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Need to be able to answer… 1. Was the Weimar doomed from the start? 3. How effectively did the Nazi’s control Germany 1933-45? 2. How was Hitler able to come to power in Germany? 4. What was it like to live in Nazi Germany? What problems did the Weimar Republic face? How was the Weimar Republic governed? The Weimar Constitution What problems did the Weimar Republic face? Within days of taking over, the new government had to sign an Problem 1 armistice that ended the fighting in WW1. The leaders of the Defeat in the First World Republic had little choice but to War sign this – the German army was The ‘Stab in the back’ retreating and people at home faced starvation. However, not all Germans saw it this way. The loss of the war had come as a shock. What problems did the Weimar Republic face? Problem 2 The Treaty of Versailles Germany did not start the First World War. It is not to blame for the war. All the countries involved should take a share of the blame. We do not expect to be punished for a war we did not start! The Allies said that they wanted a more democratic Germany. That is what we have created. The Kaiser has gone. Our new government needs support, not punishment. The Allies will not punish us for what the Kaiser did. President Wilson of the USA is on our side. He has already said that the treaty should not be too hard on us. Wilson has come up with Fourteen Points that will form the basis of a fair treaty. France and Britain will have to listen to him. What problems did the Weimar Republic face? Problem 2 The Treaty of Versailles Land • Germany lost 13% of its land (and about 6 million people living there). • This lost land had important raw materials, such as coal. • Germany was split in 2. This was giving Poland access to the sea. • German troops were not allowed in the Rhineland. • All Germany’s overseas colonies were taken away. What problems did the Weimar Republic face? Problem 2 The Treaty of Versailles Army • The German army was to be reduced to just 100,000. • The navy was cut to 15,000 sailors and only 6 battleships. • Germany was not allowed submarines, tanks or an air force. What problems did the Weimar Republic face? Problem 2 The Treaty of Versailles Money • Germany had to pay reparations. Most of the money would go to France and Belgium. • At Versailles no sum was fixed. But in 1921 the Allies fixed the total amount that Germany had to pay at £6600 million (£6.6 billion). What problems did the Weimar Republic face? Problem 2 The Treaty of Versailles Blame • In the ‘war guilt’ clause, Germany was blamed for the war. • This enabled the Allies to demand compensation from Germany for all the damage that had been caused. What problems did the Weimar Republic face? Problem 3 The Spartacist Rising 1919 The Red Rising in the Political Violence Ruhr, 1920 The Kapp Putsch, 1920 The Munich Putsch, 1923 What problems did the Weimar Republic face? Problem 4 Hyperinflation Germany struggled to keep up with the reparation payments to the Allies. In 1922 Germany announced that it could not afford to pay reparations for the next three years. France did not believe this and were determined to make Germany pay. In 1923 60,000 French and Belgian troops marched into the Ruhr, an important industrial area of Germany. They seized control of all mines, factories and railways. They took supplies from shops and set up machine-gun posts in the streets. Was the Weimar Republic ever a success? Stresemann Hyperinflation French Occupation of the Ruhr Germany not trusted Reparations Rebuild economy Why had the Nazi party achieved so little by 1928? Early life • Born 1889 in Austria • Poor at most subjects Life after school • Joins the German army, fights in WW1 Adolf Hitler Political life • Employed as spy by the army • Joins the German Workers Party • 1923 Munich Putsch Leadership qualities • Energy, charismatic, inspirational, great public speaker Why had the Nazi party achieved so little by 1928? Beliefs Key points from Mein Kampf, 1924 • One strong leader. Debate and discussion produce weak government. There should be no majority decisions. Instead of democracy, decisions should be taken by one man. • Smash Communism. • The Aryans are the Master Race. All other races (especially the Jews) are inferior. • Unite all Germans in one country. • Rebuild the army and invade land in Eastern Europe. Armed struggle is an essential part of life. Why had the Nazi party achieved so little by 1928? Tactics • Hitler realised he couldn’t gain power by force. • Trying to build support for the Nazi’s so they can take power by democratic means. • Evening classes to improve Nazi public speakers Organisation and tactics The SA, 1928 • • • • • Stands for Stormtroopers (or Brownshirts) Many are ex-soldiers who fought in WW1 Growing increasingly powerful since origin in 1921. Set up to stop Nazi meetings being interrupted. Protect Nazi speakers and deliver propaganda. Why had the Nazi party achieved so little by 1928? Nazi’s appealed to: • Ex-soldiers who fought in WW1 • People who lost out due to hyperinflation Support Nazi’s didn’t appeal to: • Jewish • Stresemann supporters • Communists • Businessmen Why had the Nazi party achieved so little by 1928? Nazi’s lacked the support of the working class • Most workers voted for the Social Democratic Party. • Workers who wanted to see change tended to vote for the Communist party 1924-1929 was a time of peace and prosperity • Stresemann had managed to solve many of the economic problems of the early 1920’s. Loans from foreign countries had helped to rebuild the German economy. The Nazis’ ideas were too extreme • People were put off by the Nazis’ anti-semitic ideas and their aim of invading other countries. • The SA were very violent. They were seen by many people as little more than hired thugs. How did Hitler become Chancellor in 1933? Hitler’s leadership skills Nazi Promises Organisation Nazi Propaganda How did Hitler become Chancellor in 1933? Fear of Communism Weak Opposition A Political Deal How was Hitler able to become dictator? January 1933 18 months later When Hitler became Chancellor he was in a very weak position. • Support for Nazis fallen from 37% - 33% during 1932. • Hitler could be sacked by Hindenburg at any time. • Only 3 Nazis given positions in new government. • Hindenburg and Papen planned to use Hitler like a puppet. By the end of 1934 Hitler was in a totally different position. • Papen had resigned. • Hindenburg was dead and Hitler was now President. • Army taken an oath of loyalty. • Nazis were only party. • All threats to Nazi Party removed. • Hitler could introduce any law he wanted. How was Hitler able to become dictator? 1934 1933 27 February – Reichstag Fire Blamed on a Communist – Marius van der Lubbe 5 March – New Elections Nazis used the police and SA to put pressure on political opponents 24 March – The Enabling Act This law would give Hitler the power to pass laws without going through the Reichstag 29-30 June – Night of the Long Knives Hitler concerned about the increasing power of the SA. Saw Ernst Rohm as a rival to his power. SA leaders were dragged from their beds, taken to Nazi headquarters and shot dead. 2 May – Trade unions taken over 2 August – Death of Hindenburg When Hindenburg died, Hitler made himself President as well. July – All political parties banned August – Army Oath How did Hitler keep control? Terror The SS • Protection squad. • Himmler built it up and by 1939 it had 240,000 members. The Gestapo • State secret police. • Tapped telephones, opened mail, had networks of informers. Concentration Camps • Constructed in rural areas. • Used for torture, labour and questioning The police and courts • Police became part of a network of informers. • Courts under Nazi control. • Judges were Nazis so a fair trial was impossible How did Hitler keep control? Propaganda Newspapers Radio • Anti-Nazi newspapers shut • Foreign programmes could down. Films not be picked up. • Jews banned from owning • Cinema very popular. • Cheap radios produced to or working for newspapers. • Goebbels controlled listen all of to propaganda. • Goebbels told newspapers the films made in what to write Germany. Rallies • Always a newsreelBooks film • Rallies presented anbefore imageany film. • Nazis organised official book burnings. of order and control to the • All new books had to be German people. approved by Goebbels. • Once in power, became eve more impressive Why was opposition to the Nazis so weak? Former political opponents Who? • Socialists • Communists What? • Secret meetings • Strikes • Handing out leaflets • Writing anti-Nazi graffiti on walls When? • 1933 - 1935 The Churches Who? • 22 million Roman Catholics • 40 million Protestants What? • Marriages • Burials • Run schools 2/3 of German children attend • Wanted to keep politics separate When? • 1933 - 1945 Why was opposition to the Nazis so weak? Army Officers Who? • Group of army officers What? • Attempted to assassinate Hitler When? • 1943 - 1944 Edelweiss Pirates Who? • Working class young people • A few hundred per city What? • Made fun of Hitler • Some groups beat up Nazis When? • 1938 - 1944 Did the Nazis change the lives of everyone in Germany? Young people Hitler youth • 30% of young Germans members even before Nazis came to power. • Once Nazis in power, membership was hard to avoid. • 80% members by 1939. • Spent time doing physical activities. • For girls, focus on keeping fit and home building. • Curriculum changes in school. Women • Wanted women to be mothers not workers • Women not allowed to work – they were sacked. • Loans offered for marriage – can then start a family. • Medals awarded for having children. • Women with inherited diseases or weaknesses sterilised. • Women to dress simply, and not encouraged to be too slim. Did the Nazis change the lives of everyone in Germany? Workers Nazis reduced unemployment • By a huge building programme (motorways, railways, schools, hospitals and houses). • By increasing the armed forces from 100,000 to 1,400,000 (all males 18-25 had to do 2 yrs military service) • By re-arming Germany • By removing many women from the employment register • By removing many Jews from the employment register Workers Trade Unions abolished, all workers had to join the German Labour Front (DAF). They arranged better facilities for workers in factories. Strength through joy provided good deals for workers. Farmers Nazis believed they were the backbone of the German ‘master race’. Nazis supported small farmers by giving guaranteed prices for their produce. How did the Nazis change the lives of people who did not ‘fit’? Those who wouldn’t work Those who couldn’t work Those who did not fit into ‘normal’ families Those who would not make Hitler their first loyalty Those who were not ‘Aryans’ How did the Nazis change the lives of people who did not ‘fit’? From prejudice to persecution – key dates 1933 Jewish judges dismissed. Jews banned from public service jobs. 1935 Jewish writers not published. The Nuremberg Laws: Jews could not be German citizens Jews could not marry non-Jews 1936 Jews not allowed typewriters or bicycles. 1938 Jews can’t practice as doctors, can’t run their own business, children barred from state schools, banned from swimming pools and theatres. Kristallnacht. 