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Heat, Wind and Pressure from the Weather Smart Series written and produced by... Alan Sealls, Meteorologist Produced and Distributed by... 1560 Sherman Avenue, Suite 100 Evanston, IL 60201 800-323-9084 24-Hour Fax 847-328-6706 http://www.unitedlearning.com This video is the exclusive property of the copyright holder. Copying, transmitting, or reproducing in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the copyright holder is prohibited (Title 17, U.S. Code Sections 501 and 506). ©MMI Alan Sealls Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Table of Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Curriculum Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Program Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Series Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Teacher Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Instructional Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Pre-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Student Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Student Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Introducing the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Discussion Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Blackline Master Activities . . . . . . . . . . .7 Extended Learning Activities . . . . . . . . .8 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Reference Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Script of Narration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 CC This video is closed captioned. The purchase of this program entitles the user to the right to reproduce or duplicate, in whole or in part, this teacher’s guide and the blackline master handouts that accompany it for the purpose of teaching in conjunction with this program, WEATHER SMART: HEAT, WIND and PRESSURE. This right is restricted only for use with this program. Any reproduction or duplication in whole or in part of this guide and the blackline master handouts for any purpose other than for use with this program is prohibited. CLASSROOM/LIBRARY CLEARANCE NOTICE This program is for instructional use. The cost of each program includes public performance rights as long as no admission charge is made. Public performance rights are defined as viewing of a video in the course of face-to-face teaching activities in a classroom, library, or similar setting devoted to instruction. Closed Circuit Rights are included as a part of the pubic performance rights as long as closed-circuit transmission is restricted to a single campus. For multiple locations, call your United Learning representative. Television/Cable/Satellite Rights are available. Call your United Learning representative for details. Duplication Rights are available if requested in large quantities. Call your United Learning representative for details. Quantity Discounts are available for large purchases. Call your United Learning representative for information and pricing. Discounts, and some special services, are not applicable outside the United States. Your suggestions and recommendations are welcome. Feel free at any time to call United Learning at 1-800-323-9084. HEAT, WIND AND PRESSURE from the Weather Smart Series INTRODUCTION Weather Smart is a series comprised of 10 weather programs for grades 3-8. It is written and produced by Alan Sealls, an award-winning meteorologist who has worked for WGN-TV, and CNN. Each program is supported by exercises, quizzes, Internet references, and hands-on experiments to make the weather come alive to students. The series is an entire "course" in the wonders of weather while each program stands alone in approaching the various facets of meteorology. These delightful and entertaining programs are geared toward kids' fascination with weather. Each program may be used as an introduction, supplement, or follow-up to weather studies. Heat, Wind and Pressure explores the fundamentals of weather. It highlights the sun as the source of energy for Earth and our atmosphere. Students gain knowledge of the inseparable link between heat, wind and pressure, and how they keep weather balanced. While not typically a hazard or even a noticeable concern, heat, wind, and pressure can go to extremes to become powerful and dangerous. CURRICULUM STANDARDS Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure correlates to the following science standards: National Science Education Standards, grades K-4 Science as Inquiry CONTENT STANDARD A: • Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry • Understanding about scientific inquiry Physical Science CONTENT STANDARD B: • Properties of objects and materials • Position and motion of objects • Light, heat, electricity, and magnetism 1 Life Science CONTENT STANDARD C: • The characteristics of organisms Earth and Space Science CONTENT STANDARD D: • Properties of Earth materials • Objects in the sky • Changes in Earth and sky Science and Technology CONTENT STANDARD E: • Abilities of technological design • Understanding about science and technology Science in Personal & Social Perspectives CONTENT STANDARD F: • Personal health • Types of resources • Changes in environments • Science and technology in local challenges History and Nature of Science CONTENT STANDARD G: • Science as a human endeavor National Science Education Standards, grades 5-8 Science as Inquiry CONTENT STANDARD A: • Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry • Understanding about scientific inquiry Physical Science CONTENT STANDARD B: • Properties and changes of properties in matter • Motions and forces • Transfer of energy Earth and Space Science CONTENT STANDARD D: • Structure of the earth system • Earth in the solar system 2 Science and Technology CONTENT STANDARD E: • Abilities of technological design • Understanding about science and technology Science in Personal & Social Perspectives CONTENT STANDARD F: • Personal health • Natural hazards • Risks and benefits • Science and technology in society History and Nature of Science CONTENT STANDARD G: • Science as a human endeavor • Nature of science PROGRAM SUMMARY Animations and video examples show the uniqueness of air in Earth's atmosphere and how air is set into motion as wind when it is heated. Air with different temperature is related to differences in weight or pressure, which is what causes wind and circulations. The properties of hot and cold air are contrasted. Students learn to associate high or low pressure with calm or stormy weather, respectively. While storms generate wind, students see that wind pushes storms and weather systems around the globe. We see that air in motion is constantly trying to balance heat so that no part of our planet gets too hot or too cold. All of this is reinforced in the concluding video quiz. SERIES GOALS The Weather Smart series will give students the entire scope of meteorology, fostering an appreciation for weather as a universal, ever-present aspect of life on Earth. • Varying combinations of heat, air, and water generate weather. 3 • The sun is the driving force behind weather. • Air and water have unique properties. • Neither Earth nor life would exist as we know them, without weather. • Humans can affect weather or climate. • Weather forecasts make our lives easier and safer. • Tools and instruments help us to understand and predict weather. • Mathematics is needed to assess and forecast weather and climate. • Scientists do not fully know what makes weather and climate change. • Weather and climate are cyclical. • There is beauty in the sky. • Meteorology is a wide-reaching profession. TEACHER PREPARATION Duplicate a sufficient quantity of the Blackline Masters for your students. In order to undertake all of the exercises in this program the following items are needed in appropriate amounts and quantities: computer with Internet connection hammer nails string metal lid from jar or can construction paper drinking glass or glass jar water cooking pan plastic bottle plastic bag scissors small rubber eraser balloon measuring tape table lamp sheet of foam-core board assorted textbooks 4 INSTRUCTIONAL NOTES Before presenting this Weather Smart lesson to your students, we suggest you preview the program and review this guide and accompanying Blackline Master activities in order to familiarize yourself with their content. As you review the materials presented in this guide, you may find it necessary to make changes, additions, or deletions to meet the specific needs of your class. We encourage you to do so, for only by tailoring this program to your students will they obtain the maximum instructional benefits afforded by the materials. We also suggest that the program viewing take place before the entire group under your supervision. The lesson activities grow out of the context of the program; therefore, the presentation should be a common experience for all students. PRE-TEST To gauge student level of understanding of heat, wind, and pressure, you may use any of several of the Blackline Masters as both pre-test and post-test. Those most appropriate would be Blackline Master 1 Video Quiz, and Blackline Master 3, Discussion Questions. STUDENT PREPARATION Pass a thermometer around class and have the students attempt to read it. Ask them what the thermometer measures. The answers should be heat or temperature. Prompt a discussion of what causes temperature to be higher and lower on different days, and in different locations. Have them watch a weather forecast on TV and ask them to determine what causes the temperature changes from day to day. Have them also make note of references to wind and pressure. Ask them if they can figure out what role the wind and pressure play in the forecast. 5 STUDENT OBJECTIVES After viewing the program and participating in the followup activities, students will be able to: • Illustrate the relationship between heat, wind, and pressure. • Describe the unique properties of air. • Define air pressure and discuss its role in daily weather. • List the instruments used to measure heat, wind, and pressure. • Demonstrate the response of air when heated. • Demonstrate how pressure creates force and motion. • Identify the sun as the source of energy for Earth. • Read basic weather instruments. INTRODUCING THE PROGRAM Any of the Blackline Master experiments (numbers 8 through 13) may be used to introduce the topic. Perform one experiment in front of the class to pique curiosity and bring about discussion of how it relates to heat, wind, or pressure. You may also choose to have any one of these experiments undertaken by the class, in small groups. Present the program. Weather Smart: Heat, Wind & Pressure runs 15 minutes. A video quiz corresponding to Blackline Master 1 is at the conclusion of the program. You may choose to pause the program for a longer period between questions to allow more time for answers or for discussion. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS As printed on Blackline Master 3, the answers are found in the Answer Key on page 9. 1. How does wind start? 2. What parts of Earth are always cold? 3. What keeps the temperature from getting too high in hot places? 4. What time of the day is usually the windiest? 5. How would Earth be different if we didn't have air? 6 6. What kind of weather do you find around low pressure? 7. Why does a strong wind make you feel colder in winter? 8. Where on Earth do we usually find the warmest temperatures? 9. What makes weather move around the world? 10. What does pressure have to do with air? BLACKLINE MASTER ACTIVITIES 1. Video Quiz may be used as a pre-test and post-test. The actual quiz is in the conclusion of the program. 2. Heat, Wind and Pressure Vocabulary Word Search is a fun way to familiarize students with the words and phrases presented in this program. You might have students work in groups to find some of the hidden words. 3. Discussion Questions may be administered at any time or given as a take home assignment. 4. Read a Thermometer gives practice in reading a thermometer. It requires that you either shade in various values for the mercury before duplication or write a value in the box and then have students color in the height of the mercury. 5. Read a Compass gives practice in reading a compass. It requires that you either draw in arrows (pointers) for wind direction before duplication or write a direction in the box and then have students draw in the arrow. 6. Read a Barometer gives practice in reading a barometer. It requires that you either draw in arrows (pointers) for pressure before duplication or write a direction in the box and then have students draw in the arrow. 7. Wind Chime allows students to create a wind chime instrument to give an audible measure of wind. 8. Paper Fan is a simple tool that has a practical purpose of creating air motion (wind) for personal comfort. 9. Warming Water demonstrates that water expands when heated. This principle is extended to air in the atmosphere. 10. Pressure uses water to show that weight causes pressure and pressure creates a force that can move objects. 11. Parachute shows the power of air in retarding the motion of objects. 7 12. Heated Balloon illustrates that air expands when heated. 13. Balloon Table will amaze students as they find that air, even in a balloon, is strong enough to suspend heavy objects. 14. Heat, Wind and Pressure Fun Facts provides trivia and items to surprise the kids. 15. Internet Sites leads students on a fun journey beyond this program into more studies of heat, wind and pressure. EXTENDED LEARNING ACTIVITIES Contact local businesses and agencies that are very dependent on changes in heat or wind. Your class may be allowed to visit them to gain a local perspective. You might also assign students to contact and arrange for a visit or interview. • Meteorologists who work at a nearby office of the National Weather Service or on TV or at a university can discuss the roles of heat, wind and pressure. • Pilots of airplanes, and especially pilots of helicopters and hot air balloons, can discuss the importance of heat and wind in flight planning. You might be lucky enough to get a helicopter or balloon pilot to land their aircraft at your school. • City planners can describe the ways cities, roads, and neighborhoods are laid out to account for heat and wind. • Managers of amusement parks, golf courses, beaches, and other outdoor venues can describe how their attendance revolves around the heat. They can also discuss their emergency plans when a person is overcome by heat. • Architects and construction companies can talk about how buildings are designed for wind. • Doctors or nurses can describe the symptoms of heat illnesses and what people can do to avoid them. • Farmers can discuss the role that heat and wind play in planting, maintaining, and harvesting crops. This extends to aerial spraying of chemicals, and evaporation rates of water. 8 ANSWER KEY Video Quiz 1. true 2. true 3. false 4. true 5. false 6. true 7. true 8. true 9. true 10. false Heat, Wind & Pressure Vocabulary Word Search Discussion Questions 1. Wind starts when air is heated and then rises. When it rises, the pressure gets lower and other air slides into the spot it left to create wind. Wind may also occur when gravity pulls air down a slope, like a mountain. 2. The Earth is always cold at the North Pole and the South Pole. 9 3. The temperature, even in hot places, reaches a limit because wind brings in cooler air to mix the hot air with somewhat cooler air. 4. The windiest time of day is middle afternoon. This is when the local environment is hottest and the rising hot air generates stronger wind. There are regions where the geography may produce strong winds at other times. 