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Chronological Review Colonial America, 1492-1754 o Columbian Exchange o Mercantilism o Half – Way Covenant o Enlightenment o Deism o The First Great Awakening The American Revolutionary Era, 1754-1789 o French and Indian War, 1754-1763 o The Proclamation of 1763 o Stamp Act of 1765 o The Coercive Acts, 1774 o “Common Sense” 1776 o Enlightenment and Deism o The Declaration of Independence, 1776 Written by Thomas Jefferson John Locke’s philosophy of natural Rights o Republican Government / Republicanism o 1776-1781 The Revolutionary War Colonists believed that George III was a tyrant Battle of Saratoga convinced French government to declare war on Great Britain Treaty of Paris, 1783 (established America’s new boundaries) o From the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution Articles of Confederation Established a weak government that lacked authority to Tax Shays’ Rebellion, 1786 o The Constitution Establishment of the law of the land, and Government structure, that we still use today Preamble, Articles (I – VII), Ratification signatures, The Bill of Rights, and the following Amendments (11-27) The New nation, 1789-1824 o Alexander Hamilton’s Economic Policies o Controversy with Jefferson Hamilton favored a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution by interpreting the implied powers of the “necessary and proper clause” for his justification. Hamilton believed, the Constitution does not forbid, it permits. Jefferson favored “strict” interpretation. Jefferson believed it does not permit, it forbids. o Washington’s Farewell Address Washington warned of the dangers of foreign entanglements During the 1920’s Wilson’s opponents used this in opposition to the League of Nations in support of the Neutrality Acts o The Bill of Rights, December 15, 1791 The First Ten Amendments of the Constitution that established our special rights and liberties of being a United States Citizen The Bill of Rights include freedoms such as religion, speech, press, assembly, the right to privacy, the rights to people accused to have broken the law, and the right to own guns. o The Eleventh Amendment, (February 7, 1795) establishes sovereign immunity among states for suits against states o The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809 The “Revolution of 1800” marked the end of the Federalist Decade Jeffersonian Democracy The Louisiana Purchase, 1803 The Twelfth Amendment, (June 15, 1804) Revised the presidential election procedures o The Marshall Court Chief Justice John Marshall believed a strong central government Marbury v. Madison, 1803 – Allowed Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. This established the principle of Judicial Review o The War of 1812 – British interference with American Commerce Resulted in the demise of the Federalist Party o The Presidency of James Monroe, 1817-1825 – The Era of so-called Good Feelings Clay’s American System – Internal improvements such as our transportation projects Internal Improvements / American System The Missouri Compromise of 1820 – balance of free states to slave states The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 – Declared American Independence from Europe in foreign policy The Age of Jackson, 1824-1840 o Key terms Jacksonian Democracy Belief in the Common Man Expansion of Suffrage for White Males Patronage – placing supporters in office Opposition to privileged elite The Tariff of Abominations and the Nullification Crisis The Tariff of Abominations, 1828 – first tariffs established with the primary purpose of protection Nullification – for a state to refuse to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional Jackson opposed nullification and Webster’s exhortation, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.” The Bank War Jackson’s veto to the bill of re-chartering the Second Bank of the United States (BUS) o Social and Cultural Movements in Antebellum America The Role of Women in Antebellum America The Cult of Domesticity / Republican Motherhood o Concerned with domestic, family, and religious affairs o The role as a wife Changing the Role of Women in Antebellum America The Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 o Women’s Rights: Women’s Suffrage Women’s right to retain property after marriage Greater divorce and child custody rights Equal educational opportunities Transcendentalism: philosophical and Literary Movement Perfectionism The Second Great Awakening – made Americans aware of moral issues posed by slavery The Gathering Storm, 1840-1860 o Manifest Destiny and Territorial Expansion The Right to Expand The Mexican War, 1846-1848 under President Polk The Compromise of 1850 o Popular Sovereignty and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Popular Sovereignty Kansas-Nebraska Act o The Dred Scott Case, 1857 o The Election of 1860 Lincoln won the Electoral and seven Southern States seceded from the Union The Civil War, 1861-1865 o North verses the South o The Battle of Antietam allowed for Lincoln to establish the issue of The Emancipation Proclamation The North originally went to battle to