Download US History Study Guide Outline

Chronological Review
 Colonial America, 1492-1754
o Columbian Exchange
o Mercantilism
o Half – Way Covenant
o Enlightenment
o Deism
o The First Great Awakening
 The American Revolutionary Era, 1754-1789
o French and Indian War, 1754-1763
o The Proclamation of 1763
o Stamp Act of 1765
o The Coercive Acts, 1774
o “Common Sense” 1776
o Enlightenment and Deism
o The Declaration of Independence, 1776
 Written by Thomas Jefferson
 John Locke’s philosophy of natural Rights
o Republican Government / Republicanism
o 1776-1781 The Revolutionary War
 Colonists believed that George III was a tyrant
 Battle of Saratoga convinced French government to declare war on Great Britain
 Treaty of Paris, 1783 (established America’s new boundaries)
o From the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution
 Articles of Confederation
 Established a weak government that lacked authority to Tax
 Shays’ Rebellion, 1786
o The Constitution
 Establishment of the law of the land, and Government structure, that we still
use today
 Preamble, Articles (I – VII), Ratification signatures, The Bill of Rights, and the
following Amendments (11-27)
 The New nation, 1789-1824
o Alexander Hamilton’s Economic Policies
o Controversy with Jefferson
 Hamilton favored a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution by interpreting
the implied powers of the “necessary and proper clause” for his justification.
Hamilton believed, the Constitution does not forbid, it permits.
 Jefferson favored “strict” interpretation. Jefferson believed it does not permit, it
forbids.
o Washington’s Farewell Address


Washington warned of the dangers of foreign entanglements
During the 1920’s Wilson’s opponents used this in opposition to the League of
Nations in support of the Neutrality Acts
o The Bill of Rights, December 15, 1791
 The First Ten Amendments of the Constitution that established our special
rights and liberties of being a United States Citizen
 The Bill of Rights include freedoms such as religion, speech, press, assembly, the
right to privacy, the rights to people accused to have broken the law, and the
right to own guns.
o The Eleventh Amendment, (February 7, 1795) establishes sovereign immunity among
states for suits against states
o The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809
 The “Revolution of 1800” marked the end of the Federalist Decade
 Jeffersonian Democracy
 The Louisiana Purchase, 1803
 The Twelfth Amendment, (June 15, 1804) Revised the presidential election
procedures
o The Marshall Court
 Chief Justice John Marshall believed a strong central government
 Marbury v. Madison, 1803 – Allowed Supreme Court the authority to declare
acts of Congress unconstitutional.
 This established the principle of Judicial Review
o The War of 1812 – British interference with American Commerce
 Resulted in the demise of the Federalist Party
o The Presidency of James Monroe, 1817-1825 – The Era of so-called Good Feelings
 Clay’s American System – Internal improvements such as our transportation
projects
 Internal Improvements / American System
 The Missouri Compromise of 1820 – balance of free states to slave states
 The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 – Declared American Independence from Europe in
foreign policy
 The Age of Jackson, 1824-1840
o Key terms
 Jacksonian Democracy
 Belief in the Common Man
 Expansion of Suffrage for White Males
 Patronage – placing supporters in office
 Opposition to privileged elite
 The Tariff of Abominations and the Nullification Crisis
 The Tariff of Abominations, 1828 – first tariffs established with the
primary purpose of protection

Nullification – for a state to refuse to recognize an act of Congress that
it considers unconstitutional
 Jackson opposed nullification and Webster’s exhortation, “Liberty and
Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”
 The Bank War
 Jackson’s veto to the bill of re-chartering the Second Bank of the United
States (BUS)
o Social and Cultural Movements in Antebellum America
 The Role of Women in Antebellum America
 The Cult of Domesticity / Republican Motherhood
o Concerned with domestic, family, and religious affairs
o The role as a wife
 Changing the Role of Women in Antebellum America
 The Seneca Falls Convention, 1848
o Women’s Rights:
 Women’s Suffrage
 Women’s right to retain property after marriage
 Greater divorce and child custody rights
 Equal educational opportunities
 Transcendentalism: philosophical and Literary Movement
 Perfectionism
 The Second Great Awakening – made Americans aware of moral issues posed by
slavery
 The Gathering Storm, 1840-1860
o Manifest Destiny and Territorial Expansion
 The Right to Expand
 The Mexican War, 1846-1848 under President Polk
 The Compromise of 1850
o Popular Sovereignty and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
 Popular Sovereignty
 Kansas-Nebraska Act
o The Dred Scott Case, 1857
o The Election of 1860
 Lincoln won the Electoral and seven Southern States seceded from the Union
 The Civil War, 1861-1865
o North verses the South
o The Battle of Antietam allowed for Lincoln to establish the issue of The Emancipation
Proclamation
 The North originally went to battle to maintain the Union, but the Emancipation
Proclamation strengthened the Union’s moral cause. It didn’t free a single slave.

