Download Chapter 36 - Key Concepts

Chapter 40 - Key Concepts
The functions of animal tissues and organs
are correlated with their structures.
 Bioenergetics is fundamental to all animal
functions.
 An animal’s size and shape affect its
interactions with the external environment.
 Homeostatic mechanisms regulate an
animal’s internal environment.

Points to Know:
What is a tissue?
 What are the four main tissues in animals?
 What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of
an endotherm?
 What is the standard metabolic rate (SMR)
of an ectotherm?
 How do different body plans allow contact
with the environment?

Points to Know:
What is negative feedback?
 What is positive feedback?

Chapter 41 - Main Concepts
Diets and feeding mechanisms vary
extensively among animals.
 Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and
elimination are the four main stages of food
processing.
 Digestion occurs in food vacuoles,
gastrovascular cavities, and alimentary
canals.

Main Concepts
A tour of the mammalian digestive system.
 Vertebrate digestive systems exhibit many
evolutionary adaptations associated with
diet.
 An adequate diet provides fuel, carbon
skeletons for biosynthesis and essential
nutrients.

Points to Know:
What are herbivores, carnivores, omnivores,
and suspensioin-feeders?
 Trace the movement of food through a
mammalian digestive system giving all
organs, their function and relevant enzymes.
(ex. pepsin, pancreatic juices etc.)
 How are symbiotic bacteria and protozoa
important to digestion?

Points to Know:
How is food used as “fuel”?
 How is food used for biosynthesis?
 What are the essential nutrients?
 What are some of the water-soluble
vitamins?
 What are some of the fat-soluble vitamins?
 What are the mineral requirements of
humans?

Chapter 42 - Main Concepts
Transport systems functionally connect
body cells with the organs of exchange
 Most invertebrates have a gastrovascular
cavity or a circulatory system for internal
transport
 Diverse adaptations of a cardiovascular
system have evolved in vertebrates.

Main Concepts
Rhythmic pumping of the mammalian heart
drives blood through pulmonary and
systemic circuits.
 The lymphatic system returns fluid to the
blood and aids in body defense.
 Blood is a connective tissue with cells
suspended in plasma.

Main Concepts
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading
cause of death in the United States and
many other developed nations.
 Gas exchange supplies oxygen for cellular
respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide.
 Gills are respiratory adaptations of most
aquatic animals.

Main Concepts
Tracheae are respiratory adaptations of
insects.
 Lungs are the respiratory adaptations of
most terrestrial vertebrates.

Points to Know:
What is a closed or open circulatory
system?
 What are veins, arteries and capillaries?
 What are the chambers and valves of a
vertebrate heart?
 What is the pathway of blood as it travels
through the body?
 What are the components of blood?

Points to Know:
What is the relationship between the
respiratory medium and the respiratory
surface?
 What is countercurrent exchange?
 How is oxygen and carbon dioxide
exchanged in the lungs?
 What are the oxygen dissociation curves for
hemoglobin?
 What is myoglobin?

Chapter 43 - Main Concepts
Nonspecific mechanisms provide general
barriers to infection.
 Clonal selection of lymphocytes is the
cellular basis for immunological specificity
and diversity.
 Memory cells function in secondary
immune responses.

Main Concepts:
Molecular markers on cell surfaces function
in self/other recognition.
 In the humoral response, B cells defend
against pathogens in body fluids by
generating specific antibodies.
 In the cell-mediated response, T cells
defend against intracellular pathogens.

Main Concepts:
Complement proteins participate in both
nonspecific and specific defenses.
 The immune system’s capacity to
distinguish self from other is critical in
transfusions and organ transplants.
 Abnormal immune function leads to disease
states.
 Invertebrates have a rudimentary immune
system.

Points to Know:
How do the skin and mucous membranes
project the body?
 What is an antigen and an antibody?
 What is humoral immunity and cellmediated immunity?
 What is the structure of an antibody?
 How do complement proteins work?

Points to Know:
What is the Rh factor and why can it be a
problem in pregnancy?
 How does HIV cause AIDS?

Chapter 44 - Main Concepts
Cells require a balance between water
uptake and loss.
 Osmoregulation depends on transport
epithelia.
 Tubular systems function in osmoregulation
and excretion in many invertebrates.
 The kidneys of vertebrates are compact
organs with many excretory tubules.

Main Concepts:
The kidney’s transport epithelia regulate the
composition of blood.
 The water-conserving ability of the kidney
is a key terrestrial adaptation.
 An animal’s nitrogenous wastes are
correlated with its phylogeny and habitat.
 Thermoregulation maintains body
temperature within a range conducive to
metabolism.

Main Concepts:
Ectotherms derive body heat mainly from
their surroundings and endotherms derive it
mainly from metabolism.
 Thermoregulation involves physiological
and behavioral adjustments.
 Regulatory systems interact in the
maintenance of homeostasis.

Points to Know:
How does osmoregulation in marine and
fresh-water fish compare?
 What are protonephridria and
metanephridria?
 What are Malpighian tubules?
 What are the parts of a nephron and how
does it filter blood?

Points to Know:
What materials are filtered by the kidney
and what materials are not?
 What are examples of animals that excrete
ammonia, urea, and uric acid?
 What are endotherms and ectotherms?
 How do countercurrent heat exchangers
work?
 What are some feedback mechanisms in
thermoregulation?

Chapter 45 - Main Concepts
Hormone binding to specific receptors
triggers signaling mechanisms at the
cellular level.
 Many chemical signals are relayed and
amplified by second messengers and protein
kinases.
 Invertebrate control systems often integrate
endocrine and nervous system functions.

Main Concepts:
The hypothalamus and pituitary integrate
many functions of the vertebrate endocrine
system.
 The vertebrate endocrine system
coordinates homeostasis and regulates
growth, development, and reproduction.
 The endocrine system and the nervous
system are structurally, chemically and
functionally related.

Points to Know:
What are hormones?
 How do steroid hormones cause gene
expression?
 What are some hormones produced in the
hypothalamus and pituitary glands and what
do they do?

Points to Know:
How does the body regulate glucose levels
through insulin and glucagon.
 What is the “fight or flight” syndrome?
 How are the endocrine and nervous systems
structurally, chemically and functionally
related?

Chapter 46 - Main Concepts
Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur
in the animal kingdom.
 In sexual reproduction, gametes unite in the
external environment or within the female.
 Human reproduction involves intricate
anatomy and complex behavior
 Spermatogensis and oogensis both involve
meiosis, but differ in 3 significant ways.

Main Concepts:
A complex interplay of hormones regulates
reproduction.
 Embryonic and fetal development occur
during pregnancy in humans and other
placental mammals.
 Contraception prevents pregnancy.
 New technologies offer help for
reproductive problems.

Points to Know:
What are the types of asexual reproduction
and under what conditions is it an
advantage?
 Which animals have external fertilization
and which have internal?
 How do spermatogenesis and oogenesis
differ in humans?

Points to Know:
How do hormones control the female
menstrual cycle?
 What hormones are involved in pregnancy?
 How do the various methods of
contrception prevent pregnancy?

Chapter 47 - Main Concepts
Fertilization activates the egg and brings
together the sperm and egg nuclei.
 Cleavage partitions the zygote into many
smaller cells.
 The organs of the body form from the three
embryonic germ layers.
 Morphogenesis in animals involves specific
changes in cell shape, position, and
adhesion.

Main Concepts

Inductive signals drive differentiation and
pattern formation in vertebrates.
Points to Know:
How eggs prevent polyspermy.
 The three tissues or embryonic germ layers
that organs will develop from.
 An example of organizer regions in
vertebrate limb development.

Chapter 48 - Main Concepts
The nervous system is composed of neurons
and supporting cells.
 Membrane potentials arise from differences
in ion concentrations between a cell’s
contents and the extracellular fluid.
 Chemical or electrical communication
between cells occurs at synapses.

Main Concepts
The vertebrate brain develops from three
anterior bulges of the spinal cord.
 The cerebellum controls movement and
balance.
 The cerebrum contains the most
sophisticated integrating centers.

Points to Know:
How nerve signals are generated and
transmitted.
 How nerve signals jump across a synapse.
 How the human nervous system is
organized.
 What are the parts of the brain and what do
they control?

Chapter 49 - Main Concepts
Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy
and transmit signals to the nervous system.
 Sensory receptors are categorized by the
type of energy they transduce.
 The light-absorbing pigment rhodopsin
operates via signal transduction.

Main Concepts
The mammalian hearing organ is within the
inner ear.
 Most invertebrates have gravity sensors and
are sound sensitive.
 Perceptions of taste and smell are usually
interrelated.
 Muscles move skeletal parts by contracting.

Main Concepts
Calcium ions and regulatory proteins
control muscle contraction.
 Interactions between myosin and actin
underlie muscle contractions.

Points to Know:
What are the main sense receptors in
humans and how do they work?
 How do muscles contract?
 What are the various muscle types and
where are they found in the body?