maintain the Union, but the Emancipation Proclamation strengthened the Union’s moral cause. It didn’t free a single slave. The 13th Amendment (one of the Reconstruction Amendments) abolished slavery on ratification date of 12/6/1865 o Homestead Act of 1862 – offering of land in the West 1865-1900 o Reconstruction and the New South, 1865-1900 The Thirteenth Amendment, 1865 – Abolished Slavery The Fourteenth Amendment, 1868 Made former slaves citizens, thus invalidating Dred Scott decision Provided for equal protection of laws for all citizens Enforced congressional legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves The Fifteenth Amendment, 1870 Suffrage to black males (the ability to vote) o This stemmed the way for universal suffrage Radical Reconstruction Causes o Former Confederates were elected to Congress o Black Codes were enacted in Southern States Southern state legislation that placed limits on socioeconomic opportunities for Black people / worked under conditions that closely related slavery From Slaves to Sharecroppers where they entered agreements with former masters to work a farm o Race riots of New Orleans and Memphis o Attempts in the south to undermine the Fourteenth Amendment Programs and Policies were put in place to enforce Reconstruction Acts Achievements include: Public School improvements in the South and African Americans were elected to the House and Senate The Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 The Rise of Jim Crow Segregation o 1883 Civil Rights Cases – weakened the protection to African Americans given to them under the 14th Amendment o Much of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was declared unconstitutional o The cases declared that the 14th Amendment prohibited only government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights to individuals. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 o Upheld segregation by approving “separate but equal” o o The doctrine of “separate but equal” was overturned or reversed in the 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Disenfranchising Black Voters o Literacy tests, Poll taxes, grandfather clauses, and gerrymandering Booker T. Washington o Atlanta Compromise Speech, 1895 Called for African Americans to seek economic opportunities rather than political rights Washington declared, “ In all things purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.” The New South Economic Development with Southern Industry Political Repression of African Americans and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan The Old West, 1865-1900 The Transcontinental Railroads Construction o First transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 where 5 were constructed during the 19th century o The Irish and Chinese workers played key roles in the construction Consequences include: depletion of buffalo herds Transformed the economy of the entire region Plains Indians had to change way of life – Helen Hunt Jackson (book) o Publication of Century of Dishonor, 1881 – account of betraying and cheating Native Americans o The Dawes Act of 1887 Forced-assimilation into Western Culture The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 partially reversed the Dawes Act by restoring the Tribal Basis of Indian Life o The Ghost Dance Battle of Wounded Knee of 1890, to prevent uprising The Fading Frontier – o Frederick Jackson Turner’s- Frontier Thesis o Watershed Report – frontier line no longer existed o The frontier played a key role according to Turner that it stimulated American nationalism and individualism o o The inexistence of a hereditary landed aristocracy Industrial America, 1865-1900 Muckrakers / Yellow Journalism – The Journalism activists for cause and persuasion Muckrakers were led by Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis, and Ida Tarbell Big Business Taylorism – system of scientific management developed by Frederick W. Taylor who sought to develop a disciplined labor force by eliminating wasted motion. The Consolidation of Big Business o Vertical Integration – Control of both production and distribution of its product like Andrew Carnegie’s U.S. Steel Industry o Horizontal Integration – where a company gains control over other companies that produce the same product. Labor and Labor Unions, 1865-1900 o The Knights of Labor were led by Terence V. Powderly whose goal was to create a cooperative society between labor and management o The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Motto: “An injury to one is an injury to all” Embraced the rhetoric of class conflict and endorsed violent tactics o The American Federation of Labor (AFL) led by Samuel Gompers Concentrated on bread-and-butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions o The Pullman Strike, 1894 and Homestead Strike, 1892 were violent strikes of the late 19th century President Cleveland ordered Federal troops to Chicago to put down the strike Immigration New Immigrants –massive wave of immigrants between 1880 and 1924 where the immigrants came primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe o Old Immigrants- came primarily from