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New Encounters, 1500-1800 Chapter 14 5/7/2017 John 3:16 1 Introduction Many Europeans were not satisfied with addressing domestic issues and began to take long voyages for discovery and adventure Magellan discovered the Strait of Magellan which took him from the Atlantic to the Pacific 5/7/2017 John 3:16 2 Introduction (cont) Magellan’s crew went through many hardships (not uncommon) before arriving at the Philippines Magellan was killed by the natives but is still remembered as the first person to circumnavigate the globe Only one of five ships he started with returned to Spain 5/7/2017 John 3:16 3 Introduction (cont) Explorers like Magellan and their voyages marked the beginning of a new era Effected all peoples of the world Led to radical changes in the political, economic and cultural life of the entire world 5/7/2017 John 3:16 4 Introduction (cont) Between 1500 and 1800, European power engulfed the world Europeans established colonies Spread laws, religion, and cultures In island regions, they firmly established rule In Africa and Asia, they had large impact on local peoples 5/7/2017 John 3:16 5 Age of Expansion--Crucial Transition from agrarian to commercial and industrial capitalistic system Expansion also led to contacts with other peoples that brought about the history of the 16 century and beyond 5/7/2017 John 3:16 6 Western Civilization expands with dynamic and ruthless energy. By the 16th century, Portugal, Spain, the Dutch Republic, England and France were raised to prominence. This was the age of expansion. It moved Europe from an agrarian to a commercial and industrial capitalistic system. European established new and long lasting contacts with other peoples 5/7/2017 John 3:16 7 The Motives Fantastic lands Economic Motives Religious Zeal 5/7/2017 John 3:16 8 Fantastic Lands Europeans were long attracted to discovery Much literature about different lands The idea of adventure and discovery of the truth Curiosity about the mythology of other lands 5/7/2017 John 3:16 9 Fantastic Lands The Travels of John Mandeville Spoke of 30 foot giants Spoke of man-eating people Mysterious Christian kingdoms Mandeville had never traveled there 5/7/2017 John 3:16 10 Economic Motives Expanding the economic themes of the Renaissance, merchants, adventurers, and government officials were interested in direct route to the East -Spices -Precious metals -New areas of trade Arab Intermediaries were expensive 5/7/2017 John 3:16 11 Economic Motives Mongol conquests of the Muslims in the 13th century opened the door for Europeans to travel east The Polos of Venice: Niccolo, Maffeo, and Niccolo’s son, Marco Traveled to the court of Mongol leader, Khubilia Khan Marco’s experiences in Travels 5/7/2017 John 3:16 12 Economic Motives The conquests of the Ottoman Turks and the breakdown of the Mongol Empire closed the door over land Europeans now became interested in reaching eastern land by sea Christopher Columbus has copy of Marco Polo’s Travels when his Atlantic vision of a voyage began 5/7/2017 John 3:16 13 Economic Motives One Spanish conquistador explained why he went to the new world, to “served God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in the darkness, and to grow rich, as all men desire to do.” 5/7/2017 John 3:16 14 Religious Zeal A crusading mentality, particularly with Spain and Portugal, to bring Christianity to the “heathens” Prince Henry, the Navigator, said to be motivated by “his great desire to make increase in the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ and bring him to all the souls that should be saved” 5/7/2017 John 3:16 15 Religious Zeal Hernan Cortez, conqueror of Mexico, saw it as his duty to instruct the natives in the “holy Catholic faith” Spiritual and secular affairs both played a part in the desire to conquer new lands Money, glory, intellectual curiosity, and spirit of adventure all played a role as well 5/7/2017 John 3:16 16 The Means Money Maps Ships and Sailing 5/7/2017 John 3:16 17 Money Growth of central monarchies during Renaissance increased authority and resources Permitted nations to turn their energies beyond their borders 5/7/2017 John 3:16 18 Three Major Countries France—invasion of Italy Portugal—going abroad Spain—both Europe and beyond 5/7/2017 Wealth and technology enables three countries to look beyond borders John 3:16 19 Maps Portolani (charts) of medieval navigators and mathematicians in 13th and 14th centuries were better than maps More details of coastal regions and distances Drawn of flat scale—no consideration for earth’s curve Good for short journeys only 5/7/2017 John 3:16 20 Maps When seafarers began to venture away from coasts knowledge of the Travel risks had to be taken before quality maps were available world’s shape increased By end of 15th century, maps were fairly accurate 