Download Europe and the World - Mr. Darby`s History

New Encounters, 1500-1800
Chapter 14
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Introduction
Many Europeans were not satisfied with
addressing domestic issues and began
to take long voyages for discovery and
adventure
 Magellan discovered the Strait of
Magellan which took him from the
Atlantic to the Pacific

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Introduction (cont)
Magellan’s crew went through many
hardships (not uncommon) before
arriving at the Philippines
 Magellan was killed by the natives but is
still remembered as the first person to
circumnavigate the globe

 Only one of five ships he started with
returned to Spain
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Introduction (cont)

Explorers like Magellan and their
voyages marked the beginning of a new
era
 Effected all peoples of the world
 Led to radical changes in the political,
economic and cultural life of the entire world
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Introduction (cont)

Between 1500 and 1800, European
power engulfed the world
 Europeans established colonies
 Spread laws, religion, and cultures
 In island regions, they firmly established rule
 In Africa and Asia, they had large impact on
local peoples
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Age of Expansion--Crucial
Transition from agrarian to commercial and
industrial capitalistic system
 Expansion also led to contacts with other
peoples that brought about the history of the
16 century and beyond

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Western Civilization expands with dynamic and
ruthless energy. By the 16th century, Portugal,
Spain, the Dutch Republic, England and France
were raised to prominence. This was the age of
expansion. It moved Europe from an agrarian
to a commercial and industrial capitalistic
system. European established new and long
lasting contacts with other peoples
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The Motives
Fantastic lands
 Economic Motives
 Religious Zeal

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Fantastic Lands
Europeans were long attracted to discovery
 Much literature about different lands
 The idea of adventure and discovery of the
truth
 Curiosity about the mythology of other lands

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Fantastic Lands

The Travels of John Mandeville
 Spoke of 30 foot giants
 Spoke of man-eating people
 Mysterious Christian kingdoms
 Mandeville had never traveled there
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Economic Motives
Expanding the economic themes of the
Renaissance, merchants, adventurers, and
government officials were interested in direct
route to the East
-Spices
-Precious metals
-New areas of trade
 Arab Intermediaries were expensive

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Economic Motives

Mongol conquests of the Muslims in the
13th century opened the door for
Europeans to travel east
 The Polos of Venice: Niccolo, Maffeo, and
Niccolo’s son, Marco
 Traveled to the court of Mongol leader,
Khubilia Khan
 Marco’s experiences in Travels
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Economic Motives
The conquests of the Ottoman Turks
and the breakdown of the Mongol
Empire closed the door over land
 Europeans now became interested in
reaching eastern land by sea
 Christopher Columbus has copy of
Marco Polo’s Travels when his Atlantic
vision of a voyage began

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Economic Motives

One Spanish conquistador explained
why he went to the new world, to
“served God and His Majesty, to give
light to those who were in the darkness,
and to grow rich, as all men desire to
do.”
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Religious Zeal
A crusading mentality, particularly with Spain
and Portugal, to bring Christianity to the
“heathens”
 Prince Henry, the Navigator, said to be
motivated by “his great desire to make
increase in the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ
and bring him to all the souls that should be
saved”

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Religious Zeal
Hernan Cortez, conqueror of Mexico,
saw it as his duty to instruct the natives
in the “holy Catholic faith”
 Spiritual and secular affairs both played
a part in the desire to conquer new
lands
 Money, glory, intellectual curiosity, and
spirit of adventure all played a role as
well

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The Means
Money
 Maps
 Ships and Sailing

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Money
Growth of central monarchies during
Renaissance increased authority and
resources
 Permitted nations to turn their energies
beyond their borders

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Three Major Countries



France—invasion of
Italy
Portugal—going
abroad
Spain—both Europe
and beyond
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
Wealth and
technology enables
three countries to
look beyond borders
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Maps

Portolani (charts) of medieval navigators and
mathematicians in 13th and 14th centuries
were better than maps
 More details of coastal regions and distances
 Drawn of flat scale—no consideration for earth’s
curve
 Good for short journeys only
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Maps