The 13th Amendment (one of the Reconstruction Amendments) abolished
slavery on ratification date of 12/6/1865
o Homestead Act of 1862 – offering of land in the West
 1865-1900
o Reconstruction and the New South, 1865-1900
 The Thirteenth Amendment, 1865 – Abolished Slavery
 The Fourteenth Amendment, 1868
 Made former slaves citizens, thus invalidating Dred Scott decision
 Provided for equal protection of laws for all citizens
 Enforced congressional legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former
slaves
 The Fifteenth Amendment, 1870
 Suffrage to black males (the ability to vote)
o This stemmed the way for universal suffrage
 Radical Reconstruction
 Causes
o Former Confederates were elected to Congress
o Black Codes were enacted in Southern States
 Southern state legislation that placed limits on
socioeconomic opportunities for Black people / worked
under conditions that closely related slavery
 From Slaves to Sharecroppers where they entered
agreements with former masters to work a farm
o Race riots of New Orleans and Memphis
o Attempts in the south to undermine the Fourteenth
Amendment
 Programs and Policies were put in place to enforce Reconstruction Acts
 Achievements include: Public School improvements in the South and
African Americans were elected to the House and Senate
 The Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877
 The Rise of Jim Crow Segregation
o 1883 Civil Rights Cases – weakened the protection to African
Americans given to them under the 14th Amendment
o Much of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was declared
unconstitutional
o The cases declared that the 14th Amendment prohibited only
government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights
to individuals.
 Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
o Upheld segregation by approving “separate but equal”
o
o
The doctrine of “separate but equal” was overturned or
reversed in the 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka.
 Disenfranchising Black Voters
o Literacy tests, Poll taxes, grandfather clauses, and
gerrymandering
 Booker T. Washington
o Atlanta Compromise Speech, 1895
 Called for African Americans to seek economic
opportunities rather than political rights
 Washington declared, “ In all things purely social we can
be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all
things essential to mutual progress.”
 The New South
 Economic Development with Southern Industry
 Political Repression of African Americans and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan
The Old West, 1865-1900
 The Transcontinental Railroads
 Construction
o First transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 where 5
were constructed during the 19th century
o The Irish and Chinese workers played key roles in the
construction
 Consequences include: depletion of buffalo herds
 Transformed the economy of the entire region
 Plains Indians had to change way of life – Helen Hunt Jackson (book)
o Publication of Century of Dishonor, 1881 – account of betraying
and cheating Native Americans
o The Dawes Act of 1887
 Forced-assimilation into Western Culture
 The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 partially reversed
the Dawes Act by restoring the Tribal Basis of Indian Life
o The Ghost Dance
 Battle of Wounded Knee of 1890, to prevent uprising
 The Fading Frontier –
o Frederick Jackson Turner’s- Frontier Thesis
o Watershed Report – frontier line no longer existed
o The frontier played a key role according to Turner that it
stimulated American nationalism and individualism
o
o
The inexistence of a hereditary landed aristocracy
Industrial America, 1865-1900
 Muckrakers / Yellow Journalism – The Journalism activists for cause and
persuasion
 Muckrakers were led by Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis, and Ida Tarbell
 Big Business
 Taylorism – system of scientific management developed by Frederick W.
Taylor who sought to develop a disciplined labor force by eliminating
wasted motion.
 The Consolidation of Big Business
o Vertical Integration – Control of both production and
distribution of its product like Andrew Carnegie’s U.S. Steel
Industry
o Horizontal Integration – where a company gains control over
other companies that produce the same product.
 Labor and Labor Unions, 1865-1900
o The Knights of Labor were led by Terence V. Powderly whose
goal was to create a cooperative society between labor and
management
o The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
 Motto: “An injury to one is an injury to all”
 Embraced the rhetoric of class conflict and endorsed
violent tactics
o The American Federation of Labor (AFL) led by Samuel Gompers
 Concentrated on bread-and-butter issues such as higher
wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions
o The Pullman Strike, 1894 and
Homestead Strike, 1892 were violent
strikes of the late 19th century
 President Cleveland ordered
Federal troops to Chicago to
put down the strike
 Immigration
 New Immigrants –massive wave of immigrants between 1880 and 1924
where the immigrants came primarily from Southern and Eastern
Europe
o Old Immigrants- came primarily from England, Germany, and
Scandinavia