5/7/2017 John 3:16 21 Ptolemy Astronomer from second century Showed world as sphere with three major land masses -Europe -Asia -Africa Underestimated circumference of earth and size of oceans 5/7/2017 John 3:16 22 Ptolemy Ptolemy’s Geography containing world map became available in 1477 Known to Arab geographers by 8th century Latin translation not made until 15th century Oceans and landmasses smaller than actual size 5/7/2017 John 3:16 23 Ships and Sailing New seaworthy ships developed by Europeans -Axial rudders—import from China -Lateen sails -Square rig 5/7/2017 John 3:16 24 Ships and Sailing Mobil for warfare Could sail against wind Carry heavy cannon Quadrant was useless below the equator— depended on position of Pole Star Compass and astrolabe helped Wind patterns learned 5/7/2017 John 3:16 25 Portuguese took the lead in European age of expansion Began to explore the coast of Africa under sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator Sought Christian kingdom to ally against the Muslims Acquiring trade opportunities Extending Christianity 5/7/2017 John 3:16 26 The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire Prince Henry founded school for navigation in Portugal Portuguese ships exploring west coast of Africa searching for gold 5/7/2017 John 3:16 27 The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire Portuguese ships brought cargo of Africans sold as slaves Within 3 years, an estimated 1000 slaves were brought into Lisbon 5/7/2017 John 3:16 28 The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire Portuguese gradually crept down the African coast Found gold at “hump” of Africa on the West Coast—henceforth known as the Gold Coast To facilitate trade in gold, slaves, and ivory, Portuguese leased land 5/7/2017 John 3:16 29 The Portuguese in India Sought route to India around Africa Bartholomeu Dias (1488) reached tip of south Africa but returned fearing mutiny Vasco de Gama rounded cape and stopped at several ports on east coast controlled by Muslims De Gama crossed the Arabian Sea and reached Calcutta, India 5/7/2017 John 3:16 30 The Portuguese in India In India, de Gama said he was looking for “Christians and spices” No Christians, but his ships “holds” filled with spices earned his investors great profit Portugal tried to establish blockade at entrance to the Red Sea to block Muslim traders 5/7/2017 John 3:16 31 The Portuguese in India Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque set up port facilities in Goa Became headquarters for Portuguese operations From here, conducted raids against Muslim traders 5/7/2017 John 3:16 32 In Search of Spices Albuquerque seized the Muslim port of Malacca on the Malay peninsula Short battle Massacred local Arab population From Malacca, the Portuguese seized control of spice trade from Muslims Established ports in India and China Portuguese empire remained small 5/7/2017 John 3:16 33 In Search of Spices Why were the Portuguese so successful? Good battle tactics Good seamanship Heavy guns Good naval technology 5/7/2017 John 3:16 34 Voyages to the New World The Portuguese had sailed east for discoveries The Spanish were attempting to sail west for same discoveries The plentiful resources of Spain enabled Spain to establish a larger empire than the Portuguese 5/7/2017 John 3:16 35 The Voyages of Columbus Christopher Columbus was Italian explorer Sought East Indies by going west Rejected by Portuguese Supported by Queen Isabella of Spain 5/7/2017 John 3:16 36 The Voyages of Columbus Columbus figured the earth smaller and Asia larger than believed Three ships: Santa Maria, Nina, and Pinta Crew of 90 Set sail August 3, 1492 Reached Bahamas October 12 Continued to explore Hispaniola, current day Cuba and Dominican Republic 5/7/2017 John 3:16 37 The Voyages of Columbus Columbus believed he had reached Asia Persisted in called the natives “Indians” Reports to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand stated he would find gold and convert the natives to Christianity In four voyages, Columbus landed on all major Caribbean islands and Central America mainland but failed to find Asia 5/7/2017 John 3:16 38 New Voyages John Cabot Venetian seaman Explored New England coastline License from King Henry VII of England 5/7/2017 John 3:16 39 New Voyages Pedro Cabral Portuguese sea captain Accidentally discovered South America in 1500 Stayed in Brazil for 10 days and moved on 5/7/2017 John 3:16 40 New Voyages Amerigo Vespucci Florentine Accompanied several voyages Wrote letters describing voyages and world geography Due to letters, people started to call the New World America 5/7/2017 John 3:16 41 New Voyages Vasco Nunez de Balboa Spanish explorer Expedition across Isthmus of Panama and reached Pacific Ocean 5/7/2017 John 3:16 42 New Voyages Ferdinand Magellan Sailed through strait 5/7/2017 name for him Across