5. If we didn't have air, the sky would be black, there would be no life as we know it, and there would be no clouds. The side of the Earth facing the sun would be extremely hot, while the dark side of the planet would be bitterly cold. 6. Around low pressure we commonly find weather that is unsettled. There is more wind, more cloud cover, and a greater chance of precipitation and storms. 7. In the winter, a strong wind carries heat away from you that your body generates. 8. The warmest temperatures on Earth are found in deserts close to the Equator where the days are long and the sun stays high in the sky. 9. Weather moves around the world because of the steady winds a few miles above the ground that push it. These winds include the jetstream, and they are caused by the attempt of the atmosphere to reduce the temperature difference between the Poles and the Equator. 10. Pressure is the way we measure the weight (mass) of air, or how much force the weight of air creates. High pressure tells us there is a lot of air sinking and crammed into one spot that creates relatively calm weather with light wind. Low pressure has the opposite properties of high pressure. Read a Thermometer Answers will depend upon how high you shade the thermometers. Use different ranges of temperature to arouse discussion of what time of day, or what seasons they are more likely. Note that the thermometers are in Fahrenheit increments of two degrees. This means that students must interpolate (estimate) between the lines. You might modify the exercise to where you give the students temperatures and have them shade the thermometer. 10 Read a Compass Answers will depend upon where you draw your arrows or pointers. In this exercise, students are merely identifying the wind direction. In the case of wind, the direction would tell you where the wind is coming from. You might modify the exercise to where you give the students a wind direction and you have them draw the arrow or pointer. Read a Barometer Answers will depend upon where you draw your arrows or pointers. Note that the units are millibars and they are in increments of two. You might modify the exercise to where you give the students a pressure reading and you have them draw the arrow or pointer. In most places, the pressure does not get much higher than 1030 millibars, or much lower than 990 millibars. The exceptions are high pressure centers from the Poles that can be over 1040 millibars, and major winter storms and hurricanes that can have pressure far below 980 millibars. Wind Chime The wind chime tells us if the wind is light, moderate, or strong. The measurements of the nails and strings do not have to be exact. Longer strings are more likely to become entangled on windy days. Students may experiment with different nail lengths to hear different pitches. Paper Fan The paper fan will move air and create wind. Warming Water This experiment illustrates that water, like most materials, expands when heated. The water will overflow before it starts to boil if it is filled to the top of the glass. The molecules of the water become more active as they are heated, and they vibrate more, requiring more space. 11 Pressure The water in the lower hole will be pushed further out because there is more water above it than there is above the upper hole. Students feel the force of water pressure when they go deeper in a swimming pool. This tells us that air pressure is always lower as you get higher in the sky because there would be less air above you. Parachute The parachute is slowed by air. Heated Balloon The balloon expands because the air inside expands. Warm air expands because the molecules vibrate faster and take up more space. Because the air is constrained in the balloon, the pressure increases. You may also notice that the heat from the lamp creates a rising air current that moves the balloon. This relates to convection, which is the process that develops thunderstorms. Balloon Table This shows a principle that we often overlook but it is all around us. Air holds the books because it is extremely strong. You may end up replacing the foam-core board with a thin piece of plywood, as the foam-core is more likely to fail before the balloons do! Internet Sites As listed on Blackline Master 15. National Weather Service Central Region Headquarters resource links http://www.crh.noaa.gov/gid/edu/educate.htm You will find a large number of weather links along with information on heat waves, droughts, and the sun. Environmental Protection Agency Sunwise Program http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/ Sun, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation protection information, exercises, and games are all found here. 12 NASA for kids only http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/ Click on "Air Pressure" for fun experiments with air. Learn more about how air behaves. American Red Cross summer safety http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/keepsafe/r eadyheat.html Gather good heat wave safety information to use at school, at camp or at home. Pennsylvania