Download AP Chapter 25

AP Chapter 25
The Consolidation of Latin America
Form Colonies to Nations
1) The French Revolution set in motion the
independence movement in Central and South
America
2) Creoles (elites of American born whites)
expressed a growing self-consciousness as
they began questioning the policies of Spain
and Portugal
Continued
3.) Heavy new taxes and administrative reforms
of the 18th century increased the dissatisfaction
of the majority of the population
Causes of Political Change
1.) Four external events had a particularly strong
impact of political thought in Latin America
a) The American Revolution provided a model of
how colonies could break away from the mother
country
Continued
b.) The French Revolution provoked interest in
Latin America with its slogan, “liberty,
equality, and fraternity”, which appealed to
some sectors of the population
Continued
c.) The slave revolt of St. Domingue and
eventual founding of Haiti by the slaves
was considered a model to be avoided. This
revolt was led by Toussaint L ’Overture
Continued
d.) The French Iberian campaign caused
confusion of who was ruling for Spain and
Portugal. In the Colonies military juntas were
set-up. A crisis of legitimacy reverberated
throughout the American Colonies
Spanish American Independence
Struggles
1) In Mexico, Father Miguel de Hidalgo called
for help from the American Indians and
Mestizos of his region to overthrow the
military junta
Continued
2.) In September 1821, Mexico was claimed as
an Empire with Augustine de Iturbideits
became its Emperor
3.) In northern South America, Simon Bolivar
won a series of victories in Venezuela,
Columbia, and Ecuador between 1817 and
1822
Continued
4.) In southern South America, Jose de San
Martin led a revolutionary movement in the Rio
de la Plata
5.) By 1825, all of Spanish South America had
gained its political independence
Brazilian Independence
1. When Napoleon invaded the Iberian
peninsula the entire royal family of Portugal
escaped, with British help, to Brazil
2. For Britain’s aide, the ports of Brazil were
opened to world commerce, thus satisfying
one of the main desires of the Brazilian elites
3. The transfer of the royal court brought
government closer and reinforced the colonial
relationship
Continued
4.) Until 1820 the Portuguese King, Dom Joao
VI ruled Portugal and Brazil from Brazil
5.) After Napoleon’s defeat, Dom Joao VI
returned to Portugal and left his son Pedro in
charge in Brazil
6.)When Pedro I was recalled to Portugal he
refused and he became, Pedro I the
constitutional Emperor of Brazil
Continued
7.) Brazil became a monarchy under a member
of the Portuguese ruling house
New Nations Confront Old and New
Problems
1) By 1830, the former Spanish and Portuguese
colonies had become independent nations
2) By 1854, slavery had been abolished everywhere
except Spain’s remaining colonies of Puerto
Rico and Cuba as well as in Brazil
3) An end to American Indian tribute and taxes on
people of mixed origin came much more slowly,
because the new nations still needed the revenue
such policies produced
Political Fragmentation
1) Regional rivalries, economic competition, and
political divisions made unification of South and
Central America impossible
2) Mexico remained unstable because of military
coups, financial failures, foreign intervention,
and political intervention
3) Central America formed a union but regional
antagonisms and resentment of Guatemala
eventually led to dissolution of the union in 1838
Continued
4.) In South America the old viceroyalty of New
Granada became the basis for Gran Columbia
(included modern Ecuador, Columbia, Panama,
and Venezuela)
5.) The viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata served
as the basis for a state that the peoples of
Argentina hoped to lead
6.) Paraguay declared its autonomy under a
series of dictators
Gran Columbia
Continued
7.) Uruguay was formed by a revolution for
independence against Brazil and Argentina
(1828)
8.) Peru and Bolivia considered uniting but
regional rivalries and fears of their neighbors
undermined their effort
9.) Chile followed its own course in a fairly
stable fashion
Caudillos, Politics, and the Church
1. Caudillos were independent leaders who
dominated local areas by force and sometimes
seized the national government itself
2. Military commanders and regional or national
caudillos usually were interested in power for
their own sake, but they could represent or
mobilize different groups in society
Continued
3.) Most political leaders agreed that the basic
form of government should be a republic but
what kind of republic?