Pacific to Philippines Killed by Philippine natives Only 1 of 5 ships returned to Spain First circumnavigation of the globe John 3:16 43 New Voyages Europeans saw opportunity in New World Conquest and exploitation would follow Treaty of Tordesillas Divided New World into spheres of influence Spanish: most of South America and the route across the Atlantic Portuguese: Cape of Good Hope and east Eastern hump of South America, both 5/7/2017 John 3:16 44 The Spanish Empire in the New World Conquistadors were privately financed Superior weapons and organizational skills Benefitted from rivalries among native peoples Coronado and others were Conquistadors 5/7/2017 John 3:16 45 Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica Mayan people settled in Yucatan Peninsula 300 A.D. Highly sophisticated Splendid temples and pyramids Accomplished artists Accurate calendar Agrarian society 5/7/2017 John 3:16 46 Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica Mayans covered much of covered much of Central America and southern Mexico Disappeared around 800 A.D., reason unknown 5/7/2017 John 3:16 47 Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica Aztecs establish capital in Tenochtitlan around 1200 A.D. after long migration Location was on island in middle of Lake Texcoco Current location of Mexico City 5/7/2017 John 3:16 48 Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica Aztecs were outstanding warriors and builders By 1500, they had established their dominion over much of current Mexico, Atlantic to Pacific 5/7/2017 John 3:16 49 Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica Aztec kingdom was not a centralized state but a collection of semi-independent territories Local rulers confirmed by Aztec ruler Territories paid tribute to Aztec ruler 5/7/2017 John 3:16 50 Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Spanish expedition under Hernan Cortez landed at Veracruz Cortez journeyed to Tenochtitlan via other states like Tlaxcala People had grown tired of Aztec rule 5/7/2017 John 3:16 51 Aztec Life 5/7/2017 John 3:16 52 Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Cortez made allies with some states Upon arriving in Tenochtitlan, the Aztec leader, Moctezuma, mistook him for a god who had departed and had now returned 5/7/2017 John 3:16 53 Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Moctezuma received Cortez graciously and heaped gifts of gold and other items on him—Moctezuma being filled with fear Spaniards wore out their welcome and within a year the local natives attempted to expel them Spaniards fled but Aztec people fell dead by the thousand from smallpox 5/7/2017 John 3:16 54 Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Aztec people had no natural immunity Cortez received fresh soldiers, 50,000 alone from Tlaxcala After 4 months, Cortez entered the city and saw the devastation of the disease 5/7/2017 John 3:16 55 Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire Spanish committed great destruction Leveled pyramids, temples, and palaces Used stones to build government buildings Rivers and canals filled in Between 1531-1550, Spanish controlled northern Mexico 5/7/2017 John 3:16 56 The Inca The Inca were located in the mountains of southern Peru Their leader, Pachakuti, launched a campaign to control the region 5/7/2017 John 3:16 57 The Inca Mud huts were transformed to impressive stone buildings Inca empire extended to Ecuador, central Chile, and the edge of the Amazon basin Twelve million people 5/7/2017 John 3:16 58 The Inca Pachakuti divided his realm into four quarters Quarters were divided into provinces The emperor was at the top, believed to be related to the sun god The Inca were great builders Their 28,800 miles of roads and accompanying bridges, etc., were marvels 5/7/2017 John 3:16 59 Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire Francisco Pizarro landed on Pacific coast of South America December 1530 Had 180 men, steel weapons, gunpowder and horses, all unknown to Incas 5/7/2017 John 3:16 60 Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire The Incans had already been devastated by smallpox and were in the middle of a civil war All good news for Pizarro 5/7/2017 John 3:16 61 Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire Pizarro’s troops, including many Incan allies, and technology overwhelmed the Inca He executed the leader of the Inca Pizarro established Lima as the capital of new colony 5/7/2017 John 3:16 62 Administration of the Spanish Empire Spanish policy towards the Indians of the New World was confusion, misguided paternalism, and cruel exploitation Conquistadors made decisions based on their own interests Queen Isabella declared the natives subject to encomienda—to be subjects of Castile, collecting tribute and using them as laborers 5/7/2017 John 3:16 63 Administration of the