State University Meteorology kids page http://eyewall.met.psu.edu/kidswx/kids.html This page has weather activities and information and a wealth of files to download. As Internet addresses can change, you may have to use a search engine to find the title of the page or website that you are seeking. You may also have luck by going to the host website URL. For example, if you are looking for http://www.alan.edu/weather/cloud.html and you get a message that the page is no longer available, then try http://www.alan.edu/ and look or search for weather, and then cloud, or something that sounds similar. REFERENCE MATERIAL Interactive Weather Information Network from the National Weather Service http://weather.gov Find current temperature, wind and pressure for thousands of cities, along with forecasts. National Weather Service heatwave safety http://weather.noaa.gov/weather/hwave.html Gather useful information for other teachers to help in planning summer activities. National Weather Service teacher resource page http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/teacher Peruse this compendium of teacher activities for the classroom, including information on Project DataStreme, and other resource links. 13 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Project Skymath http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/staff/blynds/skymath.html Middle school teachers can continue their weather lessons with this comprehensive set of 16 weather-math activities. NASA Central Operations of Resources for Educators http://core.nasa.gov/ This is an excellent multimedia resource area for your weather lessons. Find many more heat, wind, and pressure experiments along with designs for weather instruments in the "Hands on Weather," programs also distributed by United Learning. Comments, suggestions, or questions regarding this Weather Smart program should be addressed to the producer, Alan Sealls ([email protected]). SCRIPT OF NARRATION Earth is a special place. It's the only planet with air that we know of. Without air, we wouldn't be able to live. Air is all around us but you can't see it, and you can't taste it. Sometimes when air moves, we do feel it, and when it moves very fast, we can hear it. Air is actually pretty strong. If you take a cup and put it upside down in water, the water does not go inside of the cup. That tells you that air in the cup is strong enough to keep the water from going in. Air takes up space. We see that because the water in the tank rises when you put the cup in it. Clouds float because air is strong enough to hold them up. If we didn't have air on Earth, you wouldn't be able to fly a kite, and you wouldn't be able to bounce a ball. Guess what's inside of a basketball? Air. To show you just how strong air is, fill up a balloon and tie it closed. Then sit on it. Look what happens here. The air 14 inside the balloon gets squeezed and the balloon does not even pop. Air is really strong if it can hold up a person. This is important to know when we study weather. When air moves, it can make other things move. Blow on a pinwheel to make it spin. Whenever air moves, it's wind. Wind is always happening around the Earth. If you blow up another balloon and then let go of it, the balloon flies away. The air that you squeezed into the balloon tries to get out all at once. As it comes out, the air pushes the balloon away. When a lot of air gets squeezed into one space, it gets stronger and a little heavier. If you fill your bicycle tire with air, the air holds you up and you can ride your bike for a long time. Think of all the air that gets squeezed into a car or truck tire. That's a lot to hold up something so heavy. We measure how strong the air is with a weather instrument called a barometer. A barometer tells us if the air is heavy or light. If air is heavy, the barometer shows us high pressure. High pressure usually means dry, sunny weather. If air is light, the barometer shows low pressure. We find low pressure with cloudy or wet weather. When you look at a weather map and see the letter H for high pressure and the letter L for low pressure, you know that there's a lot more air squeezed around the high pressure than there is around the low pressure. The H is like a mountain of air and the L is like a valley. Just like when we squeezed air into the balloon, and let it go, and the air came out, the air leaves the H where it is squeezed and crowded together, and it moves toward the L. This is wind because the air is moving. Always remember that air goes from high pressure to low pressure. When the wind is light, we call it a breeze, if it moves very fast, it's a gust, and if it moves fast for a long time, it's a gale. There would be no wind if we didn't have air. 15 Another special thing about air is that when it gets warm, it grows and spreads out. When air gets cold, it shrinks and takes up less space. You can set up a simple experiment to show this. Take a small bottle with a balloon on top of it and place it inside of a container of ice water. Watch the balloon. Now take the small bottle out and put it inside a container of warm water. What happens to the balloon? Watch it again. When we put the bottle and balloon in the