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Climate Change & Development Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation “Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación (REDD): complemento del futuro régimen del Clima” Panama City, Panama 23-24 April 2008 www.RainforestCoalition.org Key Messages Deforestation: Reducing emissions from deforestation is possible and urgently needed for 2°C. Cannot continue to choose ignorance – 20% of problem. Sustainable Development: Catalyze gains toward climate stability, poverty reduction, biodiversity conservation, and rural development. Positive Incentives: Leading drivers are identifiable. In most cases, higher carbon ‘incentives’ will drive greater emissions reductions from deforestation and forest degradation. Funding Available (20/20): 20% of problem: 20% of solution. 20% of ‘carbon’ market resources could provide revenues at necessary scale: $5 - $25 billion/yr. Global Impacts One billion acres of tropical forest lost Achard et al., 2002 Science 297:999 Water Quantity & Quality Impacts on Coral Reefs Local & Global Fisheries Species and Populations Vertebrates • 56,586 spp. • 21% threatened Invertebrates • 1,190,200 spp. •58% threatened Plants • 287,655 spp. • 69% threatened Total • 1,534,441 spp. • 59% threatened Ecosystem Services Disease Buffering Pest Control Pollination Disease & Violence Infectious Diseases Cryptosporidiosis Lyme borreliosis West Nile fever Multidrug-resistant Salmonella E. coli O157 BSE E. coli non-O157 nvCJD Typhoid Legionellosis Venezuelan equine encephalitis Lassa fever Yellow fever E. coli O157 Malaria West Nile fever Echinococcosi Influenza A (H5N1) s Dengue Rift Valley haemhorragic Nipah virus fever fever encephalitis Cholera 0139 Diphtheria O’nyong-nyong fever Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Cholera Ebola haemhorragic fever Human monkeypox Cholera Hendra virus infection Legionellosis Rural Landscapes Extreme Weather Events Forests & Climate Forest Carbon Stocks In forest, carbon is present in different carbon pools Above-ground biomass Litter and soil Below-ground biomass Emission Sources IPCC: Emissions from deforestation approx. 20% of total GHG’s Emission Sources Emissions by Country The Kyoto Dilemma KP Exclusion: Kyoto Protocol includes deforestation for industrial countries, but intentionally excludes developing nations that reduce deforestation. KP unfairly discriminates against these nations. How can we ignore 20% of GHG? Market Access: Tropical rainforest nations deserve to be treated equally in world carbon markets. A ton is a ton is a ton… How did this happen? How did this happen? Conflicting Philosophy: Punish emitters vs. objective oriented. NGOs vs. Scientists vs. Experts vs. Govt. Depts. vs. … Lack of Trust: Tendency by ‘North’ to be paternalistic. Do what we say, not what we did! Exacerbated by NGOs! Methods: Scale led to methodological mismatch. National accounting vs. Project implementation. Common but Differentiated: Who carries the load is not defined. ‘Black & White’ perspective. Innovate new flexible ‘basket’ of tools. Leadership: Some major industrial countries seeking to shift the blame, take conditional responsibility. Leadership required by all! Land Use Change Deforestation Degradation ~ Conversion Deforestation Deforestation Drivers Foods: Soya, Coffee, Cocoa, Sugar, Gardens, Ranching, etc. Logging: Low value exports, unsustainable practices. Energy: Bio-Fuels and Fuel-wood in rural areas. Development: Roads, Mining, Power-Lines, etc. Population Growth Perverse Incentives Bio-Fuels Investment: $38 Billion (2005) $100 Billion (2010). Food: Soaring Prices Tortilla Wars & Flour Strikes. Energy: 1 SUV Ethanol Tank = 365 Days of Corn for 1 person. Climate: Over 100 year carbon payback due to deforestation. Clean Energy Myth? Origins Inclusion of land-use change and forestry under the KP difficult to negotiate because of uncertainties about magnitude. Solution reached at Marrakesh, three years after KP agreed. Catalytic though complex. Includes deforestation for Annex-B countries; omission of deforestation from CDM intentional – additionality, project