Spanish Empire However, the holders of encomienda were to be good leaders and mentors to the native peoples Protect them Pay them wages Supervise their spiritual needs Settlers implemented the law different from intent—3000 miles from Spain 5/7/2017 John 3:16 64 Administration of the Spanish Empire In practice, the encomienda produced Forced labor, starvation, and disease ○ Smallpox, measles, and typhus Thirty to forty percent died Columbus arrived at Hispaniola— 100,000 people became 300 Central Mexico—11 million people became 2.5 million by 16th century 5/7/2017 John 3:16 65 Administration of the Inca Empire Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas championed the Indians and wrote publications drawing attention to the problem e.g., The Tears of the Indians The Spanish administrative system for oversight was based on a system of viceroys over certain areas and reporting advisory/judicial groups called audiencias 5/7/2017 John 3:16 66 Administration of the Spanish Empire The pope gave authority to the Catholic monarchs of Spain to appoint all clergy, build churches, collect fees, supervise religious orders seeking to Christianize natives 5/7/2017 John 3:16 67 Administration of the Spanish Empire Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits fanned out across the empire to convert and baptize 5/7/2017 John 3:16 68 Administration of the Spanish Empire Institutional structures of Catholicism were brought to the New World The Inquisition was also brought to Peru in 1570 and Mexico 5/7/2017 John 3:16 69 In the 15th century, Portugal and Spain had been the first Atlantic nations to take advantage of the Age of Exploration. In the 17th century, England, France, and the Dutch would move forward to replace the Portuguese and Spanish, impacting much of the rest of the world. 5/7/2017 John 3:16 70 Africa: The Slave State Originally, explorers were trying to sail around Africa, but soon discovered they could prosper by exploring Africa itself The Portuguese had built trading forts along the west coast, to be seized later by Dutch 5/7/2017 John 3:16 71 Africa: The Slave State Dutch East India Trading Company established by government sponsorship Established settlement at Cape of Good Hope Re-supply point for Dutch ships sailing to Spice Islands Developed into permanent colony Dutch farmers (Boers) settled outside Cape Town 5/7/2017 John 3:16 72 Africa: The Slave Trade Coastal colonies did not effect most of native African living inland People living on or near the coast, however, were impacted During the 16th thru the 18th centuries, millions of Africans were taken as slaves and moved to the New World 5/7/2017 John 3:16 73 Origins of the Slave Trade Traffic in slaves was nothing new Had been practiced in Africa since ancient times By the 15th century, it was continuing at a steady level Primary market had been in Middle East 5/7/2017 John 3:16 74 Origins of the Slave Trade Portuguese began replacing European slaves with those from Africa About 1000 slaves per year delivered to Portugal Most wound up as domestic servants to wealthy Europeans 5/7/2017 John 3:16 75 Origins of the Slave Trade Two things that changed the slave trade Discovery of Americas Planting of sugar cane in South America and the Caribbean 5/7/2017 John 3:16 76 Origins of the Slave Trade Sugar caner introduced from Middle East to Europeans during Crusades Portuguese established sugar plantations off African coast Extended plantations to eastern Brazil and the Caribbean Indian populations decimated by disease 5/7/2017 John 3:16 77 Origins of the Slave Trade Better climate in Brazil and Caribbean for sugar cane than in Africa African slaves shipped to South America and Caribbean First African slave shipments occured from Portugal First African slave shipments directly from Africa was via a Spanish ship 5/7/2017 John 3:16 78 Growth of the Slave Trade Next two centuries saw triangular trade connecting Europe, Africa, and American continents European ships carried manufactured goods (guns, gin, cloth) to Africa in trade for slaves Slaves were shipped to Americas for farm goods (tobacco, rum, coffee, cotton, etc) Ships returned to Europe with goods 5/7/2017 John 3:16 79 Triangular Trade 5/7/2017 John 3:16 80 Growth of the Slave Trade Time Frame Numbers of Slaves 16th Century 17th Century 18th Century 19th Century Note: About half transported in British ships, the rest in French, Dutch, Portuguese, Danish, later, American 5/7/2017 275,000 1,000,000 6,000,000 2,000,000 Note: About 5% were shipped to the United States John 3:16 81 Growth of the Slave Trade Journey of slaves from Africa is known as the Middle Passage The high death rate was one reason for so many being shipped Closely packed, 300-450 per ship Chained in holds without sanitary conditions Trip lasted 100 days; 10% death rate Death rates higher once at destination 