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The Nature of Conflict • Conflict is “a disagreement between two or more people who have differences in goals or methods for dealing with a situation” • Normal • Natural • Necessary Sources of Conflict • Scarce resources have to be allocated • People perceive interference from others • People feel disrespected by others • People have different goals for a situation • People have different preferences for how to achieve the same goal Conflict and Interdependence • Conflicts usually happen when expectations for interdependence are violated • The more interdependent the relationship, the more likely conflict becomes • The way interdependence is negotiated often determines the outcome of the conflict (and the health of the relationship) Functional and Dysfunctional Conflict • Functional (helpful or constructive) • • • • • • • Open Honest Calm Focused Flexible Energizing Creative • Dysfunctional (not helpful or destructive) • • • • • • • Closed Deceitful Tense Proliferation Rigid Draining Stupifying Communication and Conflict • Communication and conflict are always linked since conflict is “an expressed struggle” • Communication creates conflict • Communication reflects conflict • Communication manages conflict Functional Conflict and Diversity • Functional Conflict Depends on How we Respond to Difference • Do you appreciate the inevitability of difference? • Do you value difference? • How comfortable are you with change? • Do you try and reduce your uncertainty about people who are different from you? Conflict and Face • Threats to Identity are an important cause of conflict and are likely to result in facesaving that leads to dysfunctional conflict • Adds an issue to the conflict • The issue is often hidden or implicit • Conflict escalates dramatically Strategies to Avoid Making Face Threats • Describe behaviors rather than judging the person • Try to find a shared solution rather than telling others what and how to behave • Convey a belief in the equality/value of the other • Try to remain open-minded Attributions and Conflict • The judgments we make about others determines how we deal with them in conflict • Purposive v. reactive • Internal v. external • Some common biases occur • Egocentric attribution bias • Fundamental attribution error The Attribution Cycle in Destructive Conflict • A behavior occurs • We judge/evaluate the behavior as purposive and intentional • We assess the other as “difficult” • We look for additional evidence of our assessment • We “find” it • We feel confirmed in acting out against the other • We shut down communication with the other