o
Nativism – Nativists favored the interests of native-born people over the
interests of immigrants
o Know-Nothings were the 1st nativist political party who directed
hostilities toward Irish and German Catholic immigrants.
 The Chines Exclusionary Act of 1882 – First law in American History to
exclude a group from America because of ethnic background
 The New Industrial Order: Supporters and Reformers
 Social Gospel- Christian responsibility to actively confront social
problems such as poverty. Social change would result from both
religious practice and social reform.
 Gospel of Wealth – Andrew Carnegie advocated that the rich were the
guardians to society’s wealth and as such duty to serve society in
humane ways
 Social Darwinism – Belief that the natural evolutionary process by which
the fittest will survive. Wealthy business and industrial leaders used
Social Darwinism to justify their success. Survival of the fittest mentality
according to John D. Rockefeller
Populism and Progressivism, 1890-1917
 Agrarian Discontent
 Belief system that business was unfair to farmers
 The Populist or People’s Party
 Attempt to unite discontented farmers to improve economic conditions
o Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 to regulate railroads and
prevent discrimination against small customers
o Organize cooperative marketing societies
 Supported William Jennings Bryan in the 1896
presidential election
o Failed due to inability to work together or agree on policy
 The Progressives
 Key points include: concerned with urban and consumer issues,
government should be used to ameliorate social problems, to use
government power to regulate industrial production and improve labor
conditions, rejected Social Darwinism and favored cooperation to
improve society
 Key Goals
o Democratization of the political process
 Direct Election of Senators as in the 17th Amendment
 Women’s suffrage as we see in the 19th Amendment
o Reform of local governments
 Initiative, recall, and referendum – more responsive to
public opinion

Stronger more professional local city governmental
system
 Nonpartisan local governments to weaken political
machines
o Regulation of Big Business
 Passage of Child Labor Laws
 Passage of antitrust legislation
 Passage of Pure Food and Drug Act
o Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
 Progressive Constitutional Amendments
o The Sixteenth Amendment gave Congress the power to lay and
collect income taxes. (1913)
o The seventeenth Amendment provided that senators shall be
elected by popular vote of presiding state (1913)
o The Eighteenth Amendment – Prohibition (1919)
 Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
o The Nineteenth Amendment – Women’s Suffrage (1920)
 Progressive Presidents
 Theodore Roosevelt
o Square Deal
 The use of Arbitration
o !912 election (Bull Moose Party)
 Woodrow Wilson
o Reformer of high tariffs, banking problems, and trusts
o Supported the Federal Reserve Act of 1913
 William Taft – weakest of progressive presidents
 Reformers and Suffragettes, 1865-1920
 Jane Addams – Founded Hull House in Chicago to help urban poor
 The Fight for Suffrage (1869) – Wyoming was 1st to grant women’s
suffrage
 19th Amendment – Women’s right to vote
 Child labor legislation and working hours
 Women and the Workplace - began to work outside of their home
 Black Americans During the Progressive Era, 1897-1917
 W.E.B. Du Bois – most influential advocate of full political, economic,
and social equality for black Americans
o Founded: National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP) in 1909
 The KKK favored White supremacy and immigration restriction.
 Imperialism and World War I, 1890-1919
o American Imperialism: Political and Economic Expansion
 Yellow Journalism
 European Imperialism in Africa
 Social Darwinism
 Manifest Destiny – entitlement
o Spanish-American War
 Sinking of the Maine in Havana Harbor
 Yellow Journalism
 Territorial Acquisitions
 Gained Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and Philippines to the USA
 Anti-Imperialism in opposition to annexation – argued that it violated the
commitment to the principles of self-determination and anti-colonialism
 Supporters of Imperialism – it was the moral responsibility to “civilize”
o The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904
 Roosevelt did not want retaliation to the default of debts owed to European
Banks and the use of military intervention
 Created an “ international police power” under the enforcement of Roosevelt,
Taft, and Wilson for the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
o Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
 Taft believed that he could use economic investments to bolster American
foreign policy.
 The use in Asia and Latin America achieved little success.
o The Open Door Policy
 Opened China to trade with other nations with spheres of influence
 The intent was to protect American commercial interests and missionaries in
China.
 The Road to War
o American Neutrality
 Wilson’s proclamation of neutrality
o The German Challenge to American Neutrality
 Faced with a stalemate in the trenches, Germany launched an unrestricted
submarine warfare in February of 1917
 The Interception of the Zimmerman Note by British intelligence from Germany
to Mexico for Mexico to enter the war
o Wilson “to make the world safe for democracy” – entrance into war
 World War I at Home and Abroad
o Black Migration from South to North because of Jim Crow laws and the needed labor
force due to the war
o Committee on Public Information
 4 minute Men persuaded American citizens to buy war bonds by use of
Propaganda techniques
 First Modern warfare techniques were used creating millions of casualties
roughly 900,000 Americans
o
End to the War (Treaty of Versailles)
 Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 Called for: Open diplomacy, Freedom of the seas, the creation of an
international organization to preserve the peace and security of its
members, and National self-determination for oppressed minority
groups
 The 14 pts. Did not include Reparations that actually were set on
Germany, the recognition of Allied economic and territorial agreements
made during the war, or a International Monetary Fund
 The United States did not join the League of Nations due to compromise
between the Senate and Executive
 The “Red Scare” of 1919-1920
o The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
 Led by Lenin by overthrow of the Czar
 Postwar labor strikes
o The Palmer Raids of 1919-1920
 Caused by the fear of communism and radicalism
 Raids disregarded Civil Liberties