5/7/2017 John 3:16 82 Middle Passage 5/7/2017 John 3:16 83 Growth of Slave Trade Death rates lower for slaves born in New World—immunity from diseases Slaves not encouraged to have children—buying slaves cheaper than raising them Europeans first bought slaves at slave markets by trading gold, guns, textiles, etc. 5/7/2017 John 3:16 84 Growth of Slave Trade There have always been those who have stated their concerns about slavery Letter from King of the Congo to King of Portugal, “So great, sire, is the corruption and licentiousness that out country is being completely depopulated” Europeans and Africans ignored protests— local African rulers saw slavery as income 5/7/2017 John 3:16 85 Growth of Slave Trade African middle men—merchants, local elites, or rulers—were active in the process Often able to dictate price and number of slaves to Europeans Payment to slave merchant was often made in textiles, furniture, and guns 5/7/2017 John 3:16 86 Effects of the Slave Trade Tragic effects on slaves and their families Cheap manufactured from Europe undermined the local cottage industries, forcing people into poverty African communities deprived of best young men and women 5/7/2017 John 3:16 87 Effects of the Slave Trade African wars over slaves Decline in the quality and character of African states Europeans continued to view blacks as inferior 5/7/2017 John 3:16 88 Effects of the Slave Trade For a long time, the use of African slaves was acceptable to Western society The Society of Friends (Quakers) began to criticize slavery in 1770s Radical stage of French Revolution abolished slavery in 1790s British followed the French in 1807 Slavery continued in the U.S. until 1860s 5/7/2017 John 3:16 89 The West in Southwest Asia Portugal was to too small to continue to dominate in the Asia region Spain, however, established itself with the landing of Magellan (although killed there) The Dutch, however, was able to dominate the English and the Portuguese in Asian trade 5/7/2017 John 3:16 90 The West in Southeast Asia Dutch were able to bring most of Indonesia archipelago under their control In Vietnam, expansion had brought civil war and divided the nations into two states—north and south French missionaries attempted to remain but were often blocked by rulers 5/7/2017 John 3:16 91 The West and Southwest Ultimately, the states of Burma, Vietnam, and Thailand were able to drive out the Europeans due to their cohesion as states Indonesia was not able to remove the European because they lacked the cohesion and their spice produces were enormously profitable 5/7/2017 John 3:16 92 The French and British in India In 1498, the arrival of the Portuguese fleet saw an India divided into Hindu and Muslim kingdoms Unity would be brought by a foreign dynasty called the Mughals 5/7/2017 John 3:16 93 The Mughal Empire Babur was the founder of the dynasty Babur’s grandson brought Mughal rule to most of India 5/7/2017 John 3:16 94 The Impact of the Western Powers First Europeans to India were Portuguese British and Dutch followed Dutch pulled out, emphasized spice trade French began to establish trading forts on east coast but provided limited future investment British consolidated control through under the genius of Sir Robert Clive 5/7/2017 John 3:16 95 The Impact of the Western Powers Indian ruler had attacked British Fort William and imprisoned the local British population in the “Black Hole of Calcutta” An underground prison—many died In a major turning point of British authority, a British force defeated a much larger Mughalled army at the Battle of Plassey 5/7/2017 John 3:16 96 The Impact of the Western Powers As a result of the Battle of Plassey, the British East India Company could collect taxes from surrounding area During the Seven Year’s War (17561763), the British forced the French to withdraw completely from India 5/7/2017 John 3:16 97 The Impact of the Western Powers The Battle of Plassey marks the gradual transfer of India to the British East India Company and eventually to the British government as a colony Robert Clive listens to terms 5/7/2017 John 3:16 98 Battle of Plassey 5/7/2017 John 3:16 99 China Portuguese drop anchor at China 1514 First time since Marco Polo China was most magnificent civilization on earth at that time 5/7/2017 John 3:16 100 The Ming and Qing Dynasties Ming had conquered Mongolia and extended into Vietnam Suffering of epidemic caused uprising Revolt led by Li Zicheng Last Ming ruler committed suicide Manchus of Manchuria defeated Li Created a new dynasty: Qing (pure) 5/7/2017 John 3:16 101 The Ming and Qing Dynasties Qing blessed with good rulers Good economy Restored peace Two monarchs: Kangxi and Qianlong ○ Responsible for greatness of Manchu China 5/7/2017 John 3:16 102 Western Inroads By 1750s, China was showing strains of military campaigns and population pressure for land