When seafarers
began to venture
away from coasts
 knowledge of the

Travel risks had to
be taken before
quality maps were
available
world’s shape
increased
 By end of 15th
century, maps were
fairly accurate
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Ptolemy
Astronomer from second century
 Showed world as sphere with three major
land masses
-Europe
-Asia
-Africa
 Underestimated circumference of earth and
size of oceans

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Ptolemy

Ptolemy’s Geography
containing world map
became available in 1477
 Known to Arab
geographers by 8th
century
 Latin translation not made
until 15th century
 Oceans and landmasses
smaller than actual size
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Ships and Sailing

New seaworthy ships developed by
Europeans
-Axial rudders—import from China
-Lateen sails
-Square rig
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Ships and Sailing
Mobil for warfare
 Could sail against wind
 Carry heavy cannon
 Quadrant was useless below the equator—
depended on position of Pole Star
 Compass and astrolabe helped
 Wind patterns learned

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Portuguese took the lead in European age of expansion
Began to explore the coast of Africa under sponsorship
of Prince Henry the Navigator
Sought Christian kingdom to ally against the
Muslims
Acquiring trade opportunities
Extending Christianity
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The Development of a
Portuguese Maritime Empire


Prince Henry
founded school for
navigation in
Portugal
Portuguese ships
exploring west coast
of Africa searching
for gold
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The Development of a
Portuguese Maritime Empire


Portuguese ships
brought cargo of
Africans sold as
slaves
Within 3 years, an
estimated 1000
slaves were brought
into Lisbon
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The Development of a
Portuguese Maritime Empire
Portuguese gradually crept down the
African coast
 Found gold at “hump” of Africa on the
West Coast—henceforth known as the
Gold Coast
 To facilitate trade in gold, slaves, and
ivory, Portuguese leased land

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The Portuguese in India
Sought route to India around Africa
 Bartholomeu Dias (1488) reached tip of
south Africa but returned fearing mutiny
 Vasco de Gama rounded cape and stopped
at several ports on east coast controlled by
Muslims
 De Gama crossed the Arabian Sea and
reached Calcutta, India

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The Portuguese in India

In India, de Gama said he was looking
for “Christians and spices”
 No Christians, but his ships “holds” filled with
spices earned his investors great profit

Portugal tried to establish blockade at
entrance to the Red Sea to block Muslim
traders
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The Portuguese in India

Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque set up
port facilities in Goa
 Became headquarters for Portuguese
operations
 From here, conducted raids against Muslim
traders
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In Search of Spices

Albuquerque seized the Muslim port of
Malacca on the Malay peninsula
 Short battle
 Massacred local Arab population
From Malacca, the Portuguese seized
control of spice trade from Muslims
 Established ports in India and China
 Portuguese empire remained small

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In Search of Spices

Why were the
Portuguese so
successful?
 Good battle tactics
 Good seamanship
 Heavy guns
 Good naval
technology
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Voyages to the New World
The Portuguese had sailed east for
discoveries
 The Spanish were attempting to sail
west for same discoveries
 The plentiful resources of Spain enabled
Spain to establish a larger empire than
the Portuguese

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The Voyages of Columbus




Christopher
Columbus was
Italian explorer
Sought East Indies
by going west
Rejected by
Portuguese
Supported by Queen
Isabella of Spain
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The Voyages of Columbus
Columbus figured the earth smaller and Asia
larger than believed
 Three ships: Santa Maria, Nina, and Pinta

 Crew of 90
 Set sail August 3, 1492
 Reached Bahamas October 12
 Continued to explore Hispaniola, current day
Cuba and Dominican Republic
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The Voyages of Columbus

Columbus believed he had reached Asia
 Persisted in called the natives “Indians”
 Reports to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand stated
he would find gold and convert the natives to
Christianity

In four voyages, Columbus landed on all major
Caribbean islands and Central America
mainland but failed to find Asia
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New Voyages

John Cabot
 Venetian seaman
 Explored New
England coastline
 License from King
Henry VII of England
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New Voyages

Pedro Cabral
 Portuguese sea
captain
 Accidentally
discovered South
America in 1500
 Stayed in Brazil for 10
days and moved on
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New Voyages

Amerigo Vespucci
 Florentine
 Accompanied several
voyages
 Wrote letters describing
voyages and world
geography
 Due to letters, people
started to call the New
World America
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New Voyages