 The Roaring Twenties
o Boom and Bust, 1917-1945
 Hoovervilles – These were slums or shantytowns inhabited by unemployed and
homeless people during the Great Depression
 Laissez-Faire Economics - Philosophy that economic activities should be free of
governmental interference, regulations, and restraint
 Isolationism – For US to avoid political alliances during the 1930s under US
foreign policy
o Economic Conditions
 Signs of Prosperity
 During the 1920s, the standard of living rose, more and more people
moved to urban centers
 Evidence included
o Office jobs
o Increased emphasis on the marketing of consumer goods
o The Growth of Investment in the stock market
o Children between 10 and 15 work force began to decline
 Assembly-line production of Ford’s Model T
 Signs of Trouble
 The least prosperous group of the 1920s consisted of farmers in
Midwest and South





Agricultural products during the years of 1921-1929 had a period of
falling prices
Republican Politics: Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
o Republican Prosperity
 Favored tax cuts to wealthy Americans
 Federal agencies created during Progressive Era aided business
o Foreign Policy
 Participant in war reparations
 Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 – 62 nations pledged to foreswear war as an
instrument of policy
 Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922
 To restrain Naval Arms race among United States, Britain, Japan, Italy,
and France by implementation on a specific number of battleships each
nation could build
 Dawes Plan – Response for private loans to Germany for economic crisis
The Culture of Modernism: The Arts and Mass Entertainment
o The Arts
 The “Lost Generation of the 1920s”
 Writers included Sinclair Lewis, and F. Scott Fitzgerald
 American Society was criticized (middle class materialism and
conformity)
 Jazz – symbolized the desire to break with tradition
o Mass Entertainment
 Movies, Sports (baseball) became big business
 Technological advances made Radio broadcasting and National Radio Networks
Responses to Modernism: Religious Fundamentalism and Nativism
o Religious Fundamentalism were anti-liberal and anti-secular
o The Scopes Trial
 John T. Scopes – Evolution being taught
o Nativism
 The Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
 Expansion / White Supremacy
 D.W. Griffith’s full-length film The Birth of a Nation glorified the KKK.
 The National Origins Act of 1924
 Quotas to restrict the flow of newcomers from Southern and Eastern
Europe
 Latin America was not affected
 The Sacco and Vanzetti Case
 Illustrated a fear of radicals and recent immigrants
The Struggle for Equality: African Americans and Women
o African Americans



o
The Harlem Renaissance – Black artistic and literary creativity
 Supported full social and political equality for African Americans
 Key figures included: James Weldon, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston
Hughes, and Josephine Baker
The Great Migration (From South to North)
Marcus Garvey
 Leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association
 Garveyism was identified with the following: (Black Pride, Black
economic development, Black nationalism, and Pan-Africanism)
 Garvey was committed to the idea that Black Americans should return
to Africa.
Women
 Flappers – symbolized the new freedom by challenging traditional American
attitudes about women
 Women and the Workforce
 Women didn’t receive equal pay and continued to face discrimination in
the professions.
 Factors causing the decline of the feminist movement during the 1920s:
 Passage of the 19th Amendment –Women’s Suffrage
 Inability of women’s groups to agree on goals
 The decline of the Progressive reform movement
 The Great Depression and the New Deal 1929-1941
o Causes of the Great Depression
 Consequences of the 1929 Stock Market Crash
 Loss of confidence in the stock market
 Reduction in the output of manufactured goods
 Decline in investment in capital goods
 Overproduction and Under consumption
 Decline in farm prosperity
 International Trade
 The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act of 1930 raised tariffs, creating a decline in
trade
o Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression
 The Bonus Expeditionary Force
 Ragtag “army” of WWI veterans that demanded that Congress pay the
bonus that was originally promised to WWI veterans
 Hoover used force to disband the gathering on Washing D.C.
 Hoover’s Economic Policies
 Economic recovery depended primarily on the business community
 Emphasis on private charities to care for the needy

