for the GREAT PYRAMID – The Great Pyramid of Cheops at Giza is the largest stone structure in the world. Ancient Egyptians leveled its13 acre site – the base a perfect square so successfully that the southeast corner is only one half inch higher than the northwest. Since the interior is an almost solid mass of limestone slabs, massive weight of stone above. The Grand Gallery’s ceiling was tiered and braced while the king’s chamber had six granite slab roofs above separate compartments to relieve stress and displace the weight of overhead blocks. Built in 2600 B.C. to last forever, so far it has. If you were to construct the Great Pyramid, this is what you’d need: SUPPLIES: 2,300,000 limestone blocks, each weighing 2.5 tons, rudimentary copper and stone cutting tools and barges to float blocks from quarry on east side of Nile to west bank, log rollers temporary brick ramps, wooden sledges to haul stone to construction site, pearly white limestone facing to surface finished 480 –foot tall pyramid. LABOUR: 4,000 construction workers to move blocks weighing up to 15 tons, without benefit of draft animals the wheel or block-and-tackle. ESTIMATED COMPLETION TIME: 23 years 15. SCHEMATIC DESIGN OF THE PYRAMID – The inner design of the pyramid included two burial chambers (1 and 2), which were left incomplete. The final chamber(3) was reached through the grand gallery(4), and was ventilated by two narrow air shafts (5 and 6). After the _Ascending Corridor(7) was sealed from within by stone plugs, workmen in the Gallery escaped down a _shaft(8) and up the Descending Corridor (9). 16. KING TUT’S TOMB- In life, King Tutankhamen, who died at the age of _19 was unimportant. However, his tomb is the only one to be discovered in its near-original condition. 17. Describe the funerary regalia that came from Tut’s tomb: “everywhere the glint of gold” : the contents ranged from baskets of fruit and garlands of flowers still tinged with colour, a folding camp bed and a toybox, to four chariots completely covered with gold. Indeed gold was the prevailing decorating motif; golden couches, gilded throne, gold walls, a 6’2” coffin of solid gold as well as the now famous solid gold death mask covering the royal mummys face in the innermost of the three nested coffins *King Tut’s artifacts toured the world’s museums and attracted more visitors than any other single art show in history..