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Chapter 9 Section 1
The Roots of Imperialism
Why it Matters?
For most of its early history, America
played a small role in world affairs. But
in the late 1800’s, this began to change.
With leading spokesmen calling for the
US to join the ranks of the world’s major
powers, the US began to acquire
influence and territories outside its
continental borders. The US was
abandoning isolationism and emerging
as a new power on the global stage.
Essential Question: How and why did
the US take a more active role in world
affairs?
The Causes of Imperialism
• Powerful nations engaged in a mad dash to extend
their influence across much of the world
• Imperialism is the policy by which strong nations
extend their political, military and economic control
over weaker territories
• Desire for raw materials and natural resourcesextractive economies- imperial countries extracted,
or removed, raw materials from the colony and
shipped them to their home country
• For Americans, the problem was not a shortage of
materials, but a surplus of goods- wanted to
expand trade into new overseas markets
• Imperialist nations built up their military strengthUS expanded and modernized its navy by building
new steel-plated, steam-powered battleships such
as the USS Maine- by 1900, third largest navy in the
world
• Imperialists used ideas of racial, national, and
cultural superiority- Social Darwinism- Manifest
Destiny
America’s First Steps Toward World Power
• In 1853, Matthew Perry sailed a fleet of
American warships into present-day Tokyo
Bay, Japan- they thought it was “giant
dragons puffing smoke”- Perry showered
them with lavish gifts- within a year a treaty
was negotiated with Japan
• 1867- US took procession of the Midway
Islands
• Treaties in 1875 and 1887 increased trade
with the Hawaiian Islands and gave the US
the right to build a naval base at Pearl
Harbor
• 1867- bought Alaska from Russia
• First International Pan-American conference
in 1889 paved the way for the construction
of the Pan-American Highway system
• Britain accepted a US sphere of influence in
Latin America- British control of British
Guiana and Venezuela was disputed as
violating the Monroe Doctrine
Which islands lie about halfway between the US and
Japan? Why were the Hawaiian Islands important to
US naval and merchant ships?
The United States Acquires Hawaii
• The US has been linked to Hawaii since the 1790’s- merchant ships stopped on their
way to East Asia- missionaries established schools and churches- Americans owned
sugar cane plantations
• In 1887, American planters convinced King Kalakaua to amend Hawaii’s constitution
so that voting rights were limited to only wealthy landowners, who were, of course, the
white planters
• Two major issues:
• A new US tariff law imposed duties on previously duty-free Hawaiian sugar
• Kalakaua died and his sister Liliuokalani was his successor- she resented the increasing power of
the white planters- abolished the constitution
• American planters backed by US officials overthrew the queen and Hawaii was
annexed
• President Harrison couldn’t get the required Senate approval before Grover Cleveland
took office- Cleveland ordered a full investigation- discovered that the majority of the
Hawaiian people did not approve the treaty- Cleveland refused to sign
• William McKinley’s administration favored annexation- Congress declared Hawaii an
official US territory in 1898
How do the two speakers differ on
the issue of self-rule for Hawaiians?
If Native Hawaiians gain
sovereignty, how would their lives
change?
Chapter 9
Section 2 The Spanish-American War
Why it Matters?
• American power and
economic interests around
the world were growing. Still,
the United States remained
reluctant to risk war with
other powers to acquire
colonies. That changed
however, when America went
to war against Spain. The
United States acquired
colonies and became a world
power.
Causes of the War
• Spain was an imperial nation in decline
• American entrepreneurs invested $50 million in sugar cane plantations and other ventures in Cuba- island was
very unstable- Cubans repeatedly rebelled against Spanish rule
• 1895- Jose Marti launched a war for independence from Spain- used guerrilla tactics of hit-an-run raids- Spanish
general devised a plan to deprive the rebels of food and recruits- herded rural population into reconcentration
camps- tens of thousands died from disease and starvation- destroyed US property
• Rival newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst heightened the public’s dislike of the
Spanish government- publications were called the Yellow Press because they featured a popular comic-strip
character called the Yellow Kid- exaggerated Spanish atrocities and compared Cuban rebels to the patriots of the
American Revolution
• President McKinley ordered the battleship Maine to Havana Harbor to protect American citizens in Cuba
• A letter written by Spain and stolen by Cuban rebels was leaked- called McKinley a weak and stupid politicianHearst published the letter under the headline “Worst Insult to the United States in Its History”- fuelled jingoismaggressive nationalism and inflamed relations with Spain
• The Maine exploded – 266 died- Yellow Press promptly accused Spain- McKinley ordered a special naval board of
inquiry to investigate the cause- the board concluded that a mine had destroyed- years later, follow-up
investigations raised doubts
• War fever gripped the nation- newspapers, songs, speeches implored citizens to “Remember the Maine”- Spain
agreed to abolish reconcentration camps but McKinley asked Congress for the authority to use force against
Spain- Congress enacted four resolutions- the fourth resolution “Teller Amendment” stipulated that the US had
no intention of annexing Cuba- navy quickly blockaded Cuban ports and McKinley called for more than 100,000
volunteers to join the army- in response Spain declared war on the US
American Troops Battle the Spanish
• 200,000 men enlisted- Commodore
Dewey destroyed Spanish ships in
Manila Bay- Spanish held PhilippinesFilipinos were fighting for
independence
• US Marines captured Guantanamo
Bay
• Troops faced deplorable conditions
• poorly trained and supplied- issued
obsolete weapons and heavy wool
uniforms unsuitable for Cuba’s tropical
weather- corrupt and ineffective
officials provided the men with rotting
and contaminated food
• Future president Theodore Roosevelt
led the Rough Riders- rugged
westerners and upper-class
easterners- gained fame for the role
they played in the battles for Kettle
and San Juan hills outside Santiago,
Cuba
• Although almost 3,000 Americans
died during the war, only around 380
died in combat- disease especially
malaria and yellow fever caused
most of the deaths
What are the
two different
regions of the
world in which
the war was
fought?
