Download Chapter 1 Study Guide (Ashley Reiter, Kaycie Atherton, Elijah

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Chapter 1 Study Guide
(Ashley Reiter, Kaycie Atherton, Elijah Thomas)
Distribution: The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface
Density: The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
Contagious Diffusion: A rapid, wide spread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
Vernacular Region: An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
Remote sensing: The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other longdistance methods
Relocation Diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to
another
Stimulus Diffusion: The spread of an underlying principle even through a specific characteristic is rejected
Projection: A system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map
Hierarchical Diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to
other persons or places
Geographic Information System: A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic
data
Global Positioning System: A system that determines the precise position on earth through a series of satellites,
tracking stations, and receivers
Functional region: An area organized around a node or focal point
Formal region: A area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
Expansion Diffusion: The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive
process
Possiblism: The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the
ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
Key Issue1
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Maps are used by geographers to display an objects location and to get in formation about a place.
Earlier maps were drawn of earths surface based upon information given by observers or those who
explore
Through today many advances we use Remote Sensing GPS, GIS all of these tools assist geographers in
the understanding of earth.
Key Issue 2
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Each place on Earth is unique in some fashion, it can be distinguished by combinations of economics,
environment, and culture. Uniqueness can be explained by the distribution of said features.
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There are many scales that geographers work by can be global, but may also be local the global scale has
had increasing need.
Due to isolation, many places are connected to each other on a global scale similarities can appear due
to the fact that some places may be connected in someway.
Interact between things can be seen by geographers
Key Issue 3
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Time Telling
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A very, very important role in time telling is longitude.
For every fifteen degrees longitude is a new and improved time zone.
Map Projection Types
 Mercator
 Robinson
 Goode Homolosine
First Person
 Eratosthenes
Population and Health
Jake Phillips & Hunter Johnson
Where is the world’s population distributed?
 The population is primarily clustered in large cities and in less developed countries.
 Nearly ¼ of the world’s population is found in Eastern Asia and the rest are clustered primarily in Europe, South
Asia, and Southeast Asia.
 You can tell by these statistics that most of Asia is less developed than most other areas.
 Relatively few people choose to live in areas too cold, too dry, or too hot to live in.
 Arithmetic density refers to the number of people divided by the total land area.
 Physiological density is the number of people supported by the amount of arable land.
 Agricultural density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
Why is global population increasing?
 CBR- the total # of live births in a year for every 1,000 people.
 CDR- the total # of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive.
 NIR- is the percentage by which a population grows in a year.
 TFR- geologist use this to measure the # of births in a society.
 A country’s distinct population structure can be displayed on a bar graph called a population pyramid.
 Dependency ratio is the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to people who can
work.
 The number of males to 100 females in the population is the sex ratio.
Why does population growth vary among regions?
 The demographic transition is a process of change in a society’s population from high crude birth and death rates
and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher
total population.
 The late 20th century push of developing countries into stage 2 caused by the Medical Revolution.
 In 1750, Europe and North America entered stage 2 of the demographic transition because of the industrial
revolution.
 Malthus theory is saying that the population will be greater than the amount of resources.
Why do some regions face health threats?
 Epidemiology- the branch of medical science that focuses on controlling diseases and finding out what causes
them.
 Pandemic- Wide spread disease.
 Reasons for possible Stage 5 of the epidemiologic transition would be the diffusion of Aids.
 IMR- the annual # of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared to the # of total live births.
Chapter 3: Migration summary
Key terms
 Brain drain: Large-scale emigration by talented people.
 Chain migration: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously
migrated there
 Counter urbanization: Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
 Emigration: Migration from a location
 Floodplain: the area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends
 Forced migration: permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors
 Guest worker: a term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of northern and western Europe, usually
from southern and eastern Europe or from north Africa, in search of a higher-paying job.
 Immigration: migration to a new location
 Internal migration: permanent movement within a particular country
 International migration: Permanent movement from one region of a country to another
 Intervening obstacle: an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
 International migration: permanent movement within one region of a country\
 Migration: A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location
 Mobility: All types of movement between location
 Net migration: The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration
 Pull factor: A factor that includes people to move to a new location
 Push factor: A factor that includes people to leave an old residences.
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Refugees: people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their
race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
Summary
Key issue 1
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Where Are Migrants Distributed? If you look at this question from a global scale, the biggest flow of people are mostly from
Asia to Europe and from Asia and Latin America to the united states. Out of everywhere in the world the largest number of
migrants go to the united states. The United states has many things to offer that most of the other counties do not offer.