1939 Jews not allowed out of their homes after 8p.m in winter, 9p.m in summer. Had to hand over any jewellery they owned to the police. How did the coming of war change life in Nazi Germany? Hardship at Home Bombing The war at sea cut off imported food. Rationing was started in 1939. Most foods, clothes and soap were rationed. Hot water was available two days a week. Workers in heavy industry and mothers got extra milk. From 1942 the Allies started bombing German cities. The destruction left thousands of people homeless. In ‘fire storms’ the intense heat sucked in oxygen and people suffocated even in shelters. Not enough doctors. Labour shortages Propaganda Most men in the army so there was a labour shortage. Albert Speer wanted to conscript women. Workers were bought in from obtained foreign countries. By 1944 there were 7 million such foreign workers, mainly from Russia and Poland. Continued throughout the war. It encouraged citizens to save fuel, keep a blackout, work in the factories and support Hitler. Many Germans however recognised that they were being lied to and started to turn their radios to other broadcasts. The Holocaust Einsatzgruppen Ghettos Before war there were 350,000 Jews living in Nazi Germany. There were 6 million Jews in Poland and Russia that came under their control. Following the armies a group of einsatzgruppen would get the Jews to dig trenches and then shoot them dead. In Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Lithuania, Jews were forced into special sections of cities called Ghettoes. The Warsaw Ghetto held 400,000 Jews (30% of population). They were impossibly overcrowded. Food, water and power were cut off. The ‘Final Solution’ Shooting and the Ghettos seen as inefficient ways of killing millions of people. January 1942 Nazis met at Wannsee to create a more efficient way of killing Jews. Gas chambers introduced – they could kill up to 2000 Jews at once. All the death camps had good rail links for ease of access. By the end of the war 1,100,000 people had been killed in the Auschwitz gas chambers. The other main camps were: Treblinka (852,000 killed), Sobibor (305,000 killed), Belzac (602,000 killed), Majdenek (60,000 killed) and Chelmno (150,000 killed). Round 1 – what’s the connection? 5 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point No submarines Get Ready! 13% of land lost Blame for WW1 £6.6 billion in reparations Terms of the Treaty of Versailles Round 1 – what’s the connection? 5 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point Blonde Hair Get Ready! Blue Eyes Physically Fit No Illnesses Hitler’s Aryan Race Round 1 – what’s the connection? 5 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point Jews not German Get Ready! citizens Banned sexual relationships between Jews and non-Jews Banned marriage between Jews and non-Jews Jews could not vote Terms of the Nuremberg Laws Round 1 – what’s the connection? 5 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point Get1938 Ready! Propaganda showed Jews to be bad for Germany Jew murdered a German diplomat in November Thousands of Jewish shops smashed Kristallnacht Round 1 – what’s the connection? 5 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point Revolution Get Ready! Stormtroopers Bavaria Beer Hall Munich Putsch Round 1 – what’s the connection? 5 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point Refusal to Getwork Ready! Industry Marks Hyperinflation French Invasion of the Ruhr Round 2 – what comes fourth? 5 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point Dawes Plan Get Ready! Rentenmark French troops left the Ruhr Young ? Plan Stresemann working towards international cooperation Round 2 – what comes fourth? 5 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point Hitler uses the Depression to Get Ready! promise better things Hitler stands against Hindenburg in 1932 and loses Nazi’s largest party in Reichstag – July 1932 Hitler offered Chancellorship ? in 1933 Hitler’s climb to power Round 2 – what comes fourth? 5 Points July 1932 Nazi’s didn’t have the majority needed Get Ready! to control the Reichstag 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point Hindenburg appointed von Papen as Chancellor General von Schleicher persuaded Hindenburg to remove Papen and make him Chancellor Papen wanted revenge. He met with Hitler and ? made a political deal to form a new government. The political deal that led to Hitler becoming Chancellor Round 2 – what comes fourth? 5 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point The Spartacist Get Ready! Rising, 1919 The Red Rising, 1920 The Kapp Putsch, 1920 The Munich ? Putsch, 1923 Risings against the Weimar Republic Round 2 – what comes fourth? 5 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point Enabling Act, Get Ready! March 1933 Political parties banned, July 1933 Night of the Long Knives, June 1934 Death of Hindenburg, ? August 1934 Points in Hitler’s path to dictatorship Round 2 – what comes fourth? 5 Points Former political Get Ready! opponents 3 Points The churches 2 Points 1 Point Army officers Young people Edelweiss Pirates ? and White Rose Group Nazi opposition groups Round 3 – missing vowels LBNSRM LEBENSRAUM German Terminology Round 3 – missing vowels NSTZGRPPN EINSATZGRUPPEN German Terminology Round 3 – missing vowels HNRCH HMMLR HEINRICH HIMMLER Key Nazi figures Round 3 – missing vowels JSF GBBLS JOSEPH GOEBBELS Key Nazi figures Round 3 – missing vowels STRNGTH THRGH JY STRENGTH THROUGH JOY Types of Propaganda Round 3 – missing vowels BRLN LYMPCS BERLIN OLYMPICS Famous scientists