Why do you
think more
Americans died
from sickness
and disease than
in battle?
Effects of the War
• Secretary of State John Hay referred to the conflict with Spain as a “splendid little war”
because of the ease and thoroughness of America’s victory
• It created a new dilemma: What should the US do with Spain’s former possessions?
• Spain and the US signed the Treaty of Paris officially ending the war- Spain gave up
control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific island of Guam- sold the Philippines to
the US for $20 million
• Teller Amendment prevented the US from taking possession of Cuba- it did not apply to
the Philippines
• McKinley and other imperialist supporters believed that we needed to “take them all,
and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize them”- argued that the islands
represented a valuable stepping stone to trade in China
• Anti-imperialist, including William Jennings Bryan and Mark Twain, formed AntiImperialist League- condemned imperialism as a crime and attacked it as “open
disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our government”
• William Jennings Bryan ran against McKinley in 1900 for president- McKinley choose
Theodore Roosevelt, the “hero of San Juan Hill” as Vice President to bolster his
chances of winning re-election- McKinley won
• As a result of the Spanish-American War, the US had an empire and a new stature in
world affairs- marked a turning point in the history of American foreign policy
Chapter 9 Section 3
The United States and East Asia
Why it Matters?
• America’s decision to keep the
Philippines reflected a desire to
expand its influence, compete with
European colonial powers, and gain
new trade in Asia. American leaders
devised policies to open China and
other Asian markets to US
producers. They also wanted to
extend the benefits of American
culture to the people of the region.
Imperialism in East Asia brought
greater power and wealth to
Americans, but also increased
national tensions in Asia.
Filipinos Rebel Against US Rule
• Filipino and American forces fought side-by-side against the
Spanish
• After the US decided to maintain possession, Aguinaldo helped
organize an insurrection, or rebellion against the US- relied on
guerrilla warfare- non traditional warfare involving small bands of
fighters to attack behind enemy lines
• US used extraordinary measures to crush the rebellion- gathered
civilians into overcrowded concentration camps- General Jacob
Smith ordered troops to take no prisoners “I wish you to kill and
burn, the more you kill and burn the better you will please me”villages were burned and crops were destroyed
• Heavy fighting lasted two years- Aguinaldo captured
• War took more lives than the Spanish-American War- 5,000
Americans and 200,000 Filipinos died
• William Howard Taft became governor of Philippines in 1901- he
censored the press and placed dissidents in jail to maintain order
to win support and extended limited self-rule, created civilian
government, and ordered the construction of schools, roads,
and bridges
• In 1916, Congress passed the Jones Act, which pledged that the
Philippines would ultimately gain their independence- 30 years
later after the US liberated the islands from Japanese occupation
at the end of WWII, the Philippines finally became independent
The United States Pursues Interests in China
• In 1889- China had fallen into political, economic, and military disarray
•
•
•
•
Britain, France, Germany, and Russia carved China into distinct spheres of influence
Within its zone, each power had privileged access to Chinese ports and markets
Japan also grabbed territory in China and Korea
US did not have a zone, system of “special privileges” threatened to limit American trade in China
• Secretary of State John Hay sends notes to imperialist nations that the US expected
“perfect equality of treatment of commerce” in China
• Some Chinese joined secret societies in response to the growing influence of outsiders
in their country- celebrated traditional Chinese customs and criticized Western wayscondemned Chinese converts to Christianity
• Righteous and Harmonious Fists won the nickname “Boxers” because its members trained in martial
arts- anger exploded into an outright rebellion against the “foreign devils”
• Boxers killed foreign missionaries and besieged the foreign diplomats district in Beijing
• Multinational force of European, American, and Japanese troops were sent to quash the
rebellion- successful- forced China to pay for damage- fuelled more anger- Chinese nationalist
eventually revolted and overthrew the emperor in 1911
• Hay continued to reassert America’s Open Door Policy
• US did not want colonies but free trade in China
Tensions Rise Between America and Japan
• Like the US, Japan disapproved of the European “carve up” of China
• Japanese took offense to the presence of Russian troops in Manchuria
• Without a declaration of war, Japan attacked Russia’s Pacific fleet and followed up with
a series of land engagements- caused more than 100,000 Russian casualties- RussoJapanese War
• Roosevelt convinced the two sides to sign a peace treaty earning him a Nobel Peace
Prize
• Anti-Asian sentiment on the West Coast- San Francisco banned Japanese, Chinese, and
Korean children from attending public schools with white children- Japanese newspaper
“Stand up Japanese nation! Our countrymen have been HUMILIATED on the other side
of the Pacific”
• Roosevelt negotiated a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan- the school board
pledged to end its segregation policy and Japan agreed to limit the emigration of its
citizens to the US
• Roosevelt used diplomacy and promoted military preparedness- expressing rising
concerns about Japan’s territorial expansion at the expense of China, Korea, and Russiahe won support for a new force of navy ships known as the Great White Fleet- 16
white battleships were sent on a “good will cruise” around the world- demonstrated
America’s increased military power
Chapter 9 Section 4
The United States and Latin America
Why it Matters?