Describe the difference between international and internal migration: There are many forms of migration including:
international and internal migration. The difference between these two is that international is between countries and are
either voluntary or forced. Internal migration is when someone migrates with in a country.
Identify the principal sources of immigrants during the three main eras of U.S immigrants. Throughout the three eras the time
has changed from Europe during the first two eras to Latin America and Asia during the recent era
Key issue 2
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Key issue 3
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Key issue 4
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Where do people migrate within a country? When people move within a country it is usually for better jobs and also for
better land ect. Also the most important international migration trends are from rural to urban areas within developing
countries and form cities to suburbs within developed countries
Describe the history of inter regional migration I the untied states: Migration in the U.S has mostly occurred from east to west.
Recently it has occurred from north to south
Describe inter regional migration in Russia: Russia is the world's largest country has a pattern by which people migrate by.
Why do people migrate? There are many different reasons why people migrate. There are factors that are called push and pull
facts. Push factors induces people to move out of their present location. Pull factors induces people to move into a new
location. Most of the time people migrate for economic reasons( such as jobs). People also move political and environmental
factors also induce migration even though it is not as frequent as economic factors.
Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push and pull factors: Most people migrate for a combination of
both push and pull factors. Most people migrate for economical push and pull factors
Summarize the flows of migrant worker in Europe and Asia: Most people migrate for temporary work, they usually go from
developing countries to developed.
Why do migrants face obstacles? Migrants face obstacles that are environmental and also political reasons. A huge problem
for most of the migrants is the land itself. The transportation across the land can be hard to find and it can be expensive as
well. Migrants need quota laws to have a well developed life
Identify the types of immigrants who are given preference to enter the united states: Most countries are very strict on
migration in there countries. Most people see migration as bad but many others say it is good. Many say they take the jobs
that we do not want. Migration makes a boost in the economy and actually helps out a lot.
Chapter Five Review
Allyson Burney & Dylan Magruder
Key Terms Official Language- The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and
publication of documents
 Language Family- A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long
before recorded history
 Language- A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by
a group of people to have the same meaning
 Indo-European Language- Languages from the indo-european family. Spoken by half of the world's
people, and includes, among others, the Germanic, romance, and Slavic subfamilies
 Lingua Franca- A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have
different native language
 Language Tree- A collection of languages within a branch that shares a common origin in the relatively
recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary
 Pidgin Language- A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua
franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages
 Language Group- A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively
few differences in grammar and vocabulary
 Language Branch- A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several
thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and
archaeological evidence can confirm these derived from the same family
Key IssuesKey Issue One- Where are languages distributed? Languages can be classified into families and branches. The
two largest families are Indo_European, which is found primarily in Europe, North America, Latin America, and
South Asia, and Sino-Tibetan, which is clustered in primarily in East Asia
Key Issue Two- Why is English Related to other languages? The Indo-European family has four widely spoken
branches. Individual languages, such as English a d languages of the Romance branch, have documented places
of origin and patterns of diffusion. The origin and early diffusion of language families such as Indo-European is
speculative because these language families existed before recorded history
Key Issue Three- Why do individual languages vary among places? A dialect is a regional variation of a
language; the United States has several major dialects. Dialects vary based on vocabulary, spelling, and
pronunciation. The distinction between a dialect and an entirely different language is not always clear-cut.
Key Issue Four- Why do people preserve local languages? Some countries peacefully embrace multiple
languages. Some languages survive in isolation from others, while some languages become extinct. Some
endangered languages are being preserved. English has increasingly become the world's most important lingua
franca, but Mandarin is catching up.
Information: Russia is part is the Slavic language branch. The Angles and the Normans help develop the English
language by both of them invading England. The two largest language families are Indo-european and Sinotibetan. The way people talk is affected by the people around them and how they have been taught to
propitiate the words. Two or more languages can be put together to form a new language. The United States
has many dialects due to where people are located such as the south, they have a southern accent and then
the north has a different accent. The United States also does not have one set national language due to the
many different cultures. The most spoken language is English which comes from the Indo-european language.
Spanish is the second most spoken language in the United states although there is no official language. French
is widely used in Canada, especially in Quebec. A dialect is a regional variation of a language. English had
become the most important language for international communication in culture and business.
Chapter 6: Religions
By: Bryan Franklin
Sarah Miller
Key Terms:
 Agnosticism- belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists
 Autonomous religion- a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates
informally
 Caste- the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned, according to law.