England, Germany, and Scandinavia o Nativism – Nativists favored the interests of native-born people over the interests of immigrants o Know-Nothings were the 1st nativist political party who directed hostilities toward Irish and German Catholic immigrants. The Chines Exclusionary Act of 1882 – First law in American History to exclude a group from America because of ethnic background The New Industrial Order: Supporters and Reformers Social Gospel- Christian responsibility to actively confront social problems such as poverty. Social change would result from both religious practice and social reform. Gospel of Wealth – Andrew Carnegie advocated that the rich were the guardians to society’s wealth and as such duty to serve society in humane ways Social Darwinism – Belief that the natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive. Wealthy business and industrial leaders used Social Darwinism to justify their success. Survival of the fittest mentality according to John D. Rockefeller Populism and Progressivism, 1890-1917 Agrarian Discontent Belief system that business was unfair to farmers The Populist or People’s Party Attempt to unite discontented farmers to improve economic conditions o Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 to regulate railroads and prevent discrimination against small customers o Organize cooperative marketing societies Supported William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election o Failed due to inability to work together or agree on policy The Progressives Key points include: concerned with urban and consumer issues, government should be used to ameliorate social problems, to use government power to regulate industrial production and improve labor conditions, rejected Social Darwinism and favored cooperation to improve society Key Goals o Democratization of the political process Direct Election of Senators as in the 17th Amendment Women’s suffrage as we see in the 19th Amendment o Reform of local governments Initiative, recall, and referendum – more responsive to public opinion Stronger more professional local city governmental system Nonpartisan local governments to weaken political machines o Regulation of Big Business Passage of Child Labor Laws Passage of antitrust legislation Passage of Pure Food and Drug Act o Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Progressive Constitutional Amendments o The Sixteenth Amendment gave Congress the power to lay and collect income taxes. (1913) o The seventeenth Amendment provided that senators shall be elected by popular vote of presiding state (1913) o The Eighteenth Amendment – Prohibition (1919) Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) o The Nineteenth Amendment – Women’s Suffrage (1920) Progressive Presidents Theodore Roosevelt o Square Deal The use of Arbitration o !912 election (Bull Moose Party) Woodrow Wilson o Reformer of high tariffs, banking problems, and trusts o Supported the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 William Taft – weakest of progressive presidents Reformers and Suffragettes, 1865-1920 Jane Addams – Founded Hull House in Chicago to help urban poor The Fight for Suffrage (1869) – Wyoming was 1st to grant women’s suffrage 19th Amendment – Women’s right to vote Child labor legislation and working hours Women and the Workplace - began to work outside of their home Black Americans During the Progressive Era, 1897-1917 W.E.B. Du Bois – most influential advocate of full political, economic, and social equality for black Americans o Founded: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 The KKK favored White supremacy and immigration restriction. Imperialism and World War I, 1890-1919 o American Imperialism: Political and Economic Expansion Yellow Journalism European Imperialism in Africa Social Darwinism Manifest Destiny – entitlement o Spanish-American War Sinking of the Maine in Havana Harbor Yellow Journalism Territorial Acquisitions Gained Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and Philippines to the USA Anti-Imperialism in opposition to annexation – argued that it violated the commitment to the principles of self-determination and anti-colonialism Supporters of Imperialism – it was the moral responsibility to “civilize” o The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904 Roosevelt did not want retaliation to the default of debts owed to European Banks and the use of military intervention Created an “ international police power” under the enforcement of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson for the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine o Taft and Dollar Diplomacy Taft believed that he could use economic investments to bolster American foreign policy. The use in Asia and Latin America achieved little success. o The Open Door Policy Opened China to trade with other nations with spheres of influence The intent was to protect American commercial interests and missionaries in China. The Road to War o American Neutrality Wilson’s proclamation of neutrality o The German Challenge to American Neutrality Faced with a stalemate in the trenches, Germany launched an unrestricted