President Hoover established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
(RFC) in attempt to fight the Great Depression
o Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal
 Goals included
 The three Rs: Relief, Recovery, and Reform
 Favored a direct federal relief to individuals
 Established The New Deal
o Reform program that sought to reconstruct American
Capitalism rather than replace it with a socialist system
o Program used deficit spending on public works programs to
revive the economy
o The New Deal restored public confidence in the banking system,
created new jobs, raised farm prices by restricting agricultural
production, provided mortgage support to homeowners, and
created the Tennessee Valley Authority
o During the 1st 100 days of the New Deal, all of the following
were passed
 The Civilian Conservation Corps
 Job programs for unemployed youth
 The national Recovery Administration (NRA)
 Fostered government-business cooperation
 Allowed business to regulate self
 NRA did not succeed because the of the Social
Security Act
 The Agricultural Adjustment Act
 Established a national system of crop controls
and offered subsidies
 Hungry Americans – did not get extra food
 The Tennessee Valley Authority – ( provide cheap
electricity, prevent floods, regional planning)
 The Social Security Act of 1935
 Created a federal pension system
 Threat today due to the aging population
 The Wagner Act of 1935
 Known as the National labor Relations Act
 Allowed and Ensured workers the right to
organize and bargain collectively
o The New Deal didn’t address racial injustice
 1941-1945
 World War II
o American Responses to the Growing Threat of War

o
o
o
o
The Stimson Doctrine, 1932
 The United States would not recognize territorial acquisitions achieved
by force (Japan took over Manchuria)
 Sparked the Failure of Collective Security
 The Neutrality Acts – Expressed the commitment to isolationism
 The Lend-Lease Program
 Surplus military equipment to the Allies to resist Nazi Germany
The Attack on Pearl Harbor and the Germany-First Strategy
 Pearl Harbor
 The Japanese War Machine was dependent on shipments of oil, aviation
gasoline, steel, and scrap iron from the United States
o Roosevelt imposed a Japanese embargo while freezing
Japanese assets
 The attack on Pearl Harbor occurred after diplomatic negotiations on
Manchuria reached a stalemate
 Germany First
 To defeat Germany
 After to unleash a full scale attack on Japan
Diplomacy and the Big Three
 Latin America
 Good Neighbor Policy to develop a hemispheric common front against
fascism
 The Philippine Islands
 Anti-Imperialist sentiments led to Philippines gaining independence
from the United States in 1946
 The BIG THREE
 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
o Demanded unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan
o Held final meeting at Yalta in February of 1945
Wartime Mobilization of the Economy
 Impact of Military Spending
 Revived the Economy and emerged out of the Great Depression
 Direct Price Controls halted inflation
 The Office of Price Administration (OPA) established a nationwide
rationing system for consumer goods such as coffee and gasoline
African Americans and Women
 African Americans
 Fair Employment Practices Commission under President Roosevelt
 Women and the Workplace
 “Rosie the Riveter” nickname given to Women who did Industrial work
during WWII
o
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights During Wartime
 The Internment of Japanese Americans
 President Roosevelt ordered that all Japanese Americans living on the
West Coast be removed to “relocation centers” on the grounds that
they may be a potential security threat
 Korematsu v. United States
 Court upheld the wartime necessity of the internment
o The United States and the Atomic Bomb
 The Manhattan Project
 President Truman authorized the use of the atomic bomb on the
Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
o Persuaded the Japanese to surrender
o Convinced the Soviet Union of the need to be more cooperative
in formulating its postwar plans
 United States were the only country possessing the atomic bombs in
1945
 1945-1989
 The Cold War
o Truman and Containment
o The Cold War in Asia: China, Korea, and Vietnam
 The “FALL” of China
 The Korean War
 The Vietnam War, 1946-1963
o Key Cold War Events during the Eisenhower Administration
 SPUTNIK
 Expand Federal Aid to Education by passing the National Defense
Education Act
o The Rise and Fall of McCarthyism