cold water, the air inside of it gets colder and shrinks so the balloon gets smaller. Cold air takes up less space so we say it is heavy and dense. When the bottle is in the warm water, the balloon gets bigger because the warm air inside the bottle grows and takes up more space. Now when we think of air and pressure, you can say that cold air is more squeezed together. It takes up less space than warm air, so it is heavy and has higher pressure. Warm air grows and takes up more space than cold air, so it is lighter and has lower pressure. In a hot air balloon, we can see how the warm air is light enough for the balloon to float in the sky. You can show how cold air sinks by putting blue ice cubes in water. Watch how the cold blue color falls to the bottom of the water. Cold air sinks, and warm air rises. All of this makes wind blow from cold, high pressure toward warm, low pressure. This is happening right now all over Earth. Wind never stops everywhere because the sun heats our planet and makes the air move. Sunlight travels through space to bring us heat. You can call it radiation if you want. Radiation from the sun is light and heat, and it is also energy. It is energy because it can make things move. Radiation from the sun gives heat to the Earth to make the air move as wind. It's just what we looked at a minute ago. Some parts of the Earth get warmer than others and the warm air grows and spreads out. It gets lighter and rises to make low pressure. Places on Earth that are cold have air that is squeezed together. The cold air is heavy and sinks so it makes high pressure. 16 This happens everyday because the equator is warmer than the North or South Pole. Air is always warm and rising at the equator and cold and sinking over the North and South Poles. In between we have wind. The job of the wind is to carry colder air to the warmer air so that parts of the Earth don't get too hot and parts don't get too cold. The wind does an important job because it helps to make our planet comfortable. There is a special wind that stays way above the ground. It is always strong and it pushes weather systems around the Earth. That wind is called the jetstream. The jetstream is about six miles, or ten kilometers, above the ground. The jetstream wind can blow between 100 and 200 mph, that's 160 and 320 kilometers per hour. Now you can see how heat, wind and pressure are all tied together. The heat makes air warmer and lighter. When air gets lighter, the pressure gets lower and air spreads out and rises. Where air is cold, it is heavier and has higher pressure. Cold air sinks. The air moves as wind from the high pressure to the low pressure. It rises with the warm air and then spreads out. After it spreads out above the ground, it goes back to where the cold air was and sinks. Then it starts all over again. When air moves in a circle, we call it circulation. People who live near oceans and lakes see circulations when the land is hot and the water is not. In the afternoon when the sun heats the land, the air gets warmer and lighter and it rises. The pressure gets lower. At the same time over the water the air stays cooler. So it is heavier and it sinks to make high pressure. The wind blows from the water to the land and helps to make a circulation. This is why you feel a cool breeze near lakes or the ocean in the summer. A cool breeze is nice when the air is hot. It helps to make you more comfortable. Without the breeze, you might get too hot to stay outside. You can always know how hot it is by reading the temperature from a thermometer. 17 In the summer when the sun is high in the sky, you do have to be careful of a few things. The radiation from the sun that gives us light and heat also gives people sun tans. Make sure that you don't stay in the sun too long. When your shadow is shorter than you are, be especially careful. A short shadow means the sun is high in the sky and it's radiation is strong. When you play outside on bright summer days, use a special lotion to protect your skin. Some lotions have a sun block to help keep you from getting a sunburn. It's a good idea when it is sunny and hot to drink plenty of water. Wear a cap to protect your head from the sun, and also wear light-colored clothes. Sunglasses help to protect your eyes. If you play outside too long and your body gets too hot, you can get sick. People who work or play outside for a long time might get heat stroke or heat exhaustion if they are not careful. Always slow down when it gets very hot. When you get too hot, your body tells you because you start to perspire or sweat. That's your body's way of cooling you down, the same way a thunderstorm cools down a city on a hot day. If you perspire a lot, then slow down and drink more water. When you go swimming on a hot day, the water will cool you down. Once you get out of the water, you might actually get cold. The wind helps to dry you off as the water disappears from you into the air. That's called evaporation. Evaporation makes things cooler. We feel heat and cold with our bodies. We see wind when it moves things. We can't see air pressure, but all three of these are connected like a family. You can't have one without the others. All three of