 Cosmogony- a set of religions beliefs concerning the origin or the universe
 Denomination- a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into s single legal and
administrative body
 Ghetto- during the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews;
now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social,
legal, or economic pressure
 Sect- a relatively small group that has broken away from an established religious group
 Pilgrimage- a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes
 Monotheism- the doctrine of or belief on the existence of only one god
 Atheism- belief that God does not exist
 Missionary- an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion
 Syncretic- a religion that combines several traditions
Summary:
Key Issue 1- Where Are Religions Distributed?
Religions are classified as universalizing or ethnic. The three larges universalizing religions are Christianity,
Islam, and Buddhism. Each is divided into branches and denomination which creates religions within the main
religion. An example of this would be Baptist because they split from Christianity. Whether the religion if
universalizing or ethnic determines where and how spread out the religion is going to be. Universalizing
religions are more spread out and further away from the holy land, while ethnic religions are more local. For
example you are more likely to find Hinduism in India because that is where Hinduism started so it is going to
stay in that area based on where holy places and key events in the religion happened.
Key Issue 2- Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions?
A universalizing religion has a known origin and clear patterns of diffusion, where ethnic religions typically
have unknown origins and little diffusion. If you look at a map of universalizing religions they are more likely to
be spread out all across the world because they have diffused and spread to other countries and so on. Ethnic
religions are not going to spread very far because that religion isn’t accustomed to other cultures as well as it is
in the birth place.
Key Issue 3- Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?
Holy Places and holidays in a universalizing religion are related to events in the life of its founder or prophet
and are related to the local physical geography in an ethnic religion. Religions affect the landscape in other
ways: Religions communities are built, religious toponyms mark the landscape, and extensive tracts are
reserved for burying the dead. Holy places derive from events in the founders life and since each religion was
founded by a different person the holy places and other factors will be different, making the religion diffuse in
different places and in different ways/speed.
Key Issue 4- Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among Religious Groups?
With Earths surface dominated by four large religions, expansion of the territory occupied by one religion may
reduce the territory of another. In addition, religions must compete for control of territory with nonreligious
ideas, notably communism and economic modernization. Fights and wars have especially arose in the middle
east because of the multiple diverse religious groups in a small area. Also because of religious holy lands all
being in one city which will make tensions high in that area.
Chapter 7
Ethnicity
Morgan K. and Celia C.
 Key Issue1: Where are the Ethnicities Distributed?
-Ethnic groups live within different regions in the United states, the Hispanics are clustered in the southwest, African
Americans in the Southeast, and Asian Americans clustered in the West. African Americans and Asian Americans are
clustered in urban areas.
 Ethnicity- is the identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or
hearth.
 Ethnicity is often confused with race, which is the identity of a group of people that share a biological ancestor.
 In the worst case, Biological classification race is the basic foundation for racism.
 Racism- is the belief that race is the primary determinate of human traits and capacities and that racial
differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
Ethnicities in the United States- the united states is now more ethnically diverse now than ever before!
 Ethnic clustering on a regional scale- On a regional scale enicities in the United states have distinctive
distribution.
 Ethnic clustering on a urban scale- African Americans and Hispanics highly populated and cluster in Urban areas.
The clustering in urban areas is very high in neighborhoods in cities
 Key Issue2: Why do Ethnicities have distinctive Distribution?
-Ethnicities have distinctive distributions because of the International Migration of Ethnicities, Internal Migration of
African Americans and Segregation by Ethnicity and Race.
Internal Migration of Ethnicities
 Most African Americans descended from Africans forced to migrate as slaves in the Eighteenth century
 Forced Migration-Permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors
 Different European countries used various regions of Africa to send slaves, thus the Triangular Slave trade was
created
 triangular slave trade- A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported
slaves from Africa to the Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from
Europe to Africa
 Voluntary migration- Permanent movement undertaken by choice
 Until the twentieth century quotas limited the number of immigrants, when the laws were changed in the 1960's
the Hispanic and Asian American population increased rapidly
Internal Migration of African Americans
 Interregional Migration- Permanent movement from one country to another
 Intraregional Migration- Permanent movement within one region of a country
 White flight encouraged blockbusting- Real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area
to sell their houses at low prices, preying on their fears that black families would soon move into the
neighborhood and cause property value to decline
 Apartheid- was physical separation of different races into different geographic areas
Ethnicity and race are distinct from nationality
 Key Issue3: Why do Conflicts arise among Ethnicities?
-Conflicts arise because of Ethnic Competition, Ethnic diversity and dividing Ethnicities among Nationalities.
 Nationality- is the identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a
particular country
 Nationalism- is loyalty and devotion to a nationality
 Key Issue4- Why do Ethnicities engage in Ethnic cleansing and Genocide?
