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Vocabulary Card Match Lesson 1 heat conduction The movement of thermal energy from warmer to cooler objects. The transfer of energy between two objects that are touching. convection The transfer of energy by flowing gases or liquids, such as the rising of warm air from a heater. conductor A material through which heat or electricity flows easily. insulator A material that slows or stops the flow of energy, such as heat, electricity, and sound. radiation The transfer of energy through space. Vocabulary Card Match Lesson 2 vibration A back-and-forth motion. sound wave An area of bunched-up and spread-out air particles that moves outward in all directions from a vibration. echo A repetition of a sound produced by reflection of a sound wave from a surface. frequency The number of wavelengths that pass a reference point in a given amount of time. pitch The highness or lowness of a sound as determined by its frequency. wavelength The distance from the top of one wave to the top of the next. amplitude The energy in a sound wave. volume 1. A measure of how much space matter takes up; 2. The loudness or softness of a sound. Lessons 1-2 Notes ALL sounds are made when matter vibrates. Vibrates: moves quickly back and forth Volume: the loudness or softness of a sound The more energy you put into a sound, the louder the sound. Ex.: When you shout you put a lot of energy into it. When you whisper, you use much less energy. You can make a drum sound loud or soft, depending on how much energy you put into it. Pitch: the highness or lowness of a sound Sound waves that have long wave lengths make a sound with a low pitch. The sound waves have short wave lengths, and the sound has a high pitch. Ex: If you pluck the thin strings of the guitar; they vibrate quickly and make a high pitch. If you pluck the thick strings, they vibrate slowly, and make a low pitch. Unpleasant sounds are called noise. Ex.: jet planes Listening to loud music or other loud sounds for long periods of time can cause hearing loss. Sounds waves CANNOT travel through empty space. They must travel through matter. Sounds travel faster in some materials than they do in others. How sound travels through AIR: How sound travels through WATER: How sound travels through WOOD: Stethoscope: an instrument used to listen to the sounds of the heart and lungs. It gathers sound and directs the sound waves into a person’s ear. Microphone: an instrument used to amplify voices, music, and other sounds. Electrical Signal: a form of energy that moves through a wire and amplifies sound. Amplify: to make stronger Bullhorn: an instrument with a built-in microphone that makes sound louder. Vocabulary Card Match Lesson 3 Prism A thick piece of glass that bends light, separating white light into bands of colored light. electromagnetic spectrum A range of all light waves of varying wavelengths, including the visible spectrum. refraction The bending of light as it passes from one transparent material into another. reflection The bouncing of light waves off a surface. opaque Completely blocking light from passing through. translucent Letting only some light through, so that objects on the other side appear blurry. transparent Letting all the light through so that objects on the other side can be seen clearly. Lesson 3 Notes Light is a form of energy that you can see, the light energy that you can see is called the visible spectrum. During or After it rains, IF the sun shines through water droplets in the air, the droplets break up the light into all different colors of the visible spectrum, making a rainbow. In the rainbow you can see the colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Sources of light are: sun, fire, and electric lights, candles, matches, and flashlights. When you shine a flashlight on an object nearby it shines brightly. When you shine a flashlight on an object farther away the light ISN’T as bright because it spreads out. Light energy moves in a straight line away from its source in waves. Light waves can move through empty space. Wavelength: the distance from a point on a wave to the same point on the next wave. The only kind of energy waves you can see are light waves. A laser light waves all have the same wavelength. Laser light can travel long distances without spreading. Transparent: allows light to pass through so that you can see what is behind it. Example: Water Translucent: allows light to pass through but scatters is so that whatever is behind it cannot be seen clearly. Example: Tissue paper Opaque: does not allow light to pass through. Example: Bricks You can see colors because white light is made up of all the colors. Transmit: to allow to pass through Absorb: to take in Reflect: to bounce back Seeing Color of Transparent and Translucent Objects Seeing Color of Opaque Objects Convex Lens: a lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges. Each of your eyes has a convex lens. When light rays hit the rough surface, they reflect in many different directions. You cannot see the image. Light sometimes bends or changes direction. Light travels at different speeds through different materials; this makes the stems below appear broken. Light travels faster through air than it does through water. When the rays move into the air, they change speed and bend. The stems look broken. Vocabulary Card Match Lesson 4 static electricity The buildup of electrical charge on an object or material. discharge The sudden movement of an electric charge from one object to another. circuit A path through which electric current can flow. current electricity The