Download The Scientific Method PAGES 20-25

GENERAL CHEMISTRY FALL FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
100 POINTS TOWARD THE EXAM
NAME _____________________________
12-9-15
USE YOUR NOTE, HANDOUTS, ACT COACH OR the TEXTBOOK [Chapters 1 -4 cover the material used in class to this
point] to complete this STUDY GUIDE in preparation for the mid-term exam. This study guide will count 40 points
toward the exam. The in class portion of the exam will count the remaining 60 points.
PLEASE NOTE: In order to receive 100 points, this STUDY GUIDE MUST BE COMPLETE! Incomplete study
guides will receive a score of “0” [zero!]
**PART 1**
CHAPTER 1
AN INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY PAGES 7-19
1. What is CHEMISTRY? __________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Traditionally, there are FIVE BRANCHES of chemistry. Name the FIVE branches of chemistry:
_________________, _________________, __________________, __________________ and ________________
3. People study sciences, such as chemistry for a number of reason. Generally, there are THREE MAIN REASONS
given for studying science. These are:
A. _____________________________________________________________________________________
B. _____________________________________________________________________________________
C. _____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Regardless of the reason someone studies science, all scientific work can be divided into TWO categories:
A. PURE Science __________________________________________________________________________
B. APPLIED Science ________________________________________________________________________
-Another name for Applied Science is _________________________________.
5. Scientists use the SCEINTIFIC METHOD to solve problems. What is the SCIENTIFIC METHOD? _________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD PAGES 20-25
6. The first step of the scientific method make ______________________ using your senses. Once this is done, a
__________________________________ is identified that has no obvious answer.
7. Once a problem is identified, the person doing the experiment forms a ___________________________; a
possible explanation based on available information….some people refer to this step as an “educated guess”.
8. Once a possible explanation has been proposed, the next step is to design an _________________________ to
test the idea.
9. Most experiments also have a NULL HYPOTHESIS which states _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Once a hypothesis has been tested in an experiment, the results, or ______________, is collected and organized
into a usable form such as a _____________, a __________________ or a ___________________.
11. Regardless of the outcome of an experiment, the first step that should be taken is to ______________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
12. If, after retesting, a hypothesis still fails to give the expected result, the experimenter may need to ___________
the hypothesis and test again or ultimately throw out the hypothesis and start over with a different approach.
13. When designing an experiment, there are a number of factors, or VARIABLES, that are considered. DESCRIBE
EACH OF THESE:
A. Manipulated Variable - __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
 An older name for this variable is the _________________________ variable.
B. Responding Variable - ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
 An older name for this variable is the _________________________ variable.
C. Control Group - _________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
D. Constants - ____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
14. When graphing data from an experiment, the ________________________ variable is generally graphed on the
X-AXIS while the _________________________ variable is generally graphed on the Y-AXIS.
THERE WILL BE EXPERIMENTAL SCENARIOS ON THE TEST WHERE YOU MAY BE ASKED TO IDENTIFY ANY OR ALL OF
THE ABOVE VARIABLES!
SCIENTIFIC MATH – PAGE 63-76
15. Often scientists must deal with numbers having many digits. These numbers are cumbersome and slow to deal
with in calculations. Often, many digit numbers are shortening using SCIENTIFIC NOTATION.
What is SCIENTIFIC NOTATION? _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
16. Convert these numbers from standard form to SCIENTIFIC NOTATION .
A.
B.
C.
D.
89,921,400 kilometers
575.2 liters
0.0000000256905 grams
0.00045201 milliseconds
______________________________
______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
17. Convert these numbers from scientific notation back to STANDARD FORM .
A. 5.689 x 1018 atoms ______________________________________
B. 1.507 x 10-10 grams ______________________________________
PAGES 76-78
18. HEAT and TEMPERATURE are terms often used interchangeably in science even though the actually have
different meanings. DEFINE them here:
A. Temperature - _________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
B. Heat - ________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
19. In science, there are THREE commonly used TEMPERATURE SCALES. These include _______________________,
__________________________ and __________________________.
20. What is the main issue that sometimes makes the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures scales unusable in
certain scientific calculations?
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
21. There are THREE EQUATIONS used to convert between temperature scales.
[ From oFahrenheit to oCelsius ]
[From oCelsius to oFahrenheit ]
[ From oCelsius to Kelvin ]
o
C = 0.56 (°F-32)
F = 1.8 (°C) +32
K= °C + 273
o
22. Using the equations supplied above, complete these temperature conversion problems:
A. 55 oF = ____________________ oC
B. -5.5 oC =
C. 327.6 oC = _________________ K
D. 165.15 K = ________________ oC
________________
o
F
ATOMIC STRUCTURE PAGE 101-109
23. The idea of the atom was first proposed by the ancient Greek philosopher named ________________________.
24. After the time of the ancient Greeks, the idea of the atom wasn’t revived until the 1800s when the English
Scientist/Teacher __________________________________ proposed his ATOMIC THEORY.
25. The ATOMIC THEORY makes FOUR STATEMENTS about matter. What do these statement say?
A. ______________________________________________________________________________________
B. ______________________________________________________________________________________
C. ______________________________________________________________________________________
D. ______________________________________________________________________________________
26. The modern idea of the atoms says the atom is composed of two parts: the ___________________ and the
area surrounding it called the ___________________________.
27. Atoms are extremely small, yet they are composed of even smaller particles known as ____________________
Particles.
28. While more than 200 of these particles have been identified, there are THREE main ones of interest in the
everyday study of chemistry. These are _________________, __________________ and _________________.
29. Complete this table by supplying the missing information:
Subatomic Particle
Symbol
P+
Neutron
Charge
Location
Nucleus
Neutral [no charge]
e-
Electron Cloud
PAGES 110-118
30. Since subatomic particle have such small masses, it is not practical to measure their mass in grams, so scientists
derived another unit called ___________________________, abbreviated amu, or sometime simply “_____”.
31. The _________________________ of an atoms is the number of PROTONS in the atom’s nucleus. Since the
positive and negative charges of the atom generally cancel each other out, this is also the number of
__________ found in the electron cloud.
32. An important concept of chemistry is that the IDENTITY of an element is determined by the number of
___________________ in the atom’s nucleus!
33. The ________________________________ is the combined number of both PROTONS and NEUTRONS in an
atom’s nucleus.
34. When calculating the ATOMIC MASS of an atom, the electrons are generally not included because ___________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
35. While ALL ATOMS of the same element have the same number of ___________________ in their nucleus, the
number of _____________________ may vary from atom to atom. These “DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE SAME
ATOM” are known as ____________________________; most elements have at least two, some have many!
36. The atomic mass number given on the periodic table is a ___________________________ of all of that
element’s isotopes.
In addition to the materials covered by QUESTIONS 1-36 above, you will also be required to:
1. Apply the rules for SIGNIFICANT FIGURES to determine the number of SF in a measurement.
2. Apply the rules for MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT FIGURES to complete a math problem
and round the final answer to the correct number of significant figures.
3. Calculate the AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS NUMBER for an element from isotope data.