-The point of Ethnic cleansing is not to defeat an enemy or to beat them, rather than a war, ethnic cleansing involves the
removal of every single member of a less powerful group. A example would be ethnic cleansing in the Balkans. An
example of ethnic cleansing and Genocide would be Sudan, Africa.
 Ethnic cleansing- is a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in
order to create an ethnically homogenous region
 Balkanization- the process by which a state breaks down the conflicts among its ethnicities
Summary
● Key Words:
● State- An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has
control over its internal and foreign affairs
● Sovereignty-Which means independence from control of its internal affairs by other states.
● City State- A sovereign state that comprises a town and surrounding countryside
● Nation State- a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity
● Self Determination-The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves is know as
self determination
● colonialism-Which is an effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to
impose its political economic cultural principles on that territory.
● boundary-A state is separated from its neighbors by a boundary, an invisible line that marks
the extent of a state’s territory
● Physical Boundary- Coincide with significant features of the natural landscape
● Cultural Boundary-Follow the distribution of cultural characteristics
● Compact state-the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
● Elongated state- States with long narrow shapes
● Prorupted state-compact state with large projecting extension
● Perforated State- A state that completely surrounds another one
● Fragmented State-includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
● Landlocked State-lacks a direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by several
other countries
● Gerrymandering-The process of redrawing legislative boundaries.
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Summary
Key Issue 1-Where are states distributed?
Korea is divided into two separate states north and south.
Colonies were established for 3 reasons god glory and gold.
● Key Issue 2-Why are Nation States difficult to create?
● Some states have high amounts of violence and bad governments.
● Key Issue 3-Why do boundaries cause problems?
● It can affect communication, unity, and administration.
● Key Issue 4- Why do states cooperate and compete with each other?
● They cooperate and compete to make military alliances and trading partners around the world.
Chapter 9
Key Issues:
1. Why does development vary among countries?
2. Why does development vary by gender?
3. Why are energy resources important for development?
4. Why do countries face obstacles in development?
Key Issue 1: Why does development vary among countries?
The UN created the Human Development Index (HDI) to measure the level of development in each country. HDI considers development to be a function of three
factors:
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A decent standard of living. Gross national income per capita at purchasing power parity is a complicated index that the UN uses to measure the
standard of living
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A long and healthy life. Life expectancy is the health indicator contributing to HDI. More developed countries have a longer life expectancy than those in
developing countries. And more developed countries have a higher infant mortality rate than that of developing countries.
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Access to knowledge. The higher the level of development the better the quality and quantity of a country’s education.
Countries are grouped into 4 categories based on these 3 factors:
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Very high developed
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High
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Medium
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Low developing
Development can vary within a country, and these variations can be traced to the distinctive features of the country.
Key Issue 2: Why does development vary by gender?
Gender Inequality Measures:
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Gender Inequality Index (GII)
Empowerment- The ability of women to achieve success in their own status - to achieve economic and political power. Labor- The percentage of
women holding full time jobs outside of the home is the female labor participation rate. Reproductive Health- Maternal Mortality Ratio: the number of
women who die giving birth per 100,000 births. Adolescent Fertility Rate- the number of births per 1,000 women between ages 15 to 19.
Gender Inequality Trends:
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Females are more equal and have more economic and political power in MDC’s than in LDC’s
Key Issue 3: Why are energy resources important for development?
Energy Supply and Demand
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The quantity of something that producers have available for sale is the supply. While the Demand is the quantity that consumers are willing and able to
buy. Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Gas are energy sources that supply five sixths of the worlds energy needs. Heaviest fossil fuel consumers live in
MDC’s, and some LDC’s have abundant energy reserves while others have little.
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Demand for energy comes from 3 main types of consumption; Business, Homes, Transportation
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Renewable energy and Nonrenewable energy sources.
Alternative Energy Sources
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There are two principal sources other than the three main nonrenewable sources:
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Nuclear; Nonrenewable, but is viewed as an alternative to fossil fuels. Radioactive waste.
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Hydroelectric; Generating energy from the movement of water is hydroelectric power.
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Others include:
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Biomass; Fuel derived from plant material and animal waste is biomass fuel
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Wind power; Windmill construction does less damage to the environment than that of a dam across a river. Wind power also has greater
potential, but the windmills are noisy and the environmental community believes that they will be harmful to the birds and the bats.
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Geothermal Energy; Energy from hot water or steam is geothermal energy.
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Nuclear fusion; The fusion of hydrogen atoms to produce helium.
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Solar Energy; Energy from the Sun. Passive solar energy systems capture energy without using special devices. Active solar energy systems
collect solar energy and convert it to either heat energy or electricity.
Key Issue 4: Why do countries face obstacles to development?
