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Describing Words GCSE Music Instruments and Timbre strings violin, viola, cello, double bass brass trumpet, french horn, trombone, tuba woodwind piccolo, flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon percussion timpani, snare drum, tambourine, cymbals, bass drum soprano high female alto low female tenor high male bass low male reggae ensemble guitar, bass, drums, brass, vocals balafon wooden African xylophone bansuri wooden indian flute sitar indian guitar playing the raga djembe African drum – different sizes tampura indian guitar playing drone tabla Xylophone indian drum playing the indian rhythm (tal) wooden pitched percussion instrument Glockenspiel metal pitched percussion instrument popular ensemble guitars,drums,vocals, keyboard,bass bass continuo concertos orchestral keyboards steel drums synthesiser bass instrument (cello) and keyboard instrument (organ) heard in baroque solo orchestral instrument with orchestra strings, brass, woodwind, percussion organ, piano, electric piano, keyboard, synthesiser Caribbean pitched drums keyboard instrument used in computer music Dynamics Piano quiet Pianissimo very quiet Mezzo piano medium quiet Mezzo forte medium loud Forte loud Fortissimo very loud Sforzando suddenly loud Crescendo getting louder diminuendo getting quieter Instrumental and Vocal Techniques glissando instrumental sliding phrasing marks over music to show breathing spaces articulation the way the music is played arco string technique pizzicato string technique (plucking) tremolo string technique (vibrating strings) legato playing notes smoothly slap bass A style of playing double bass or bass guitar by pulling and releasing the strings sharply against the fingerboard staccato palm mute (pm) playing notes with an accent resting your palm upon the bridge part of the strings hammer-on (ho) opposite to pull off (guitar technique) pull-off (po) opposite to hammer on (guitar technique) reverb a repeated sound but the echo is less audible (like being in a large open space) distortion a guitar/bass effect to blur the sound echo technique which repeats a word falsetto male voice singing in female pitch (Sam Smith) portamento vocal sliding syllabic singing one note per syllable melisma singing more than one note on a syllable rap fast rhythmic speaking beat-boxing imitate the sounds of a drum machine with the voice scat singing improvised jazz singing in which the voice is used in imitation of an instrument sampling vibrato taking an extract and using it in your own music vibrating a note vocally Melody and scales Conjunct notes are close together in a melody Disjunct notes are far apart in a melody Triadic notes move around the notes of a chord in a melody broken chords accompaniment –notes played separately scalic notes move in scale in a melody ostinato repeated pattern imitation motif is copied sequence motif repeated moving up or down ascending motif moving up descending motif moving down arpeggio similar to a broken chord but played in a melody intervals space between two notes diatonic music fits together without any clashes chromatic semi tone scale arch-shape melody shape pentatonic 5 note scale modal music within a mode (7 note scale) Accompaniment pedal repetition on same note in the bass note drone continuous note on a low pitch riff repetitive catchy motif pitch bend changing the note by a very small amount (heard in indian music) improvisation making music up on the spot blue scale a scale of notes used in blues music power chords chords using only the 1st and 5th note Ornamentation decorating the music trill moving between two notes after the main note mordent mini trill acciaccatura type of ornamentation appoggiatura type of ornamentation Turn moving above and below the note to decorate it Structure binary AB (structure) ternary ABA (structure) rondo ABACA (structure) through-composed music moves from section to section with little organisation theme and variations call and response A A1 A2 A3 type of structure found in many world music styles ground bass repeated bass line strophic repeated verses intro first section of a piece of music outro final section of a piece of music verse section of song where lyrics change chorus repeated most memorable section of a song twelve-bar blues chord pattern using chords 1,4,5 in blues Texture homophonic layers move as chords polyphonic/contrapuntal layers interweave imitation motif is copied canonic a round antiphonal the instruments or voices are placed in different parts of the building, a cappella unaccompanied singing monophonic single melody line melody and accompaniment layers are melody with accompaniment unison all parts playing/singing same notes heterophonic layers moving in octaves Tempo tempo speed of music bpm (beats per minute) way of working out tempo in popular music allegro fast tempo andante walking pace adagio slow tempo moderato moderate tempo rallentando getting slower accelerando getting faster largo very slow tempo presto very fast tempo rubato expressive tempo pulse steady heartbeat of a song Rhythm augmentation the lengthening of the time values of notes in a melodic part diminution the shortening of the time values of notes in a melodic part hemiola a rhythmic pattern of syncopated beats with two beats in the time of three or three beats in the time of two free metre no fixed pulse bi-rhythm two rhythms interweaving cross-rhythm two different time signatures working together polyrhythm many interweaving rhythms backbeat- a strong accent on one of the normally unaccented beats of the bar, e.g 2,3 or 4 syncopation funky rhythm using on,off and rests off-beat playing on 2 and 4th beats of bar shuffle It is a very familiar rhythmic feel that's heard in rock, blues, and jazz. drum fill rhythmic break anacrusis the music starts before the first beat of the bar (upbeat) Tonality words cadences last two notes of a chord perfect cadence sounds finished 5-1 plagal cadence sounds finished 4-1 (in hymn – amen) imperfect cadence sounds unfinished 1-5 interrupted cadence sounds surprising 5-? modulation key change relative major and minor a scale that links with another scale using the same notes e.g C major and A minor tonic 1st note of a scale consonant music fits together without any clashes dissonant music fits together with clashes major happy sounding music minor sad sounding music atonal no fixed key