Meanwhile, European nations were growing strong and putting pressure on China Russia and China had trade agreement for furs and skins 5/7/2017 John 3:16 103 Western Inroads England was replacing Portugal as the main European country trading with China England operated through the East India Company, establishing its first trading post at Canton in 1699 Qing limited contact with the British, keeping them outside city limits and limiting timeframe for trade 5/7/2017 John 3:16 104 Western Inroads By the 18th century, the British wanted more access The British were rejected by the Chinese and China would later pay for its protectionist policy 5/7/2017 John 3:16 105 Japan After being near anarchy in the 15th century, the 16th century saw Japan achieve unification Under shogun general Tokugawa Ieyasu Most powerful and longest lasting 5/7/2017 John 3:16 106 Opening to the West Portuguese first European to land at Japanese ports in 1543 Francis Xavier converted some Japanese to Christianity 5/7/2017 John 3:16 107 Opening to the West Initially, visitors were welcome—the Japanese being curious about European goods and using weapons and firearms to defeat enemies and unify islands 5/7/2017 John 3:16 108 Opening the West When missionaries interfered with local politics, Tokugawa expelled them European traders were also expelled except for a small contingent of Dutch 5/7/2017 John 3:16 109 The Americas In the 16th century, Spain and Portugal had established colonies in the Americas By the 17th century, the British, French, and Dutch also sought colonial empires in the New World 5/7/2017 John 3:16 110 West Indies British and French empires in the New World include large part of the West Indies 5/7/2017 John 3:16 111 West Indies British Barbados Jamaica Bermuda French Saint Dominique Martinique Guadeloupe Note: Both developed plantation economies, worked African slaves, produced tobacco, cotton, coffee, and sugar 5/7/2017 John 3:16 112 West Indies Sugar factories were highly prominent last two decades of 18th century Britain’s Jamaica ○ 50,000 tons/year/200,000 blacks French’s Saint Domingue ○ 100,000 tons/year/500,000 blacks ○ 3000 plantations ○ High death rate ○ First successful uprising of slaves 5/7/2017 John 3:16 113 British North America Nations ignored Spain’s claim to North America The British argued, “prescription without possession availeth nothing” Dutch among first to establish settlements Henry Hudson discovered Hudson River Established mainland colony of New Netherlands (New York) 5/7/2017 John 3:16 114 British North America Present-day names like Staten Island and Harlem tell us Dutch originally settled the Hudson River Valley Competition from British and French and the ensuing wars led to Dutch decline English seized New Netherlands from Dutch and renamed it New York Dutch East India Company went bankrupt 5/7/2017 John 3:16 115 British North America English began to establish colonies in North America First settlement was Jamestown Barely survived Economic interests strong Religious freedom strong Massachusetts Bay Colony had 4000 settlers in early years and 40,000 by 1660 5/7/2017 John 3:16 116 British North America British North America came to consist of 13 colonies Thickly populated Prosperous Presumably run by: British Board of Trade, the Royals Council, and Parliament Had legislatures that acted independently Port city merchants resented and resisted regulation from the British government 5/7/2017 John 3:16 117 British North America Mercantilist theory was assigned to both the North American and West India colonies Mercantilism focuses on the role of the state to influence trade For the most part, the government of the exporting country took measures to ensure there was more exporting than importing 5/7/2017 John 3:16 118 French North America French established a colonial empire in North America By 1534, Jacques Cartier discovered the Saint Lawrence River Cartier claimed Canada as French possession Samuel de Champlain establishes settlement in Quebec and France claims Canada as its property and governs it like a French province 5/7/2017 John 3:16 119 French North America The French failed to populate their new found lands—trouble convincing French people to move to Canada Continental wars took precedence over their conquest of the North American continent Under the Treaty of Utrecht, France had to cede some American possessions to the British 5/7/2017 John 3:16 120 French North America British and French both were rivalries for trade in South America Decline of Spain and Portugal fostered entry of France and Britain into the lucrative South American market 5/7/2017 John 3:16 121 French North America British approval for entry into Spanish areas given when they were given privilege, known as asiento, of transporting 4500 slaves per year into Spanish Latin America 5/7/2017 John 3:16 122 