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PSYC 3205: Human Development I Infancy through Childhood Domains of Development Domain Changes in Physical Cognitive Emotional and Social Body size & proportions, appearance Functioning of body systems, health Perceptual & motor capacities Intellectual abilities Emotional communication Self-understanding, knowledge about others Interpersonal skills & relationships Moral reasoning & behavior Periods of Development Prenatal Conception to birth Infancy and Toddlerhood Birth to 2 years Early Childhood 2 to 6 years Middle Childhood 6 to 11 years Basic Issues in Development Figure 1.1 1. Continuous or discontinuous? 2. One course of development or many possible courses? 3. Relative influence of nature and nurture? Continuous or Discontinuous Development Figure 1.2 Stability vs. Plasticity? • Stability • Plasticity . Nature and Nurture Nature • Nurture © Stuart Monk | Dreamstime.com Resilient Children 4 characteristics: Personal characteristics A warm parental relationship Social support outside the immediate family Community resources and opportunities Watch: Dr. Michael Maddaus © Ami Beyer | Dreamstime.com Historical Views of Childhood Medieval Era Childhood (to age 7 or 8) regarded as separate phase with special needs, protections 16th Century Puritan “child depravity” views 17th Century John Locke “tabula rasa” or “blank slate” view; continuous development 18th Century Jean-Jacques Rousseau “noble savages” view; natural maturation Early Scientific Study of Development Evolutionary Darwin’s ideas of natural selection Theory and survival of the fittest are still influential. Normative Hall & Gesell: Age-related Approach averages based on measurements of large numbers of children Mental Binet & Simon: Early developers of Testing intelligence tests Movement Gesell’s Photographic Dome 1928 Theory •An orderly, integrated set of statements that: Photodisc, Education 2 Royalty Free Personality Structure Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego). Freud’s Psychosexual Stages •Oral •Anal •Phallic •Latency •Genital © Constantin Opris | Dreamstime.com Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Basic trust v. mistrust Birth–1 year Autonomy v. shame and 1–3 years doubt Initiative v. guilt 3–6 years Industry v. inferiority 6–11 years Behaviorism & Social Learning Classical Conditioning Stimulus – Response Operant Conditioning Reinforcers & punishments Social-Cognitive Approach Modeling Self-efficacy Social Learning Theory Modeling or Observational Learning Cognition Personal Standards A baby claps her hands after her mother does; a child talks like his father. Stressed today; social-cognitive approach Children begin to believe their own abilities will help them succeed. Behavior Modification • Combines conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses Limitations of Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory Too narrow a view of important environmental influences Bandura’s work is unique in that it grants children an active role in their own learning. Cognitive • Piaget Logical thinking starts here Logical AND abstract Information-Processing Flowchart How humans encode, store, and retrieve information; input to output process Figure 1.3 Sheldon Cooper’s Friendship Flowchart Psychology Medicine Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Neuroscience Biology Ethology • Concerned with the adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history • Roots traced to Darwin: – Imprinting – Critical period – Sensitive period Sensitive Period An optimal time for Individual is © Anita Patterson Peppers | Dreamstime.com Boundaries less Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory • Transmission of culture to new generation – Beliefs, customs, skills • Social interaction vital for cognitive development – Cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society Family Life Royalty Free Ecological Systems Theory Figure 1.4 Ecological Systems Theory • Eg: U.S. Census (2012): Stay-at-home dads: 3.4% of all stay-at-home parents in 2 parent families • Only 1.6% in 2001 Figure 1.4 Dynamic Systems Perspective • Dynamic Systems Theory: new forms arise during development • Indeterminism is inherent in system • Butterfly effect: small perturbation creates unpredicted novelty (chance encounter; kind word; discouragement, etc) • • Figure 1.5