submarine warfare in February of 1917 The Interception of the Zimmerman Note by British intelligence from Germany to Mexico for Mexico to enter the war o Wilson “to make the world safe for democracy” – entrance into war World War I at Home and Abroad o Black Migration from South to North because of Jim Crow laws and the needed labor force due to the war o Committee on Public Information 4 minute Men persuaded American citizens to buy war bonds by use of Propaganda techniques First Modern warfare techniques were used creating millions of casualties roughly 900,000 Americans o End to the War (Treaty of Versailles) Wilson’s Fourteen Points Called for: Open diplomacy, Freedom of the seas, the creation of an international organization to preserve the peace and security of its members, and National self-determination for oppressed minority groups The 14 pts. Did not include Reparations that actually were set on Germany, the recognition of Allied economic and territorial agreements made during the war, or a International Monetary Fund The United States did not join the League of Nations due to compromise between the Senate and Executive The “Red Scare” of 1919-1920 o The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia Led by Lenin by overthrow of the Czar Postwar labor strikes o The Palmer Raids of 1919-1920 Caused by the fear of communism and radicalism Raids disregarded Civil Liberties The Roaring Twenties o Boom and Bust, 1917-1945 Hoovervilles – These were slums or shantytowns inhabited by unemployed and homeless people during the Great Depression Laissez-Faire Economics - Philosophy that economic activities should be free of governmental interference, regulations, and restraint Isolationism – For US to avoid political alliances during the 1930s under US foreign policy o Economic Conditions Signs of Prosperity During the 1920s, the standard of living rose, more and more people moved to urban centers Evidence included o Office jobs o Increased emphasis on the marketing of consumer goods o The Growth of Investment in the stock market o Children between 10 and 15 work force began to decline Assembly-line production of Ford’s Model T Signs of Trouble The least prosperous group of the 1920s consisted of farmers in Midwest and South Agricultural products during the years of 1921-1929 had a period of falling prices Republican Politics: Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover o Republican Prosperity Favored tax cuts to wealthy Americans Federal agencies created during Progressive Era aided business o Foreign Policy Participant in war reparations Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 – 62 nations pledged to foreswear war as an instrument of policy Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922 To restrain Naval Arms race among United States, Britain, Japan, Italy, and France by implementation on a specific number of battleships each nation could build Dawes Plan – Response for private loans to Germany for economic crisis The Culture of Modernism: The Arts and Mass Entertainment o The Arts The “Lost Generation of the 1920s” Writers included Sinclair Lewis, and F. Scott Fitzgerald American Society was criticized (middle class materialism and conformity) Jazz – symbolized the desire to break with tradition o Mass Entertainment Movies, Sports (baseball) became big business Technological advances made Radio broadcasting and National Radio Networks Responses to Modernism: Religious Fundamentalism and Nativism o Religious Fundamentalism were anti-liberal and anti-secular o The Scopes Trial John T. Scopes – Evolution being taught o Nativism The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Expansion / White Supremacy D.W. Griffith’s full-length film The Birth of a Nation glorified the KKK. The National Origins Act of 1924 Quotas to restrict the flow of newcomers from Southern and Eastern Europe Latin America was not affected The Sacco and Vanzetti Case Illustrated a fear of radicals and recent immigrants The Struggle for Equality: African Americans and Women o African Americans o The Harlem Renaissance – Black artistic and literary creativity Supported full social and political equality for African Americans Key figures included: James Weldon, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, and Josephine Baker The Great Migration (From South to North) Marcus Garvey Leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association Garveyism was identified with the following: (Black Pride, Black economic development, Black nationalism, and Pan-Africanism) Garvey was committed to the idea that Black Americans should return to Africa. Women Flappers – symbolized the new freedom by challenging traditional American attitudes about women Women and the Workforce Women didn’t receive equal pay and continued to face discrimination in the professions. Factors causing the decline of the feminist movement during the 1920s: Passage of the 19th Amendment –Women’s Suffrage Inability of women’s groups to agree on goals The decline of the Progressive reform movement The Great Depression and the New Deal 1929-1941 o Causes of the Great Depression