Vasco Nunez de
Balboa
 Spanish explorer
 Expedition across
Isthmus of Panama
and reached Pacific
Ocean
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New Voyages

Ferdinand Magellan
 Sailed through strait




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name for him
Across Pacific to
Philippines
Killed by Philippine
natives
Only 1 of 5 ships
returned to Spain
First circumnavigation of
the globe
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New Voyages

Europeans saw opportunity in New World
 Conquest and exploitation would follow

Treaty of Tordesillas
 Divided New World into spheres of influence
 Spanish: most of South America and the route
across the Atlantic
 Portuguese: Cape of Good Hope and east
 Eastern hump of South America, both
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The Spanish Empire in the New
World

Conquistadors were
privately financed
 Superior weapons
and organizational
skills
 Benefitted from
rivalries among native
peoples
 Coronado and others
were Conquistadors
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Early Civilizations in
Mesoamerica


Mayan people
settled in Yucatan
Peninsula
300 A.D.
 Highly sophisticated
 Splendid temples and
pyramids
 Accomplished artists
 Accurate calendar
 Agrarian society
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Early Civilizations in
Mesoamerica


Mayans covered
much of covered
much of Central
America and
southern Mexico
Disappeared around
800 A.D., reason
unknown
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Early Civilizations in
Mesoamerica



Aztecs establish
capital in
Tenochtitlan around
1200 A.D. after long
migration
Location was on
island in middle of
Lake Texcoco
Current location of
Mexico City
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Early Civilizations of
Mesoamerica


Aztecs were
outstanding warriors
and builders
By 1500, they had
established their
dominion over much
of current Mexico,
Atlantic to Pacific
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Early Civilizations in
Mesoamerica

Aztec kingdom was
not a centralized
state but a collection
of semi-independent
territories
 Local rulers
confirmed by Aztec
ruler
 Territories paid tribute
to Aztec ruler
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Spanish Conquest of the Aztec
Empire



Spanish expedition
under Hernan
Cortez landed at
Veracruz
Cortez journeyed to
Tenochtitlan via
other states like
Tlaxcala
People had grown
tired of Aztec rule
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Aztec Life
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Spanish Conquest of the Aztec
Empire


Cortez made allies
with some states
Upon arriving in
Tenochtitlan, the
Aztec leader,
Moctezuma, mistook
him for a god who
had departed and
had now returned
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Spanish Conquest of the Aztec
Empire
Moctezuma received Cortez graciously
and heaped gifts of gold and other items
on him—Moctezuma being filled with
fear
 Spaniards wore out their welcome and
within a year the local natives attempted
to expel them
 Spaniards fled but Aztec people fell
dead by the thousand from smallpox

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Spanish Conquest of the Aztec
Empire
Aztec people had no natural immunity
 Cortez received fresh soldiers, 50,000
alone from Tlaxcala
 After 4 months, Cortez entered the city
and saw the devastation of the disease

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Spanish Conquest of the Aztec
Empire

Spanish committed great destruction
 Leveled pyramids, temples, and palaces
 Used stones to build government buildings
 Rivers and canals filled in

Between 1531-1550, Spanish controlled
northern Mexico
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The Inca


The Inca were
located in the
mountains of
southern Peru
Their leader,
Pachakuti, launched
a campaign to
control the region
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The Inca



Mud huts were
transformed to
impressive stone
buildings
Inca empire
extended to
Ecuador, central
Chile, and the edge
of the Amazon basin
Twelve million
people
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The Inca
Pachakuti divided his realm into four quarters
 Quarters were divided into provinces
 The emperor was at the top, believed to be
related to the sun god
 The Inca were great builders

 Their 28,800 miles of roads and accompanying
bridges, etc., were marvels
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Spanish Conquest of the Inca
Empire


Francisco Pizarro
landed on Pacific
coast of South
America December
1530
Had 180 men, steel
weapons,
gunpowder and
horses, all unknown
to Incas
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Spanish Conquest of the Inca
Empire


The Incans had
already been
devastated by
smallpox and were
in the middle of a
civil war
All good news for
Pizarro
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Spanish Conquest of the Inca
Empire