flow of electrical charges. series circuit parallel circuit A circuit in which electric current flows in the same direction along a single path. A circuit in which electric current flows through more than one path. Lesson 4 Notes All things are made up of matter. Matter is made up of small bits of electric charges. Electric charges can be positive charges or negative charges. charge positive charge (+) negative (-) Most objects have the same number of positive and negative charges. But this can change. For example, if someone rubs their feet on the carpet, they pick up extra negative charges. So, when someone has more negative charges than positive charges, the extra negative charges move to the positive charges in another person, and that’s how a shock is created. Electric charges in two things can cause pushing or pulling. When two objects have different charges, they pull together. When two objects have the same charge, they push away from each other. Electric Currents An electric current is the flow of negative charges through matter. An electric current can only flow when it has a closed path, or a closed circuit to flow through. A Closed Circuit Battery Gives electric current. Has positive and negative charges. Switch Opens and closes a circuit. Insulator The wire is covered in plastic and rubber. These are good insulators because the electric current does not pass through them easily. Wire The copper wire is a good conductor of electric current. A conductor is something that electric current passes through easily. Light bulb The light bulb has a wire inside that does not allow current to flow easily. This means it has a high resistance. The resistance causes the bulb to light up. Electric current flows only through a closed circuit. To open the circuit you turn off a switch or remove part of the path of the electric current. Every time you turn off a light, you open a closed circuit. Two types of circuits are a series circuit and a parallel circuit. Series circuit parallel circuit In a series circuit, many appliances are connected in one path. In a series circuit, all parts must be on in order for the other parts to work. If even one part is not working, the entire circuit will not work. In a parallel circuit, each bulb or appliance has its own path. In a parallel circuit, each bulb or appliance can be turned on and off separately. Using Electricity Safely Electric current produces heat and can start fires! The shock from a strong electric current traveling to your body can cause bad burns or even stop your heart. To Keep Safe Don’t Plug too many things into one outlet. Do not use frayed, cut, or broken electric cords. Unplug your hair drying or curling iron when you are not using it. Make sure anything that can burn easily is away from electric heaters. Never use electric appliances near water. Do not touch electric appliance or cords with wet hands. Vocabulary Card Match Lesson 5 attract repel To pull. To push away. pole One of two ends of a magnet, where the magnetic force is strongest. magnetic field The region around a magnet where its force attracts or repels. Lesson 5 Notes A magnet is anything that will attract, or pull, iron, steel, and certain other metals to it. Magnetism is the pulling or pushing force that exists around a magnet. Magnet magnetism A magnetic field is the space around a magnet where magnetism acts. Magnetic field Magnets have two ends called poles. The poles are the places on a magnet where magnetism is the strongest. The south seeking pole points south The north seeking pole points north *Like poles push apart (repel). Unlike poles pull together (attract). A compass is a small magnet that can turn freely. People use a compass to find directions. The compass has a north seeking pole that points towards the Earth’s north magnetic pole. The Northern Lights The northern lights are caused by the earth’s magnetic field. Charged particles from the sun are pulled and pushed into patterns in the sky near the earth’s magnetic poles. The particles react with gases in the air, making the brightly colored lights. Vocabulary Card Match Lesson 5 electromagnet A magnet formed when electric current flows through wire wrapped in coils around an iron bar. motor generator A device that changes electricity or other forms of energy into mechanical energy. A device that produces alternating current by spinning an electric coil between the poles of a magnet. It changes motion into electrical energy Lesson 5 Notes Continued Magnets and electricity are closely linked. You can make electricity using magnets. Electricity can be made from a magnet in several ways: 1. You can slide a magnet back and forth inside a coiled wire. 2. You can slide a coiled wire back and forth along a magnet. Most electric power is made by a large machine called a generator which is a machine that uses an energy source and a magnet to make electricity. Different generators Generators have huge magnets and huge coiled wires. They are too heavy to move by hand so they are powered by wind, rushing water, steam, or the burning of coal, gas, or oil. An electromagnet is a magnet made when electric current flows through a wire coil. If you pass electricity through a coiled wire, the wire becomes magnetic. When the electric current stops flowing, the wire loses its magnetism. electromagnet If you make an electromagnet by wrapping the wire around a metal bolt, you make an electromagnet that is stronger than if you just use a wire alone. Electromagnets can be turned on and off by opening and closing a switch. Some appliances that work with electromagnets are: A doorbell A fan A telephone