them are important because they keep our planet comfortable, as they move clouds and rain around the world. The sun sends heat to Earth to warm the air. The warm air grows, rises, and makes the pressure go lower. Cold air takes up less space, sinks because it is heavier, and 18 makes the air pressure go higher. In between the cold air and warm air is wind. The wind moves from the high pressure to low pressure and tries to even out the temperature. When this happens over and over, it's called a circulation. Always remember heat, wind and pressure are never apart, they are like a family, and you are weather smart Lets take a quiz about heat, wind and pressure. Answer these questions true or false. Number one- When air is moving, it is wind. Number two- Air pressure tells you how heavy the air is. Number three- Warm air sinks to the ground. Number four- The Earth gets its heat from the sun. Number five- A barometer tells you the wind direction. Number six- The jetstream moves weather around the Earth. Number seven- Cold air is heavier than warm air. Number eight- Thermometers tell you how warm air is. Number nine- Somewhere on Earth, air is always moving. Number ten- We could live without air. 19 1 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Video Quiz Directions: Answer each question either true or false. 1. ________ When air is moving, we call it wind. 2. ________ Air pressure tells you how heavy the air is. 3. ________ Warm air sinks to the ground. 4. ________ The Earth gets its heat from the sun. 5. ________ A barometer tells you the wind direction. 6. ________ The jetstream moves weather around the Earth. 7. ________ Cold air is heavier than warm air. 8. ________ Thermometers tell you how warm the air is. 9. ________ Somewhere on Earth, air is always moving. 10. ________ We could live without air. ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 2 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Heat, Wind & Pressure Vocabulary Word Search Directions: Draw a line through each word that you find. Y T E F A S R E M M U S T O H C I R C U L A T I O N W A R M R N E H E A T S T R O K E E Z G D T E X H A U S T I O N S U Y E S T E M P E R A T U R E F T X I R E T E M O R A B E S U W K L A N D L I M C R N T S L I E B M H A I R F L O W A A N N N N O I T O L P I P O W L A D E N S I T Y I T P A T L G E L R A Y A S N A O X V N S N L O G T U E R I P S R E P U U A C Y Q L U D K C O L B N U S G Q E O B A A L U N S Z J C U M D P P R E S S U R E Z E E R B Words are forward, backward, or diagonal. airflow barometer blister breeze burn circulation cold cool density ©2001 Alan Sealls energy equator evaporation exhaustion gale gust heat stroke hot index land lotion mild perspire poles pressure radiation summer safety sun sun block sunglasses tan temperature warm water wind Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 3 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Discussion Questions Directions: Answer the following questions as directed by your teacher. 1. How does wind start? 2. What parts of Earth are always cold? 3. What keeps the temperature from getting too high in hot places? 4. What time of the day is usually the windiest? 5. How would Earth be different if we didn't have air? 6. What kind of weather do you find around low pressure? 7. Why does a strong wind make you feel colder in winter? 8. Where on Earth do we usually find the warmest temperatures? 9. What makes weather move around the world? 10. What does pressure have to do with air? ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 4 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Read a Thermometer Directions: Write the temperature in the box below each thermometer. #1 ©2001 Alan Sealls #2 #3 Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 5 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Read a Compass Directions: Write the direction that the compass is showing. ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 6 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Read a Barometer Directions: Write the air pressure that the barometer is showing. ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 7 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Wind Chime You need: a hammer string a few 2" or 3" nails a metal lid from a container a marker Mark five holes about ½" apart along one edge of the metal lid. Then mark two holes about 2" apart on the opposite edge of the lid. Use a hammer and nail to punch a small hole in each of the marks. Tie a piece of 5" string to each nail. Tie the ends of a 12" piece of string to the two holes that are 2" apart to make a loop. Then tie each of the nails to each of the five holes along the bottom of the lid. When you are done, hang up your instrument in a windy spot and listen. What does your instrument tell us? ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 8 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Paper Fan You need: a piece of construction paper Fold the paper forwards and then backwards about every inch to make it into a fan. Wave it and see what happens. What do you feel? ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 9 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Warming Water You need: cooking pot drinking glass water hot plate or stove Place the glass in the center of the pan on the hot plate. Get an adult to help you. Fill the glass to the top with water. Turn on the heat to the pan and watch what happens to the water in the glass. What do you see? Why does it happen? ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 10 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Pressure You need: a two-liter plastic bottle a nail or screwdriver scissors water You may cut the top off of the plastic bottle. On the edge of a sink, fill the bottle with water. Use the nail or screwdriver to punch a hole in the middle of the bottle and then quickly punch another hole near the bottom of the bottle. How does the water drain from the holes? Why does it drain differently from the two holes? Fill the container again with water and watch as it drains. What does this tell us about air pressure near the ground and air pressure high in the sky? ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 11 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Parachute You need: medium plastic bag string scissors small rubber eraser Cut the bag so that you have a piece of plastic that is about 1' by 1'. Cut the string into four 1' pieces and tie each piece to each of the corners of the bag. Take all four strings and tie them together at the other end and then around the eraser. Outside, throw the plastic and eraser up into the air and see how it falls. What slows down the parachute? ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 12 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Heated Balloon You need: string balloon measuring tape desk lamp without a shade Blow up the balloon and tie it closed. Take a lamp without a shade and set it on a table. Tie the string to the balloon so that you can hang it about 6" over the lamp. Use the measuring tape to measure the circumference of the balloon. Turn on the lamp and leave it for a few minutes. Turn off the lamp, move it out of your way and quickly measure the balloon again. What happened? How does the balloon change? What causes it to change? What does this tell us about air and heat? ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 13 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Balloon Table You need: balloons books a sheet of foam-core board Blow up four balloons and tie a knot in them so that they are all about the same size. Place them on the floor together in a small square so that you can put the piece of foam-core board on top of them. Slowly stack books on the center of the board, one by one. See how many you can put on before the balloons burst. What is holding up the books? How many books can your table hold? ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 14 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Heat, Wind and Pressure Fun Facts Heat from the sun travels more than 90 million miles, or 146 million kilometers, through space before reaching Earth. Mt. Washington in New Hampshire is more than 6,000 feet tall. A wind of 231 mph, or 374 kilometers per hour, was recorded there - that's the strongest wind ever recorded on Earth. When you fly in airplanes, your ears pop because of the low pressure in the sky. Wind can carry sound farther and it can sometimes keep you from hearing sounds that are close. The lowest recorded pressures on Earth are in hurricanes. When cold air flows down a mountain or hill, we call it a katabatic wind. Many insects, like crickets, become more active when the air is warmer. Wind can carry dust from Africa all the way to the United States. The highest air pressures on Earth are found where the air is coldest, at the North and South Poles. Some of the heat from the sun that reaches Earth goes back into space. ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution. 15 Name ___________________ Weather Smart: Heat, Wind and Pressure Internet Sites for Heat, Wind and Pressure National Weather Service Central Region Headquarters resource links http://www.crh.noaa.gov/gid/edu/educate.htm You will find a large number of weather links and information on heat waves, droughts, and the sun. Environmental Protection Agency Sunwise Program http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/ Locate sun, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation protection information, exercises, and games from the EPA. NASA for kids only http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/ Click on "Air Pressure" for fun experiments with air. Learn more about how air behaves. American Red Cross summer safety http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/keepsafe/readyheat.html Find good heat wave safety information to use at school, at camp, or at home. Pennsylvania State University Meteorology kids page http://eyewall.met.psu.edu/kidswx/kids.html This page has weather activities and information and a wealth of files to download. Sometimes the address for a website changes. When that happens, you can usually find it again by doing an Internet search for the title of the page. ©2001 Alan Sealls Published and Distributed by United Learning All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution.