Download Global Patterns of Disease - George Washington High School

GLOBAL PATTERNS OF
DISEASE
IB Geography II
“Medical statistics will be our standard of measurement: we
will weigh life for life and see where the dead lie thicker,
among the workers or among the privileged.”
-Rudolf Virchow, 1848
Annual Incidence Report Analysis
• Study table and come up with the top
3 diseases of poverty and top 3
diseases of affluence.
In elbow partners, discuss the following
question:
• To what extent do you believe
disease is a consequence or a cause
of poverty?
In elbow partners, discuss the following
question:
• How can we define poverty on the global
scale and apply a common term when
geographical diversity is so great?
(Example- to be poor in an LEDC is so
different from being poor in an MEDC)
In elbow partners, discuss the following
question:
• Is poverty always an “undesirable”
state? Why? Why not?
In elbow partners, discuss the following
question:
• How can we understand extreme
poverty (like that of LEDCs) if we
have no personal experience of it?
Based on your reading from last night…
• What are some of the potential
health consequences of
malnutrition?
• Based on the reading, has your
opinion changed on whether disease
is a consequence of cause of
poverty? Why or why not?
Objective
• By the end of this lesson, students will
be able to:
• explain the global distribution of
diseases of poverty.
• explain the global distribution of
diseases of affluence.
• These objectives are also very
possible exam questions! 
Starting Activity:
• Look at the 2 maps. Without knowing
what they show, do you think there is a
relationship between them? Why/Why
not?
Map1:
Malnourishment
Map 2:
Childhood
Diarrheal
Disease
Do you think there is a link between these
2 indicators? What is it?
Discuss in Elbow Partners
Key Terms:
Prevalence
Incidence
Communicable
Diseases
NonCommunicable
Vectors
The number of cases per 10,000
population
The number of confirmed cases
annually
Infectious diseases
Non-infectious, degenerative
Transmitters of disease, ex:
insects
Don’t Forget About Epidemiological Transition
Global Distribution of Diseases
• The chance of an individual succumbing to
disease is affected by a range of factors
(Many, which are affected by social inequality),
including:
• Where they live
• Their age
• Their social circumstances
• Their lifestyle
• Environmental factors
Infectious or Communicable Diseases
(Diseases of Poverty)
• These diseases may be contagious and
transmitted through close human contact or
by vectors.
• They spread rapidly in the overcrowded
and unsanitary conditions associated with
poverty.
• Common examples: malaria, HIV/AIDS,
Ebola Virus, diarrheal disease
Diarrheal Disease… What is it?
• Diarrhea that last several days, and can
leave the body without the water and
salts that are necessary for survival.
Most people who die from diarrhea
actually die from severe dehydration
and fluid loss.
Age-standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates from
Diarrheal diseases by country (per 100,000 inhabitants) - 2004.
Facts on Diarrheal Disease from the
World Health Organization
• Diarrheal disease is the second
leading cause of death in children
under five years old.
• It is both preventable and treatable.
• Can be prevented through safe
drinking-water and adequate
sanitation and hygiene.
Diarrhea Deaths
What is Ebola Virus Disease?
• Ebola Virus is a severe and often fatal illness
in humans
• It is transmitted to people from wild animals
and then through human-to-human
transmission
• Average fatality rate is around 50%
• Has varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks
Ebola Cases & Deaths
Malaria… What is it?
•Malaria is a parasitic disease
that involves high fevers,
shaking chills, flu-like
symptoms, and anemia.
Malaria Deaths
Part 2: Diseases of Affluence
Non-Communicable Diseases (Diseases
of Affluence)
Diseases that are more likely to result from
personal lifestyle and societal conditions
associated with economic development
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Alcohol abuse
• Impacts of Tobacco use
Obesity
• What is Obesity?
• Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index that
is commonly used to classify overweight and
obesity in adults. It is defined as a person's
weight divided by height.
• Obesity is defined as a value over 30
• A person is overweight if their BMI is over 25
Obesity
• Obesity is generally considered to be a disease of
the wealthy, although ironically in the richest
countries it is often young people living in the less
well-off families who are more likely to be
overweight
• This is often related to diet, and the lack of
exercise which some people attribute to the
growth in sedentary lifestyles
• It is also cheaper to feed a child with unhealthy
food than it is with healthy food.
Obesity
Key facts
•Worldwide, obesity has more than doubled since 1980.
•In 2008, more than 1.4 billion adults, 20 and older were
overweight.
•65% of the world’s population live in countries where
there are more overweight people than underweight
people.
•42 million children under the age of 5 were overweight or
obese in 2013.
•Obesity is preventable.
OECD- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Diabetes
• Diabetes affects the body’s metabolism, and involves a
problem with a hormone called insulin.
• It is a disease which can be partly managed by being
careful with blood sugar monitoring and medication.
• The risk of developing type 2 diabetes can be dramatically
reduced by keeping body weight below that of obesity,
and avoiding particular types of food.
• 200 million people worldwide suffer from it.
Diabetes Deaths
Alcohol Abuse
• Worldwide, 3.3 million people die every year due to
harmful use of alcohol (5.9% of all deaths)
• 320,000 young people between the age of 15 and 29
die from alcohol-related causes per year, resulting in
9% of all deaths in that age group.
• Alcohol is associated with many serious social and
developmental issues, including violence, child
neglect and abuse, and absenteeism in the
workplace.
• In general, the greater economic wealth of a country,
the more alcohol is consumed and the smaller the
number of abstainers
Tobacco Use
• As with the earlier example of obesity, we need to
be careful to avoid saying that this is more likely to
be associated with high income.
• Cigarette advertising is now closely controlled in
many countries, and there are age restrictions on
the purchasing of cigarettes.
Smoking
• In 2009, smoking among men was highest in the Western
•
•
•
•
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Pacific Region, with 51% of men aged 15 and above
smoking some form of tobacco.
Smoking among women was highest in the European
Region at 22%.
In all WHO regions except Europe, girls aged 13–15
years old are using tobacco at higher rates than women
aged 15 and older.
This could be a reflection of aggressive tobacco industry
marketing to girls, particularly in lower- and middleincome countries.
The high rates among girls is very concerning as these
data suggest potential substantial increases for women in
the near future.
The rates at which adolescent boys use tobacco average
around 18% globally.