Consequences of the 1929 Stock Market Crash Loss of confidence in the stock market Reduction in the output of manufactured goods Decline in investment in capital goods Overproduction and Under consumption Decline in farm prosperity International Trade The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act of 1930 raised tariffs, creating a decline in trade o Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression The Bonus Expeditionary Force Ragtag “army” of WWI veterans that demanded that Congress pay the bonus that was originally promised to WWI veterans Hoover used force to disband the gathering on Washing D.C. Hoover’s Economic Policies Economic recovery depended primarily on the business community Emphasis on private charities to care for the needy President Hoover established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in attempt to fight the Great Depression o Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Goals included The three Rs: Relief, Recovery, and Reform Favored a direct federal relief to individuals Established The New Deal o Reform program that sought to reconstruct American Capitalism rather than replace it with a socialist system o Program used deficit spending on public works programs to revive the economy o The New Deal restored public confidence in the banking system, created new jobs, raised farm prices by restricting agricultural production, provided mortgage support to homeowners, and created the Tennessee Valley Authority o During the 1st 100 days of the New Deal, all of the following were passed The Civilian Conservation Corps Job programs for unemployed youth The national Recovery Administration (NRA) Fostered government-business cooperation Allowed business to regulate self NRA did not succeed because the of the Social Security Act The Agricultural Adjustment Act Established a national system of crop controls and offered subsidies Hungry Americans – did not get extra food The Tennessee Valley Authority – ( provide cheap electricity, prevent floods, regional planning) The Social Security Act of 1935 Created a federal pension system Threat today due to the aging population The Wagner Act of 1935 Known as the National labor Relations Act Allowed and Ensured workers the right to organize and bargain collectively o The New Deal didn’t address racial injustice 1941-1945 World War II o American Responses to the Growing Threat of War o o o o The Stimson Doctrine, 1932 The United States would not recognize territorial acquisitions achieved by force (Japan took over Manchuria) Sparked the Failure of Collective Security The Neutrality Acts – Expressed the commitment to isolationism The Lend-Lease Program Surplus military equipment to the Allies to resist Nazi Germany The Attack on Pearl Harbor and the Germany-First Strategy Pearl Harbor The Japanese War Machine was dependent on shipments of oil, aviation gasoline, steel, and scrap iron from the United States o Roosevelt imposed a Japanese embargo while freezing Japanese assets The attack on Pearl Harbor occurred after diplomatic negotiations on Manchuria reached a stalemate Germany First To defeat Germany After to unleash a full scale attack on Japan Diplomacy and the Big Three Latin America Good Neighbor Policy to develop a hemispheric common front against fascism The Philippine Islands Anti-Imperialist sentiments led to Philippines gaining independence from the United States in 1946 The BIG THREE Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin o Demanded unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan o Held final meeting at Yalta in February of 1945 Wartime Mobilization of the Economy Impact of Military Spending Revived the Economy and emerged out of the Great Depression Direct Price Controls halted inflation The Office of Price Administration (OPA) established a nationwide rationing system for consumer goods such as coffee and gasoline African Americans and Women African Americans Fair Employment Practices Commission under President Roosevelt Women and the Workplace “Rosie the Riveter” nickname given to Women who did Industrial work during WWII o Civil Liberties and Civil Rights During Wartime The Internment of Japanese Americans President Roosevelt ordered that all Japanese Americans living on the West Coast be removed to “relocation centers” on the grounds that they may be a potential security threat Korematsu v. United States Court upheld the wartime necessity of the internment o The United States and the Atomic Bomb The Manhattan Project President Truman authorized the use of the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. o Persuaded the Japanese to surrender o Convinced the Soviet Union of the need to be more cooperative in formulating its postwar plans United States were the only country possessing the atomic bombs in 1945 1945-1989 The Cold War o Truman and Containment o The Cold War in Asia: China, Korea, and Vietnam The “FALL” of China The Korean War The Vietnam War, 1946-1963 o Key Cold War Events during the Eisenhower Administration SPUTNIK Expand Federal Aid to Education by passing the National Defense Education Act o The Rise and Fall of McCarthyism