• The United States tentatively asserted its
interest in east Asia, Americans called for a
more aggressive role in Latin America.
American entrepreneurs and government
leaders viewed the region as the nation’s
backyard and as a sphere of influence from
which other great powers should be
excluded. American influence in Latin
America brought obvious benefits to the
US but it also contributed to antiAmerican hostility and instability in the
region.
US Policy in Puerto Rico and Cuba
• Puerto Rico remained under direct US military rule- Foraker Act established a
civil government- authorized the President to appoint a governor and part of
the legislature- Puerto Ricans could fill the rest of the legislature in a general
election
• A series of court cases known as Insular Cases in which the Supreme court
determined the rights of Puerto Ricans- US could assess taxes on Puerto Rican
goods and Puerto Ricans did not have the same rights as US citizens
• US did not withdraw army from Cuba until 1902 even though the Treaty of Paris
granted Cuban independence
• Congress obliged Cuba to add to its constitution the Platt Amendmentrestricted their rights- prevented Cuba from signing a treaty with another nation
without US approval- required Cuba to lease naval stations to the US and
granted the US the “right to intervene” to preserve order
• Many Cubans strongly disliked amendment but added it to their constitution to
end US military occupation- this made Cuba a protectorate of the US and
governed their relationship for decades
Roosevelt Pursues “Big Stick” Diplomacy
• “Big Stick” diplomacy- a strong military to achieve America’s goals
• “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far”- African proverb
• Roosevelt viewed the US as a special nation with a moral responsibility to
“civilize”, or uplift, weaker nations- also believed that America’s elite- its
statesmen and captains of industry- had to accept the challenge of
international leadership
• In 1903, the US government bought the Panama route for $40 million from
the French but needed the consent of Colombia who controlled PanamaColombia demanded more than the US was willing to provide- Roosevelt
dispatches warships to support a Panamanian rebellion- convinced
Colombia not to suppress the uprising- Panama declared independenceimmediately granted US control over the “canal zone” and America paid
Panama $10 million and $250,000 annually
• 35,000 workers helped dig the Panama Canal in difficult conditionsdependent on scientific breakthroughs by doctors as they learned how to
combat tropical diseases- finished in 1914- cut some 8,000 nautical miles
off the trip from the west coast to the east coast of the US (saved 45 days
of travel)
• Latin American nations were unable to pay their debts to foreign investors
and raised the possibility of European intervention- Germany and Britain
blockaded Venezuelan ports to ensure that debts to European bankers were
paid
• Roosevelt’s Corollary updated the Monroe Doctrine – US would assume
the role of police power, restoring order- keeping the Western Hemisphere
free from European intervention
• Many believed that Latin America could police themselves- many believed
that the US threatened the “sovereignty and liberty” of Latin America
• Taft became president after Roosevelt- relied less on the “big stick” and more
on “dollar diplomacy”- increase American investments in businesses and
banks throughout Central America and the Caribbean- plantations, mines, oil
wells, railways, and other ventures
Wilson Pursues Moral Diplomacy
• Woodrow Wilson becomes president- appoints William Jennings Bryan as
Secretary of State- sent a strong message
• Promised that the US would “never again seek one additional foot of
territory by conquest” but instead would promote “human rights, national
integrity, and opportunity”- moral diplomacy
• American businesses owned large portions of Mexico’s industries- farmers
struggled in poverty- Madero led the Mexican Revolution and overthrew the
Mexican dictator Diaz- General Huerta seized power and executed MaderoWilson refused to recognize Huerta as leader and favored Carranza, another
reformer
• Wilson used the Mexican arrest of American sailors as an opportunity to help
Carranza attain power- sent Marines to occupy Veracruz- caused Huerta’s
government to collapse- Carranza assumed the presidency- slow in bringing
about reforms- rebels again rose up under the leadership of Francisco
“Pancho” Villa
• Villa’s forces crossed into New Mexico and raided the town of Columbus
leaving 18 Americans dead- Wilson sent General Pershing and more than
10,000 troops
• Chased Villa for 11 months but failed to capture him