leakage, permanence. Rainforest Coalition Central America Asia Caribbean CfRN Africa South America Interregional Policy Development & Consensus Basket of Tools 100% Guyana Conservation Forest Cover PNG Nigeria Cameroon REDD CDM-AR India Bangladesh 0% Time Costa Rica China Emergence May 2005 UNFCCC workshop: PNG proposed voluntary RED based on positive incentives for developing countries relative to national reference level. Later joined by 9 other developing countries 11th COP (Montreal), Nov 2005, agrees two year work programme 12th COP (Nairobi), Dec 2006, Brazil proposes voluntary RED based on positive incentives and an national accounting system, though not carbon market access 13th COP (Bali), Dec 2007, Decision on REDD Bali SBSTA REDD decision Rules for demonstration projects – reduces uncertainty for participants, facilitates integration with future compliance regime National accounting using IPCC. Subnational demonstration activities only as step toward national approaches Anticipates reporting and independent review Encourages immediate action and agrees to consider this ‘early action’ Silent on instruments for ‘positive incentives’ Bali Roadmap REDD decision is key part of overall negotiation for future framework at the 15th COP (Copenhagen, 2009) Expected to yield measurable, verifiable reportable actions on emissions mitigation, consistent with the deep cuts needed to avoid dangerous climate change Forest Degradation included. Consider conservation, SMF & enhancement of forest carbon stocks Post-2012 positive incentives for the enhanced implementation of national mitigation strategies The REDD decision is one piece of this jigsaw (and an unusually well developed one) Necessary Strategic Alliances UNEP FAO Rainforest Countries SUCCESS World Bank UNDP REDD Demonstration Activities REDD Funding World Bank FCPF $160 mil. Australia $ 200 mil. ? Rainforest Countries UNEP FAO Norway $2.8 bil. U.K. $3.2 bil. Japan $10 bil. • Market Maker • Trading Platform UNDP Private Sector • Environment al Integrity • IPCC GPG Training • Verification • Revenue Distribution • Rural Poverty NGOs Carbon + : Social Benefit Climate: Capture a significant source of carbon emissions currently outside frameworks. Rural Development: Significant new revenue streams to addresses poverty in rural areas with clear metrics to access effectiveness. MDGs: Underpins MDG objectives related to environment, poverty, gender equality, health, etc. Ecosystems: Great effect on marine resources, species diversity, pest control, disease buffering, pollination, etc. Biodiversity: Major biodiversity conservation benefits. Soils: Supports efforts against desertification and soil erosion. Water: Watershed protection and potable water supply. Our Conditions DEEPER CUTS by Rich Nations VOLUNTARY Action by Poor Nations Real Benefits – climate and development Sovereignty over Forest Resources Differentiated Responsibilities Philosophy of Positive Incentives Equitable & Fair Leadership? The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse affects thereof. – UNFCCC, Clause 3.1 Copenhagen deal? Seek agreement on a framework for adequate mitigation action by all Parties Ambitious commitments from developed countries consistent with 25% to 40% absolute emissions reduction by 2020 (lowest level of IPCC AR4 WG3) Developing country voluntary actions consistent with departure from BAU emissions trend Including REDD will increase Annex-1 country ambition and demonstrate developing country willingness to act: linkage to compliance system, eg via carbon market, essential for this. Closing Messages Deforestation: Reducing emissions from deforestation is possible and urgently needed for 2°C. Cannot continue to choose ignorance – 20% of problem. Sustainable Development: Catalyze gains toward climate stability, poverty reduction, biodiversity conservation, and rural development. Positive Incentives: Voluntary. Sovereign Control. Higher carbon ‘incentives’ will drive greater emissions reductions from deforestation and forest degradation. Funding Available (20/20): 20% of problem: 20% of solution. 20% of GLOBAL carbon market could provide revenues at necessary scale (incl. USA.)