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Medical Terminology: Get Connected!
Second Edition
Suzanne S. Frucht
Chapter 7
Cardiology
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Learning Objectives
7.1 DESCRIBE the medical specialty of cardiology.
7.2 UNDERSTAND the functions of the
cardiovascular system.
7.3 DEFINE cardiology-related combining forms,
prefixes, and suffixes.
7.4 IDENTIFY the organs treated in cardiology.
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Learning Objectives
7.5 BUILD cardiology medical terms from word
parts.
7.6 EXPLAIN cardiology medical terms.
7.8 USE cardiology abbreviations.
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Introduction to Cardiology
• Cardiovascular system consists of:
– Heart
– Blood vessels
• Heart
– Composed of cardiac muscle tissue
– Contracts to push blood through blood vessels
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Introduction to Cardiology
• Three types of blood vessels
– Arteries
 Carry blood away from heart
– Veins
 Carry blood toward heart
– Capillaries
 Oxygen and nutrients are delivered here
 Carbon dioxide and wastes are picked up
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Cardiology
• Cardiologists diagnose and treat diseases and
conditions of the cardiovascular system
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Cardiology
• Cardiovascular technologists
– Allied health professionals
– Perform variety of procedures
 Electrocardiography
 Echocardiography
 Exercise stress testing
 Cardiac catheterization
– These techs assist with cardiac cath procedures which are done
by a physician
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Cardiology
• Examples of conditions include:
–
–
–
–
Coronary artery disease
Cardiac arrhythmias
Hypertension
Heart valve disease
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Cardiology
• Examples of conditions include:
–
–
–
–
Myocardial infarctions
Congestive heart failure
Congenital heart defects
Peripheral vascular disease
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Cardiology Combining Forms
• angi/o
vessel
• atri/o
atrium
• aort/o
aorta
• cardi/o
heart
• arteri/o
artery
• coron/o
heart
• arteriol/o
arteriole
• embol/o
plug
• ather/o
fatty
substance,
plaque
• isch/o
to hold back
• phleb/o
vein
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Cardiology Combining Forms
• sphygm/o
pulse
• steth/o
chest
• vas/o
blood
vessel
• vascul/o
blood
vessel
• thromb/o
clot
• valv/o
valve
• valvul/o
• ven/o
vein
valve
• varic/o
• ventricul/o
ventricle
dilated vein
• venul/o
venule
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Additional Combining Forms
• cutane/o
skin
• my/o
muscle
• electr/o
electricity
• pulmon/o
lung
• esophag/o
esophagus • son/o
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sound
Suffix Review
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-ac
-al
-ar
-ary
-dynia
-eal
-ectomy
• -emia
• -genic
• -gram
pertaining to
pertaining to
pertaining to
pertaining to
pain
pertaining to
surgical
removal
blood condition
producing
record
• -graphy
•
•
•
•
•
-ia
-ic
-ism
-itis
-logist
• -logy
• -lysis
• -lytic
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process of
recording
condition
pertaining to
state of
inflammation
one who
studies
study of
to destroy
destruction
Suffix Review
• -manometer
•
•
•
•
-megaly
-ole
-oma
-ose
• -osis
• -otomy
instrument
to measure
pressure
enlarged
small
tumor, mass
pertaining
to
abnormal
condition
cutting into
• -ous
• -pathy
• -plasty
•
•
•
•
-rrhaphy
-rrhexis
-sclerosis
-scope
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pertaining to
disease
surgical
repair
suture
rupture
hardening
instrument
for
viewing
Suffix Review
• -spasm
• -stenosis
• -tic
• -ule
involuntary
muscle
contraction
narrowing
pertaining to
small
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Prefix Review
• a–
without
• per–
through
• brady–
slow
• peri–
around
• endo–
within
• poly–
many
• hyper–
excessive
• tachy–
fast
• hypo–
below,
• trans–
across
• ultra–
excess
insufficient
• inter–
between
• intra–
within
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Figure 7.1 Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins
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Figure 7.2 The cardiovascular system.
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Figure 7.3 Structures of the heart.
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Building Cardiology Terms
For each cardiology term introduced on the next few
slides, write the completed term in your textbook
(pg 105).
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Angi/o
• Combining form meaning vessel
• Does not indicate what type of vessel
– Refers to either blood or lymphatic vessel
– May be artery, vein, or capillary
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Angi/o
• Build a term meaning:
– record of a vessel
– vessel tumor
– involuntary muscle spasm in a vessel
angiospasm
angi/o + -spasm
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angiogram
angioma
Aort/o
• Combining form meaning aorta
• Largest blood vessel in body
• Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to
body
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Aort/o
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to the aorta
– surgical repair of the aorta
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aortic
aortoplasty
Arteri/o
• Combining form meaning artery
• Carry blood away from heart and toward capillary
bed
• Arteries to lung carry deoxygenated blood
• Arteries to body carry oxygenated blood
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Arteri/o
• Build a term meaning:
– ruptured artery
arteriorrhexis
– pertaining to an artery
arterial
– small artery
arteriole
arteri + -ole
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Figure 7.4 Artery.