Two Paths to Development
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Self-sufficiency: countries encourage domestic production of goods and discourage foreign ownership of business and resources, and protect their
businesses from international. Barriers limit the amount of goods received from other places, small businesses are isolated from competition with large
international corporations and allowed to succeed, investment is spread as equally as possible across all sectors of a country’s economy, and incomes
in the countryside keep pace with those in the city. For example, India is one of the leading examples of the self-sufficiency approach. Challenges:
Protection of inefficient businesses and the need for large bureaucracy.
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International Trade: Countries open themselves to foreign investment and international markets. Rostow’s Model of development (Traditional Society,
Preconditions to takeoff, Takeoff, Drive to Maturity, and Age of mass consumption). The Four Asian Dragons, and Petroleum-rich Arabian peninsula
States, are examples of the international trade path. Challenges: uneven resource distribution, increased dependence on developed countries, and
market decline.
Financing Development
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country. The two major lenders to developing
countries are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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There are financing challenges in developing and developed countries
Making Progress in Development
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Reducing the gap in level of development between developed and developing countries depends on the variable. (Infant Mortality Rate, Life
Expectancy, GNI per capita)
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Millennium Development Goals: Eight goals set by the UN to be achieved by 2015, to help reduce disparities between developed countries and
developing countries.
Chapter 10: Food and Agriculture Vocabulary
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Shifting cultivation: a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another.
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Pastoral Nomadism: a form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
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Slash and burn agriculture: another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and
burning the debris.
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Intensive subsistence agriculture: a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to
produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
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Agriculture origins: the origins of agriculture where planting started to be permanent.
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Commercial agriculture : agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
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Agribusiness: Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food- processing industry, usually through
ownership by large corporations
and gathering: the killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, nuts, and other plants for subsistence.
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Green Revolution: rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.
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Subsistence agriculture: agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family.
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Market gardening: the small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.
Key Issue 1 Review:
Before agriculture people by the method of hunting and gathering. They would hunt animals, gather wild vegetation, and fish. Current
agriculture practices differ between developed and developing countries. Agriculture came about 10,000 years ago from multiple origins through
crops and livestock. One of the many ways of agriculture is subsistence agricultural which is characterized by 3 main things. High percentage of
farmers in the labor force, limited use of machinery, and small average farm size. Another way is commercial agriculture which is practice in
developed countries rather then developing like subsistence. Commercial is characterized by small percentage of farmers and labor force, heavy use
of machinery and large average farm size.
Key Issue 2 Review:
Food is a important aspect of life. The amount of food and nutrients in the food differ between developed and developing countries.
Dietary energy comes mainly through cereal grains, especially wheat, rice, and maize. In developing countries grain is a primary source of protein
while in developed countries, meat is the main source of protein. A lot of LDC's are getting less than the normal amount of calories. The minimum
percent of calories a average person can consume is 50%. Many sub-Saharan Africa residents are getting less than the minimum required. Around
the world about 850 million people undernourished, nearly all of them in developing countries.
Key Issue 3 Review:
A lot of people in developing countries are subsistence farmers, which is to grow crops for their own needs and their families. The many
types of subsistence agriculture is shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism, and intensive farming. Commercial farming is also a reliable source for
agriculture, including dairy farming, commercial gardening, grain, Mediterranean, and ranching. The world is divided into 11 major regions. The 5 in
developing countries are Pastoral nomadism, shifting cultivation, intensive cultivation, intensive subsistence(wet rice), and Intensive subsistence (
other than rice.) The 6 in developed countries are Mixed crop and livestock, dairying, grain, ranching, Mediterranean, and commercial gardening.
Plantation farming is a form of commercial agriculture in developing regions. The crops are primarily exported to developed countries.
Key Issue 4 Review:
In developing countries, agriculture faces many economic struggles. Resulting from the rapid population growth and thee pressure to
adopt international trade strategies to become developed. In developed countries, agriculture faces problems dealing with access to markets and
overpopulation. With the pressure to contribute to international trade it results in subsistence farmers to increase the amount of crops they plant
that way they can export rather then consume at home. Due to the efficiency of commercial farmers, they produce more crops than developed
countries can consume. There are a lot of exports. Some including drugs most recently between developed countries. The exports of food has
increased rapidly, even though only a small amount of countries make enough to become major exports. The productivity of agriculture has
increase rapidly as well through the invention of higher-yield seeds and the expanded sue of fertilizers. A type of agriculture that accounts for a
small but increasing share of the world’s agriculture is sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture involves sensitive land management, limited
use of chemicals, and better movement of crops and livestock.