Europe’s discovery of the world outside in the 15th century led to a huge burst of commercial activity and the beginning of a world market 5/7/2017 John 3:16 123 Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Inflation became a major economic problem in the16th century Relatively modest (for today) 2-3% per year People used to a stable price index Impact on wheat felt Wage earners and agricultural workers saw their standard of living drop Commercial and industrial entrepreneurs saw growth 5/7/2017 John 3:16 124 Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Some historians saw stimulus to investment and growth of capitalism fostering economic expansion and prosperity in the 16th century 5/7/2017 John 3:16 125 Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Governments were impacted by inflation as they borrowed money and increased taxes, stirring discontent 5/7/2017 John 3:16 126 Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century Many historians now believe the increase in population played important role in inflation Growing population increased the need for land and food and drove up prices for both 5/7/2017 John 3:16 127 The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Commercial capitalism grew for several reasons, chief among are: Improved navigation and discovery of water routes linking commercial sources Improved investment systems including joint-stock companies Companies improving technology and banking cooperation Improved banking institutions 5/7/2017 John 3:16 128 The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Improved transportation through waterways The expansion of overseas trade was fostered by the link of water routes involving the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, Baltic, and other water routes Made Europe a more integrated market People became more vulnerable to price spikes 5/7/2017 John 3:16 129 The Growth of Commercial Capitalism New forms of commercial organizations and investment companies Joint-Stock companies managed the purchased of shares in companies and providing returns (dividends) First ten years of investment returned 30% on some companies Easier to raise large amounts of money in a hurry 5/7/2017 John 3:16 130 The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Technological innovations in mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding, etc., fostered close relationships between entrepreneurs, governments ,and banks Huge profits could made but businesses involved in such huge sums can be precarious 5/7/2017 John 3:16 131 The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Family banks could no longer supply the numerous banking services needed City of Amsterdam set up the Bank of Amsterdam 5/7/2017 John 3:16 132 The Growth of Commercial Capitalism Despite the growth of capitalism, at least 80% of the people still worked the land Most were free of serfdom Peasants saw little improvements to their lives—higher rents, taxes, etc. 5/7/2017 John 3:16 133 Mercantilism Mercantilism focused on the nation-state having great influence on its trading policies Government would ensure that exports are greater than imports, roads are constructed to foster trade, and subsidies are granted to create trade companies 5/7/2017 John 3:16 134 Mercantilism Mercantilists believed that prosperity of a nation was contingent on the amount of gold and silver on hand A positive balance of trade would result in more gold or silver in the country High tariffs would keep competitors out of the nation establishing them Colonies were also deemed valuable as suppliers of raw materials 5/7/2017 John 3:16 135 Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement toward Globalization European nations embarked on international commerce in the 17th century The volume increased but more important, the value of the goods increased 5/7/2017 John 3:16 136 Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement toward Globalization Goods were of interest to all classes of people Pepper, spices, sugar, coffee, tea, etc. Trade within Europe remained strong but outside Europe trade boomed 5/7/2017 John 3:16 137 Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement toward Globalization The expanse and volume of trade among continents, nations, regions, etc., led historians to proclaim a global economy in the 18th century Interlocked Europe, Africa, the East, and the Americas 5/7/2017 John 3:16 138 The Atlantic nations of “Europe moved to all parts of the world between 1500 and 1800. As Spain and Portugal declined in world prominence followed by the Dutch, it soon became evident that Great Britain would become the dominant world imperial power. 