Pizarro’s troops,
including many
Incan allies, and
technology
overwhelmed the
Inca
He executed the
leader of the Inca
Pizarro established
Lima as the capital
of new colony
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Administration of the Spanish
Empire

Spanish policy towards the Indians of
the New World was confusion,
misguided paternalism, and cruel
exploitation
 Conquistadors made decisions based on
their own interests
 Queen Isabella declared the natives subject
to encomienda—to be subjects of Castile,
collecting tribute and using them as laborers
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Administration of the Spanish
Empire

However, the holders of encomienda
were to be good leaders and mentors to
the native peoples
 Protect them
 Pay them wages
 Supervise their spiritual needs

Settlers implemented the law different
from intent—3000 miles from Spain
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Administration of the Spanish
Empire

In practice, the encomienda produced
 Forced labor, starvation, and disease
○ Smallpox, measles, and typhus
 Thirty to forty percent died
Columbus arrived at Hispaniola—
100,000 people became 300
 Central Mexico—11 million people
became 2.5 million by 16th century

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Administration of the Inca Empire
Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas
championed the Indians and wrote
publications drawing attention to the
problem e.g., The Tears of the Indians
 The Spanish administrative system for
oversight was based on a system of
viceroys over certain areas and
reporting advisory/judicial groups called
audiencias

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Administration of the Spanish
Empire

The pope gave authority to the Catholic
monarchs of Spain to appoint all clergy,
build churches, collect fees, supervise
religious orders seeking to Christianize
natives
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Administration of the Spanish
Empire

Dominicans,
Franciscans, and
Jesuits fanned out
across the empire to
convert and baptize
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Administration of the Spanish
Empire


Institutional
structures of
Catholicism were
brought to the New
World
The Inquisition was
also brought to Peru
in 1570 and Mexico
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In the 15th century, Portugal and Spain had been the first
Atlantic nations to take advantage of the Age of
Exploration. In the 17th century, England, France, and
the Dutch would move forward to replace the
Portuguese and Spanish, impacting much of the rest of
the world.
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Africa: The Slave State


Originally, explorers
were trying to sail
around Africa, but soon
discovered they could
prosper by exploring
Africa itself
The Portuguese had
built trading forts along
the west coast, to be
seized later by Dutch
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Africa: The Slave State

Dutch East India Trading Company
established by government sponsorship
 Established settlement at Cape of Good Hope
 Re-supply point for Dutch ships sailing to Spice
Islands
 Developed into permanent colony
 Dutch farmers (Boers) settled outside Cape Town
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Africa: The Slave Trade
Coastal colonies did not effect most of
native African living inland
 People living on or near the coast,
however, were impacted
 During the 16th thru the 18th centuries,
millions of Africans were taken as slaves
and moved to the New World

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Origins of the Slave Trade

Traffic in slaves was
nothing new
 Had been practiced in
Africa since ancient
times
 By the 15th century, it
was continuing at a
steady level

Primary market had
been in Middle East
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Origins of the Slave Trade

Portuguese began
replacing European
slaves with those
from Africa
 About 1000 slaves
per year delivered to
Portugal
 Most wound up as
domestic servants to
wealthy Europeans
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Origins of the Slave Trade

Two things that
changed the slave
trade
 Discovery of
Americas
 Planting of sugar
cane in South
America and the
Caribbean
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Origins of the Slave Trade
Sugar caner introduced from Middle
East to Europeans during Crusades
 Portuguese established sugar
plantations off African coast
 Extended plantations to eastern Brazil
and the Caribbean
 Indian populations decimated by
disease

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Origins of the Slave Trade

Better climate in Brazil and Caribbean
for sugar cane than in Africa
 African slaves shipped to South America
and Caribbean
 First African slave shipments occured from
Portugal
 First African slave shipments directly from
Africa was via a Spanish ship
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Growth of the Slave Trade

Next two centuries saw triangular trade
connecting Europe, Africa, and
American continents
 European ships carried manufactured goods
(guns, gin, cloth) to Africa in trade for slaves
 Slaves were shipped to Americas for farm
goods (tobacco, rum, coffee, cotton, etc)
 Ships returned to Europe with goods
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Triangular Trade
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Growth of the Slave Trade
Time Frame
Numbers of Slaves
16th Century
 17th Century
 18th Century
 19th Century
 Note: About half
transported in British
ships, the rest in French,
Dutch, Portuguese,
Danish, later, American