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Arteriol/o
• Combining form meaning arteriole
• Smallest arteries
• Carry blood from artery to capillary bed
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to an arteriole
arteriolar
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Ather/o
• Combining form meaning fatty substance, plaque
• Soft, yellow, fatty deposits
• Build up along inner wall of blood vessels
• Each deposit is called a plaque
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Ather/o
• Build a term meaning:
– hardening of plaque
– surgical removal of plaque
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atherosclerosis
atherectomy
Atri/o
• Combining form meaning atrium
• Upper chambers of heart
• Receive blood returning to heart
– Left atrium receives blood from lung
– Right atrium receives blood from body
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Atri/o
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to between the atria
interatrial
– pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
atrioventricular
atri/o + ventricul + -ar
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Cardi/o
• Combining form meaning heart
• Composed of cardiac muscle tissue
• Contracts to push blood through blood vessels
• Divided into left and right halves by septum
• Upper chambers are atria
• Lower chambers are ventricles
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Cardi/o
• Build a term meaning:
– involuntary heart muscle spasm
– pertaining to around the heart
pericardial
– heart pain
cardiodynia
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Figure 7.5 Heart.
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Coron/o
• Another combining form meaning heart
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to the heart
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coronary
Embol/o
• Combining form meaning plug, embolus
• Mass floats through blood vessels
– Broken off piece from clot
– Mass of fat
– Bacteria
• Plugs up a smaller blood vessel
– Cuts off circulation
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Embol/o
• Build a term meaning:
– condition of having an embolus
embolism
embol + -ism
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Isch/o
• Combining form meaning to hold back
• Used to indicate the stoppage of blood flow
• Build a term meaning:
– condition of blood being held back
ischemia
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Phleb/o
• Combining form meaning vein
• Carry blood toward heart
• Receive blood from capillary bed
• Vein from lungs carry oxygenated blood
• Veins from body carry deoxygenated blood
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Phleb/o
• Build a term meaning:
– record of a vein
– process of recording a vein
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phlebogram
phlebography
Figure 7.6 Vein.
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-sclerosis
• Suffix meaning hardening
• Used in cardiovascular system to mean:
– Blood vessel hardened and inflexible
– Due to plaques along vessel wall
• Build a term meaning:
– hardening of an artery
arteriosclerosis
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Steth/o
• Combining form meaning chest
• Build a term meaning:
– instrument to view chest
stethoscope
steth/o + -scope
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Thromb/o
• Combining form meaning clot
• Refers to blood clot forming in blood vessel
• May partially or completely block blood flow
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Thromb/o
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to a clot
thrombotic
– inflammation of vein with clots
thrombophlebitis
– destruction of a clot
thrombolysis
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Valv/o
• Combining form meaning valve
• Flap-like structures
– Close tightly to prevent backflow of blood
– Insures that blood only flows forward
• Four valves in heart
• Also found in veins
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Valv/o
• Build a term meaning:
– small valve
valvule
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Valvul/o
• Another combining form meaning valve
• Build a term meaning:
– inflammation of a valve
valvulitis
valvul + -itis
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Varic/o
• Combining form meaning dilated vein, varicosity
• Most common in superficial leg veins
• Caused by blood pooling due to:
– ineffective veins
– pregnancy
– occupation requiring long periods of standing
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Varic/o
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to a varicosity
varicose
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Vascul/o
• Combining form meaning blood vessel
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
cardiovascular
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Vas/o
• Another combining form meaning blood vessel
• Build a term meaning:
– involuntary muscle contraction of a blood vessel
vasospasm
vas/o- + -spasm
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Ven/o
• Another combining form meaning vein
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to within a vein
– intravenous
intra- + ven + -ous
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Ventricul/o
• Combining form meaning ventricle
• Larger, lower heart chambers
• More muscular
– Generates force to pump blood
– Left ventricle pumps blood to body
– Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
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Ventricul/o
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to between the ventricles
interventricular
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Venul/o
• Combining form meaning venule
• Smallest veins
– Receives blood from capillaries
– Takes blood to larger veins
• Build a term meaning:
– pertaining to a venule
venular
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
aneurysm
Localized widening of artery due to weakness in
arterial wall; may develop in any artery, but
common sites are abdominal aorta and cerebral
arteries
angina
pectoris
Severe chest pain caused by myocardial
ischemia
arrhythmia
Irregular heartbeat
auscultation
Listening to sounds within body, such as heart or
lungs, by using stethoscope
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Figure 7.7 Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta that has
ruptured.