5/7/2017 John 3:16 139 The Conquered Native American civilizations, so unique and sophisticated in their way, were virtually destroyed where Europeans dominated. European institutions, religions, language, and culture replaced native features where Europeans dominated Domination was more intense on the coastal regions 5/7/2017 John 3:16 140 The Conquered For example, the slave trade devastated coastal Africa, but had little effect inland Portuguese trading posts had little impact on Asian culture The Dutch did control the Indonesia archipelago 5/7/2017 John 3:16 141 The Conquered In Central and South America, new civilizations rose—we now call them Latin America Multiracial society—Latin America Spanish rulers authorized intermarriages with native peoples Over three centuries, eight million slaves brought to Latin America 5/7/2017 John 3:16 142 The Conquest Mulattoes: offspring of Africans and whites Mestizos: descendents of whites, Africans, and native Indians 5/7/2017 John 3:16 143 The Conquered Europeans changed ecology Brought horses and cattle to Americas South America became exporter of beef Europeans brought new crops such as wheat and sugar cane Europeans introduced sweet potatoes and maize (Indian corn) to Africa in 16th century 5/7/2017 John 3:16 144 Catholic Missionaries The Catholics were far more active than Protestants in attempting to spread Christianity Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits Spanish and Portuguese Enhanced church power Missionaries created missions (villages) for enhanced control of natives—also serving as military barriers 5/7/2017 John 3:16 145 Catholic Missionaries Catholic Church positive deeds Constructed hospitals, orphanages, and schools Taught reading, writing, and arithmetic Nunneries were places of prayer Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz—famous literary figure of 17th century--urged women to be educated 5/7/2017 John 3:16 146 Catholic Missionaries Missionaries made long voyages to the Far East In China, missionaries used items like clocks to impress the Chinese Jesuits taught similarity of their religion Christianity and Confucian morality Through personal example and subtle teaching, there were many Chinese converts 5/7/2017 John 3:16 147 Catholic Missionaries Several hundred Chinese officials and about 300,000 Chinese citizens converted in the 18th century Jesuits permitted converts to still practice some of their ancestor worship Jealous Dominicans and Franciscans became jealous and wrote the pope who condemned the practice China began to suppress Christianity 5/7/2017 John 3:16 148 Catholic Missionaries Jesuits had some success in Japan in 16th century Jesuits had practice of destroying idols and Franciscans followed suit As missionaries interfered with local politics, they were expelled Christians were persecuted thereafter 5/7/2017 John 3:16 149 The Conquerors For some Europeans, expansion brought hope of land, riches, and social advancement Many “poor young men” left Spain to find their future…become “gentlemen” Some women found opportunities to marry men of landed estates and ended up owning those lands 5/7/2017 John 3:16 150 The Conquerors—The Columbian Exchange Europeans sought gold and silver in the New World Deposits found in Mexico and Peru Value of precious metals increased with precious metal imports 5/7/2017 John 3:16 151 The Conquerors Crops from/native to the Americas exported to Europe—potatoes most important Long life/population increase Easily stored Very nutritious Plants/animals exported to Americas 5/7/2017 John 3:16 152 The Conquerors European lifestyles changed New foods and drinks ○ Chocolate, coffee, tea First coffee houses, 1650s Chinese furniture and porcelain 5/7/2017 John 3:16 153 The Conquerors European expansion led to rivalries Conflicts over cargoes Rivalries led to statesponsored piracy The Anglo-Dutch trade wars British and French warfare over North America and India 5/7/2017 John 3:16 154 The Conquerors Expansion led to new world views More accurate maps gave more realistic world view Mercator projection by Gerardus Mercator ○ Shapes of land masses more important than size of land mass 5/7/2017 John 3:16 155 The Conquerors Europeans had mixed views of new peoples Sub-human Refreshingly natural Natives should be converted 5/7/2017 John 3:16 156 Conclusion End of 15th century, Portuguese began sailing all directions Then came Columbus, da Gama, and others By the end of the 18th century, a global trade network was dominated by Western ships and Western power 5/7/2017 John 3:16 157 Conclusion In 300 years, the European Age of Exploration changed the shape of the world Destruction of some indigenous civilizations Left civilizations intact but had strong impact 5/7/2017 John 3:16 158 Conclusion At the time, exploration seen as positive Introduce “heathens” to Christ Expanded trade Crop exchanges The best with the worst Greedy plundering Repression Slavery Europeans saw their culture as worthy of exportation throughout the world 5/7/2017 John 3:16 159