5/7/2017
275,000
 1,000,000
 6,000,000
 2,000,000
Note: About 5% were
shipped to the United
States
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Growth of the Slave Trade
Journey of slaves from Africa is known
as the Middle Passage
 The high death rate was one reason for
so many being shipped

 Closely packed, 300-450 per ship
 Chained in holds without sanitary conditions
 Trip lasted 100 days; 10% death rate
 Death rates higher once at destination
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Middle Passage
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Growth of Slave Trade
Death rates lower for slaves born in New
World—immunity from diseases
 Slaves not encouraged to have
children—buying slaves cheaper than
raising them
 Europeans first bought slaves at slave
markets by trading gold, guns, textiles,
etc.

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Growth of Slave Trade

There have always been those who have
stated their concerns about slavery
 Letter from King of the Congo to King of Portugal,
“So great, sire, is the corruption and
licentiousness that out country is being
completely depopulated”

Europeans and Africans ignored protests—
local African rulers saw slavery as income
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Growth of Slave Trade

African middle
men—merchants,
local elites, or
rulers—were active
in the process
 Often able to dictate
price and number of
slaves to Europeans
 Payment to slave
merchant was often
made in textiles,
furniture, and guns
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Effects of the Slave Trade



Tragic effects on
slaves and their
families
Cheap manufactured
from Europe
undermined the local
cottage industries,
forcing people into
poverty
African communities
deprived of best
young men and
women
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Effects of the Slave Trade



African wars over
slaves
Decline in the quality
and character of
African states
Europeans
continued to view
blacks as inferior
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Effects of the Slave Trade
For a long time, the use of African slaves
was acceptable to Western society
 The Society of Friends (Quakers) began to
criticize slavery in 1770s
 Radical stage of French Revolution
abolished slavery in 1790s
 British followed the French in 1807
 Slavery continued in the U.S. until 1860s

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The West in Southwest Asia
Portugal was to too small to continue to
dominate in the Asia region
 Spain, however, established itself with
the landing of Magellan (although killed
there)
 The Dutch, however, was able to
dominate the English and the
Portuguese in Asian trade

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The West in Southeast Asia
Dutch were able to bring most of
Indonesia archipelago under their
control
 In Vietnam, expansion had brought civil
war and divided the nations into two
states—north and south

 French missionaries attempted to remain but
were often blocked by rulers
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The West and Southwest
Ultimately, the states of Burma, Vietnam,
and Thailand were able to drive out the
Europeans due to their cohesion as
states
 Indonesia was not able to remove the
European because they lacked the
cohesion and their spice produces were
enormously profitable

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The French and British in India


In 1498, the arrival
of the Portuguese
fleet saw an India
divided into Hindu
and Muslim
kingdoms
Unity would be
brought by a foreign
dynasty called the
Mughals
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The Mughal Empire


Babur was the
founder of the
dynasty
Babur’s grandson
brought Mughal rule
to most of India
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The Impact of the Western
Powers
First Europeans to India were Portuguese
 British and Dutch followed
 Dutch pulled out, emphasized spice trade
 French began to establish trading forts on
east coast but provided limited future
investment
 British consolidated control through under
the genius of Sir Robert Clive

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The Impact of the Western
Powers

Indian ruler had attacked British Fort William
and imprisoned the local British population in
the “Black Hole of Calcutta”
 An underground prison—many died

In a major turning point of British authority, a
British force defeated a much larger Mughalled army at the Battle of Plassey
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The Impact of the Western
Powers
As a result of the Battle of Plassey, the
British East India Company could collect
taxes from surrounding area
 During the Seven Year’s War (17561763), the British forced the French to
withdraw completely from India

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The Impact of the Western
Powers


The Battle of
Plassey marks the
gradual transfer of
India to the British
East India Company
and eventually to
the British
government as a
colony
Robert Clive listens
to terms
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Battle of Plassey
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China