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
bacterial
endocarditis
Inflammation of inner lining of heart (the
endocardium) caused by bacteria; may result in
visible accumulation of bacteria called vegetation
blood pressure
(BP)
Measurement of pressure exerted by blood
against walls of blood vessel
bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart rate below 60 beats per
minute (bpm)
cardiac arrest
Complete stoppage of all heart activity, both
electrical signals and muscle contractions
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
cardiac
catheterization
Passage of thin tube (catheter) through veins or
arteries leading into heart; used to detect heart
abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples,
and to determine pressure within heart
cardiac
enzymes
Complex proteins released by heart muscle
when it is damaged; taken by blood sample to
determine amount of heart disease or damage;
most common cardiac enzymes are creatine
kinase (CK), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(GOT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
(CPR)
Combination of external compressions to
sternum and rescue breathing to maintain
blood flow and air movement in and out of
lungs during cardiac and respiratory arrest
congenital septal
defect
(CSD)
Birth defect in wall separating two chambers
of heart allowing blood to pass between two
chambers; there can be atrial septal defect
(ASD) or ventricular septal
defect (VSD)
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
congestive
heart failure
(CHF)
Condition that develops when heart muscle is
not able to pump blood forcefully
enough, reducing blood flow to body; results in
weakness, dyspnea, and edema
coronary artery
bypass graft
(CABG)
Open-heart surgery in which blood vessel,
often leg vein, is grafted to route blood around
occluded coronary artery
coronary artery
disease
(CAD)
Chronic heart disease caused by
arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis of coronary
arteries; also called
arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)
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Figure 7.8 Illustration of a triple coronary artery bypass graft; one end of the
vein grafts is connected to the aorta, and the other end is grafted into coronary
arteries after the location of the blocked area.
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Figure 7.9 Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery that
may lead to coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction.
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
deep vein
thrombosis (DVT)
Formation of blood clots in deep veins; usually
occurs in legs; pieces of clot may break away
forming emboli
defibrillation
Using instrument called defibrillator to give
electrical shock to heart for purpose of
converting arrhythmia back to normal
heartbeat; also called cardioversion
Doppler
ultrasonography
Imaging technique using ultrasound to create
moving image; utilized to evaluate blood flow
through blood vessels, movement of heart
valves, and movement of heart muscle during
contraction
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Figure 7.10 An emergency medical technician positions defibrillator paddles on
the chest of a supine male patient.
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
electrocardiography
Diagnostic procedure that records electrical
activity of heart; used to diagnose damage
to heart tissue from coronary heart disease
or myocardial infarction
endarterectomy
Surgical removal of inner lining of artery in
order to remove plaques
fibrillation
Abnormal quivering or contractions of heart
fibers; occurrence within fibers of ventricle
of heart may result in cardiac arrest and
death; emergency equipment to defibrillate,
or convert heart to normal beat, is
necessary
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
heart murmur
Abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing
sound or harsh click; may be soft and heard only
with stethoscope or so loud it can be heard
several feet away
heart
transplantation
Replacement of diseased or malfunctioning heart
with donor’s heart
heart valve
prolapse
Cusps or flaps of heart valve are too loose and
fail to shut tightly, allowing blood to flow
backward (regurgitation) through valve when
heart chamber contracts; most
commonly occurs in mitral valve, but may affect
any heart valve
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
heart valve
stenosis
Cusps or flaps of heart valve are too stiff and
unable to open fully, making it difficult for blood to
flow through; condition may affect any of heart
valves but most often affects mitral valve
Holter
monitor
Portable ECG monitor worn by patient for period of
few hours to few days to assess heart and pulse
activity as person goes through activities of daily
living; used to assess patient who experiences
chest pain and unusual heart activity during
exercise and normal activities
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Figure 7.11 Patient being set up with Holter monitor; electrodes placed on chest
are connected to small monitor that he will wear.
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
hypertension
(HTN)
Blood pressure above normal range; usually
systolic pressure above 140 mmHg or diastolic
pressure above 90 mmHg
hypotension
Decrease in blood pressure; can occur in shock,
infection, cancer, anemia, or as death
approaches
implantable
cardioverter
defibrillator
(ICD)
Electrical device implanted in chest cavity with
electrodes to heart; applies shock to heart to
stop potentially life-threatening arrhythmias such
as fibrillation
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
infarct
Area of tissue necrosis (death) that develops
from ischemia
intravascular
thrombolytic
therapy
Treatment for clots occluding blood vessel;
drugs, such as streptokinase (SK) or tissue
plasminogen activator (tPA), are injected into
blood vessels to chemically dissolve clots;
commonly referred to as clot-busters
myocardial
Infarct of heart muscle caused by occlusion of
infarction (MI) one or more of coronary arteries; symptoms
include angina pectoris and shortness of breath;
also referred to as heart attack
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Figure 7.12 External and cross-sectional view of an infarct caused by a
myocardial infarction.