Portuguese drop
anchor at China
1514
First time since
Marco Polo
China was most
magnificent
civilization on earth
at that time
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The Ming and Qing Dynasties
Ming had conquered Mongolia and
extended into Vietnam
 Suffering of epidemic caused uprising

 Revolt led by Li Zicheng
 Last Ming ruler committed suicide

Manchus of Manchuria defeated Li
 Created a new dynasty: Qing (pure)
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The Ming and Qing Dynasties

Qing blessed with
good rulers
 Good economy
 Restored peace
 Two monarchs:
Kangxi and Qianlong
○ Responsible for
greatness of Manchu
China
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Western Inroads
By 1750s, China was showing strains of
military campaigns and population
pressure for land
 Meanwhile, European nations were
growing strong and putting pressure on
China
 Russia and China had trade agreement
for furs and skins

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Western Inroads
England was replacing Portugal as the main
European country trading with China
 England operated through the East India
Company, establishing its first trading post at
Canton in 1699
 Qing limited contact with the British, keeping
them outside city limits and limiting
timeframe for trade

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Western Inroads
By the 18th century, the British wanted
more access
 The British were rejected by the Chinese
and China would later pay for its
protectionist policy

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Japan

After being near
anarchy in the 15th
century, the 16th
century saw Japan
achieve unification
 Under shogun
general Tokugawa
Ieyasu
 Most powerful and
longest lasting
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Opening to the West


Portuguese first
European to land at
Japanese ports in
1543
Francis Xavier
converted some
Japanese to
Christianity
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Opening to the West

Initially, visitors were
welcome—the
Japanese being
curious about
European goods
and using weapons
and firearms to
defeat enemies and
unify islands
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Opening the West
When missionaries interfered with local
politics, Tokugawa expelled them
 European traders were also expelled
except for a small contingent of Dutch

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The Americas
In the 16th century, Spain and Portugal
had established colonies in the
Americas
 By the 17th century, the British, French,
and Dutch also sought colonial empires
in the New World

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West Indies

British and French
empires in the New
World include large
part of the West
Indies
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West Indies
British




Barbados
Jamaica
Bermuda
French



Saint Dominique
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Note: Both developed
plantation economies,
worked African slaves,
produced tobacco,
cotton, coffee, and sugar
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West Indies

Sugar factories were highly prominent last
two decades of 18th century
 Britain’s Jamaica
○ 50,000 tons/year/200,000 blacks
 French’s Saint Domingue
○ 100,000 tons/year/500,000 blacks
○ 3000 plantations
○ High death rate
○ First successful uprising of slaves
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British North America

Nations ignored Spain’s claim to North
America
 The British argued, “prescription without
possession availeth nothing”

Dutch among first to establish settlements
 Henry Hudson discovered Hudson River
 Established mainland colony of New Netherlands
(New York)
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British North America
Present-day names like Staten Island and
Harlem tell us Dutch originally settled the
Hudson River Valley
 Competition from British and French and the
ensuing wars led to Dutch decline
 English seized New Netherlands from Dutch
and renamed it New York
 Dutch East India Company went bankrupt

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British North America
English began to establish colonies in
North America
 First settlement was Jamestown

 Barely survived
 Economic interests strong
 Religious freedom strong

Massachusetts Bay Colony had 4000
settlers in early years and 40,000 by
1660
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British North America

British North America came to consist of
13 colonies
 Thickly populated
 Prosperous
 Presumably run by: British Board of Trade,
the Royals Council, and Parliament
 Had legislatures that acted independently
 Port city merchants resented and resisted
regulation from the British government
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British North America

Mercantilist theory was assigned to both
the North American and West India
colonies
 Mercantilism focuses on the role of the state
to influence trade
 For the most part, the government of the
exporting country took measures to ensure
there was more exporting than importing
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French North America

French established a colonial empire in
North America
 By 1534, Jacques Cartier discovered the
Saint Lawrence River
 Cartier claimed Canada as French
possession
 Samuel de Champlain establishes
settlement in Quebec and France claims
Canada as its property and governs it like a
French province
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French North America
The French failed to populate their new
found lands—trouble convincing French
people to move to Canada
 Continental wars took precedence over
their conquest of the North American
continent
 Under the Treaty of Utrecht, France had
to cede some American possessions to
the British

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French North America
British and French both were rivalries for
trade in South America
 Decline of Spain and Portugal fostered
entry of France and Britain into the
lucrative South American market

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French North America

British approval for
entry into Spanish
areas given when
they were given
privilege, known as
asiento, of
transporting 4500
slaves per year into
Spanish Latin
America
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Europe’s discovery of the world outside in the
15th century led to a huge burst of commercial
activity and the beginning of a world market
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Economic Conditions in the
Sixteenth Century

Inflation became a major economic
problem in the16th century
 Relatively modest (for today) 2-3% per year
 People used to a stable price index
 Impact on wheat felt
Wage earners and agricultural workers
saw their standard of living drop
 Commercial and industrial
entrepreneurs saw growth

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Economic Conditions in the
Sixteenth Century

Some historians saw
stimulus to
investment and
growth of capitalism
fostering economic
expansion and
prosperity in the 16th
century
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Economic Conditions in the
Sixteenth Century

Governments were
impacted by
inflation as they
borrowed money
and increased
taxes, stirring
discontent
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Economic Conditions in the
Sixteenth Century


Many historians now
believe the increase
in population played
important role in
inflation
Growing population
increased the need
for land and food
and drove up prices
for both
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The Growth of Commercial
Capitalism

Commercial capitalism grew for several
reasons, chief among are:
 Improved navigation and discovery of water
routes linking commercial sources
 Improved investment systems including
joint-stock companies
 Companies improving technology and
banking cooperation
 Improved banking institutions
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The Growth of Commercial
Capitalism

Improved transportation through
waterways
 The expansion of overseas trade was
fostered by the link of water routes involving
the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, Baltic, and
other water routes
 Made Europe a more integrated market
 People became more vulnerable to price
spikes
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The Growth of Commercial
Capitalism

New forms of commercial organizations
and investment companies
 Joint-Stock companies managed the
purchased of shares in companies and
providing returns (dividends)
 First ten years of investment returned 30%
on some companies
 Easier to raise large amounts of money in a
hurry
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The Growth of Commercial
Capitalism


Technological
innovations in mining,
metallurgy,
shipbuilding, etc.,
fostered close
relationships between
entrepreneurs,
governments ,and
banks
Huge profits could
made but businesses
involved in such huge
sums can be
precarious
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The Growth of Commercial
Capitalism


Family banks could
no longer supply the
numerous banking
services needed
City of Amsterdam
set up the Bank of
Amsterdam
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The Growth of Commercial
Capitalism



Despite the growth
of capitalism, at
least 80% of the
people still worked
the land
Most were free of
serfdom
Peasants saw little
improvements to
their lives—higher
rents, taxes, etc.
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Mercantilism
Mercantilism focused on the nation-state
having great influence on its trading
policies
 Government would ensure that exports
are greater than imports, roads are
constructed to foster trade, and
subsidies are granted to create trade
companies

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Mercantilism
Mercantilists believed that prosperity of
a nation was contingent on the amount
of gold and silver on hand
 A positive balance of trade would result
in more gold or silver in the country
 High tariffs would keep competitors out
of the nation establishing them
 Colonies were also deemed valuable as
suppliers of raw materials

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Overseas Trade and Colonies:
Movement toward Globalization


European nations
embarked on
international
commerce in the
17th century
The volume
increased but more
important, the value
of the goods
increased
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Overseas Trade and Colonies:
Movement toward Globalization



Goods were of
interest to all
classes of people
Pepper, spices,
sugar, coffee, tea,
etc.
Trade within Europe
remained strong but
outside Europe
trade boomed
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Overseas Trade and Colonies:
Movement toward Globalization


The expanse and
volume of trade
among continents,
nations, regions,
etc., led historians to
proclaim a global
economy in the 18th
century
Interlocked Europe,
Africa, the East, and
the Americas
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The Atlantic nations of “Europe moved to all
parts of the world between 1500 and 1800. As
Spain and Portugal declined in world
prominence followed by the Dutch, it soon
became evident that Great Britain would
become the dominant world imperial power.
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The Conquered
Native American civilizations, so unique
and sophisticated in their way, were
virtually destroyed where Europeans
dominated.
 European institutions, religions,
language, and culture replaced native
features where Europeans dominated
 Domination was more intense on the
coastal regions