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
myocardial
ischemia
Loss of blood supply to heart muscle tissue of
myocardium due to occlusion of coronary artery;
may cause angina pectoris or myocardial
infarction
occlusion
Blockage of blood vessel or other hollow
structure; may be caused by thrombus, plaque,
or embolus
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Figure 7.13 Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The embolus will
eventually lodge in an artery that is smaller than it is, resulting in occlusion of that
artery.
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
pacemaker
Electrical device that artificially stimulates
contraction of heart muscle; treatment for
bradycardia
percutaneous
transluminal
coronary
angioplasty
(PTCA)
Method for treating coronary artery narrowing;
balloon catheter is inserted into coronary artery
and inflated to dilate narrow blood vessel
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Figure 7.14 Placement of a pacemaker under the skin between the heart and
shoulder. Electrode wires then run to the heart muscle.
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
peripheral
Disease of blood vessels away from central
vascular disease region of body, most typically in legs;
(PVD)
symptoms include pain, numbness, and
impaired circulation
sphygmomanometer
Instrument for measuring blood pressure;
also referred
to as blood pressure cuff
stent
Stainless steel tube placed within blood
vessel or duct to widen lumen; may be placed
in coronary artery to treat myocardial
ischemia due to atherosclerosis
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Figure 7.15 Using a sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure.
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Figure 7.16 The process of placing a stent in a blood vessel: (A) catheter is
used to place a collapsed stent next to an atherosclerotic plaque; (B) stent is
expanded; © catheter is removed, leaving the expanded stent behind.
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
stress test
Method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness;
patient is placed on treadmill or bicycle and
then subjected to steadily increasing levels of
work; EKG and oxygen levels are taken while
patient exercises; test is stopped if
abnormalities occur on EKG
tachycardia
Abnormally fast heart rate greater than 100
beats per minute (bpm)
transesophageal
echocardiography
(TEE)
Specialized echocardiography procedure in
which patient swallows ultrasound head in
order to better visualize internal cardiac
structures, especially cardiac valves
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Cardiology Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
varicose veins
Swollen and distended veins, most commonly
in legs
venipuncture
Puncture into vein to withdraw blood or inject
medication or fluids
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Figure 7.17 Varicose veins develop when their valves fail to control blood flow,
which allows more than the normal amount of blood to collect in superficial leg
veins.
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Cardiology Abbreviations
ACG
angiocardiography AV, A-V atrioventricular
AF
atrial fibrillation
BP
blood pressure
AS
aortic stenosis,
arteriosclerosis
bpm
beats per minute
ASCVD arteriosclerotic
cardiovascular
disease
CABG
coronary artery bypass
graft
ASD
atrial septic defect
CAD
coronary artery disease
ASHD
arteriosclerotic
heart disease
cath
catheterization
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Cardiology Abbreviations
CC
cardiac
catheterization
CSD
congenital septal
defect
CCU
coronary care unit
CV
cardiovascular
CHD
congestive heart
disease
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
CHF
congestive heart
failure
ECG
electrocardiogram
CK
creatine kinase
ECHO
echocardiogram
CP
chest pain
EKG
electrocardiogram
CPR
cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
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Cardiology Abbreviations
GOT
glutamic oxalocetic
transaminase
LVH
left ventricular
hypertrophy
HR
heart rate
MI
myocardial infarction
HTN
hypertension
mmHg
millimeters of
mercury
ICD
implantable
cardioverter
defibrillator
MS
mitral stenosis
ICU
intensive care unit
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
IV
intravenous
NSR
normal sinus rhythm
LDH
lactate
dehydrogenase
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Cardiology Abbreviations
P
pulse
PTCA
percutaneous
SOB
transluminal coronary
angioplasty
shortness of breath
PVC
premature ventricular TEE
contraction
transesophageal
echocardiogram
PVD
peripheral vascular
disease
tPA
tissue-type
plasminogen activator
V Fib
ventricular fibrillation
SA, S-A sinoatrial
SGOT
SK
streptokinase
serum glutamic
oxaloacetic
transaminase
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Cardiology Abbreviations
VSD
ventricular septal
defect
VT, V-tach
ventricular
tachycardia
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Combining Forms Match Up
1. coron/o
a. heart
2. embol/o
b. vein
3. phleb/o
c. plug
4. steth/o
d. chest
5. thromb/o
e. clot
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