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The Conquered



For example, the
slave trade
devastated coastal
Africa, but had little
effect inland
Portuguese trading
posts had little impact
on Asian culture
The Dutch did control
the Indonesia
archipelago
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The Conquered
In Central and South America, new
civilizations rose—we now call them
Latin America
 Multiracial society—Latin America

 Spanish rulers authorized intermarriages
with native peoples
 Over three centuries, eight million slaves
brought to Latin America
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The Conquest


Mulattoes: offspring
of Africans and
whites
Mestizos:
descendents of
whites, Africans, and
native Indians
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The Conquered

Europeans changed ecology
 Brought horses and cattle to Americas
 South America became exporter of beef
 Europeans brought new crops such as
wheat and sugar cane

Europeans introduced sweet potatoes
and maize (Indian corn) to Africa in 16th
century
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Catholic Missionaries

The Catholics were far more active than
Protestants in attempting to spread
Christianity
 Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits
 Spanish and Portuguese
 Enhanced church power

Missionaries created missions (villages)
for enhanced control of natives—also
serving as military barriers
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Catholic Missionaries

Catholic Church positive deeds
 Constructed hospitals, orphanages, and
schools
 Taught reading, writing, and arithmetic
 Nunneries were places of prayer
 Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz—famous literary
figure of 17th century--urged women to be
educated
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Catholic Missionaries
Missionaries made long voyages to the
Far East
 In China, missionaries used items like
clocks to impress the Chinese
 Jesuits taught similarity of their religion
Christianity and Confucian morality
 Through personal example and subtle
teaching, there were many Chinese
converts

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Catholic Missionaries
Several hundred Chinese officials and
about 300,000 Chinese citizens
converted in the 18th century
 Jesuits permitted converts to still
practice some of their ancestor worship
 Jealous Dominicans and Franciscans
became jealous and wrote the pope who
condemned the practice
 China began to suppress Christianity

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Catholic Missionaries
Jesuits had some success in Japan in
16th century
 Jesuits had practice of destroying idols
and Franciscans followed suit
 As missionaries interfered with local
politics, they were expelled
 Christians were persecuted thereafter

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The Conquerors
For some Europeans, expansion
brought hope of land, riches, and social
advancement
 Many “poor young men” left Spain to
find their future…become “gentlemen”
 Some women found opportunities to
marry men of landed estates and ended
up owning those lands

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The Conquerors—The Columbian
Exchange

Europeans sought
gold and silver in the
New World
 Deposits found in
Mexico and Peru
 Value of precious
metals increased with
precious metal
imports
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The Conquerors

Crops from/native to
the Americas
exported to
Europe—potatoes
most important
 Long life/population
increase
 Easily stored
 Very nutritious

Plants/animals
exported to
Americas
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The Conquerors

European lifestyles
changed
 New foods and drinks
○ Chocolate, coffee, tea
 First coffee houses,
1650s
 Chinese furniture and
porcelain
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The Conquerors

European expansion
led to rivalries
 Conflicts over
cargoes
 Rivalries led to statesponsored piracy
 The Anglo-Dutch
trade wars
 British and French
warfare over North
America and India
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The Conquerors

Expansion led to new world views
 More accurate maps gave more realistic
world view
 Mercator projection by Gerardus Mercator
○ Shapes of land masses more important than
size of land mass
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The Conquerors

Europeans had mixed views of new
peoples
 Sub-human
 Refreshingly natural
 Natives should be converted
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Conclusion
End of 15th century, Portuguese began
sailing all directions
 Then came Columbus, da Gama, and
others
 By the end of the 18th century, a global
trade network was dominated by
Western ships and Western power

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Conclusion

In 300 years, the European Age of
Exploration changed the shape of the
world
 Destruction of some indigenous civilizations
 Left civilizations intact but had strong impact
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Conclusion

At the time, exploration seen as positive
 Introduce “heathens” to Christ
 Expanded trade
 Crop exchanges

The best with the worst
 Greedy plundering
 Repression
 Slavery

Europeans saw their culture as worthy of
exportation throughout the world
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