4.) A struggle often developed between
centralist, who wanted to create strong,
centralized national governments with broad
powers and federalist, who wanted tax and
commercial policies to be set by regional
governments
Continued
5.) Tensions occurred between liberals and
conservatives
6.) Liberals stressed the rights of the individual
and attacked the corporate (based on
membership in a group or organization) structure
of colonial society
7.) Conservatives usually believed in a strong
centralized state, and they often wanted to
maintain aspects of colonial society
Continued
8.) To the conservatives, society was not based
on open competition and individualism but was
organic
9.) As a group conservatives were skeptical of
secularism and individualism and strove to keep
the Catholic Iberian heritage alive
10.) It is fair to say that in much of Latin
America the basic questions of government and
society remained unresolved after independence
Latin American Economies and World
markets, 1820-1870
1.) The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 stated clearly
that any attempt by a European power to
colonize in the Americas would be considered an
unfriendly act by the united States
2.) The United States could not enforce the
Monroe Doctrine at this time
Continued
3.) Britain had legally penetrated Latin America
in the 18th century and now it could afford to
offer its diplomatic recognition in exchange for
the freedom to trade with the new nations
4.) Before 1850, little capital had been invested
directly in Latin America
5.) Britain became a major consumer of Latin
American products
Continued
6.) In some ways, Britain replaced Spain as a
dominant economic force over the area in a sort
of neocolonial commercial system
7.) Latin America became increasingly
dependent on foreign markets and foreign
imports and thereby reinforced the old colonial
economic heritage in which land was the basis of
wealth and prestige
Mid-Century Stagnation
1) From about 1820 to 1850, the economy of
Latin America was stagnant due to wars
having destroyed many industries, roads were
poor and much money was still tied up in land
2) After 1850 expansion of the European
economy created demands of Latin American
products
Continued
3.) Latin American cities began to grow and
provide good internal markets and the
introduction of steamships and railroads began to
overcome the problem of transportation
4.) Landed wealth and exports continued to
characterize the economies of the region, as they
had in the colonial era
Economic Resurgence and Liberals
Politics
1. Based on the ideas of positivism of the
French philosopher Auguste Comte, Latin
American liberals stressed observation and a
scientific approach to the problems of society
2. The approach of science to industry created
new demands for Latin American products,
such as copper and rubber
Auguste Comte
Continued
3. After 1850, economies grew rapidly
4. Foreign entrepreneurs and bankers joined
hands with philosophical liberals,
landowners, and urban merchants in Latin
America to back the liberal programs
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Mexico: Instability and Foreign
Intervention
1. For a short period from 1832 to 1835, the
liberals were in control and tried to institute a
series of sweeping social and economic reforms,
but their attack on the church led to violent
reaction and the assumption of power by General
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
2. Texas will gain its independence from Mexico
and in 1845, Texas becomes a state when the
United States pushes for Manifest Destiny,
attempting to wrest California from Mexico
Manifest Destiny
Continued
3. In the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo the
United States will acquire one-half of
Mexico’s national territory
4. The Mexican-American War will leave a
bitter legacy of distrust between the two
countries
5. The war will help create a sense of Mexican
national identity
Continued
6. One of the most prominent liberal Mexican
politicians was Benito Juarez who had
liberal vision of a secular society based on the
rule of law in which the old privileged of the
church and the army would be eliminated as a
way of promoting economic change and
growth
7. A liberal revolt, called La Reforma began in
1854
Benito Juarez
Continued
8. The attempt for land reform resulted in lands lost
to speculators and by 1910, about half of Mexico’s
rural population was landless
9. Conservatives ask the French Emperor Napoleon
III to intervene and Maximilian von Habsburg
becomes the Emperor of Mexico
10. When French forces withdraw from Mexico,
Maximilian’s forces fold and he and his generals
are executed in 1867
Maximilian von Habsburg
Continued
11. Benito Juarez will be replaced by Porfirio
Diaz, who will become president and the virtual
dictator
Argentina: The Port and the Nation
1. Liberal reforms in Argentina, including freedom
of religion produced a similar negative reaction
from conservatives and the church. The liberals
main sin was conservatives desire to create a
strong national government)
2. Centralist (called Unitarians in the Argentine
context provoked the reaction of the federalists,
who by 1831 had taken power under Juan
Manuel de Rosas, who commanded the loyalty
of the gaucho employees of the ranchers
Continued
3. Rosas proved to be a despotic leader
4. In 1852, liberal exiles joined forces with the
caudillos
5. Rosas proved to be a despotic leader
6. In 1862, after considerable fighting, a
compromise was worked out and the new, unified
nation was now called the Argentine Republic,
entered into a period of prosperity and growth under
a series of liberal presidents whose programs
paralleled the Reforma in Mexico
Continued
7. Domingo F. Sarmiento (1811-1888) was a firm
admirer of England and the United States, that
believed in the value of education, and an ardent
supporter of progress
8. He wrote Facundo, a critique of the caudillo
politics of the region, in which the “barbarism”
of the gauchos and their leaders was contrasted
to the “civilization” of the liberal reformers
9. By 1890, Argentina seemed to represent the
achievement of a liberal program for Latin
America
Domingo F. Sarmiento
The Brazilian Empire
1. Brazilian independence had been declared in
1822, and by 1824 a liberal constitution had
been issued by Dom Pedro I
2. In 1831, Dom Pedro I was forced to abdicate
in favor of his young son, Pedro (later to
become Dom Pedro II), but the boy was too
young to rule and a series of regents directed
the country in his name
Continued
3. What followed was an experiment in
republican government, although the façade of
monarchy was maintained
4. The development of fazendas or coffee
estates from 1840-1880, intensified the use of
slavery
5. Though pressured by England to end slavery,
it was not finally abolished until 1888
Continued
6. Between 1850 and 1875, more than two-thirds of
them went to work in the coffee estates, which
lessened the dependence on slavery
7. In 1888, Brazil became the last nation in the
Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery
8. In 1889, a nearly bloodless military coup
deposed the emperor and established a republic
under military men strongly influenced by
positivist intellectuals and Republican politicians
Pedro II of Brazil
Societies in Search of Themselves
1. Cultural Expression After Independence
a) Through the 1800s, Latin American nations
began to romanticize their independence
through identifying with idealized views such
as the freedom of the gauchos or the nobility
of the Native Americans
b) By the 1870s, writers began to write about the
corruption, prejudice and greed
Continued
c. More and more the elites identified with
European culture, especially the French
2. Old Patterns of Gender, Class and Race
a. Women gained little ground during most of
the 1800s
Continued
b. After independence, there was almost no
change in the predominate attitudes toward
women’s proper role which was, they were
expected to be wives and mothers, women
could not vote, hold public office, become
lawyers, or in some places testify in a court of
law
c. Unmarried women younger than 25 remained
under the power and authority of their fathers
Continued
d. Lower-class women had more economic
freedom and also more personal freedom than
elite women under the constraints of powerful
families
e. The one area in which the situation of women
began to change significantly was public
education
f. At first, the idea of education for girls and
women were responsible for educating their
children
Continued
g. Once public education is advocated, new jobs
open for women as teachers
h. Though the old society of castas was legally
ended in continued in fact causing unrest in
its wake
i. Latin America began the 1880s, as a group of
predominantly agrarian nations with rigid
social structures and a continuing dependency
on the world market
The Great Boom, 1880-1920
1. The expansion of Latin American economics
was led by exports
2. Each nation had specialty export products
(tobacco and sugar from Cuba and rubber and
coffee from Brazil, etc.)
3. These markets were particularly vulnerable
and in some ways dependent on the world
market
Continued
4. Export-led expansion could result in rivalry,
hostility, and even war between neighboring
countries (“fertilizer war”)
5. Foreign investment in Latin America became
a competition led by Britain but challenged
by the French, Germans and North America
6. Foreign investment constrained Latin
American governments in their social,
commercial, and diplomatic policies
Mexico and Argentina: Examples of
Economic Transformation
1. Porfirio Diaz (in Mexico) suppressed regional
rebellions and imposed a strong centralized
government
2. Foreign investment was encouraged as
industrialization began to take place
3. Cientifios (advisors who were strongly
influenced by positivist ideas and who wanted to
impose a scientific approach on the national
economy) set the tone for Mexico while
government suppressed any political opposition
to these policies
Continued
4. Economic expansion at the expense of
peasants and American Indian communal
lands created a volatile situation
5. After 35 years of Diaz’s strong armed tactics
and a 10 year civil war (the Mexican
Revolution) would erupt
6. Technological changes contributed to
Argentine prosperity (refrigeration)
Continued
7. Massive immigration resulted in a fusion of
cultures that produced a radical workers
movement
8. Immigrant workers began seeking political
expression by forming a Socialist Party
9. In 1912 an electoral law called for secret
ballots, universal male suffrage, and
compulsory voting
CONTINUED
10.This brought on the Radical Party promising
political reform and more liberal policies for
workers in 1916 but it acted as repressively as
its predecessors
11.Argentina’s economy remained closely tied to
the international market for its exports
Uncle Sam Goes South
1. The war between Spain and the United States
(Spanish-American War) gave the United
States, Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Philippines
as territories
2. The United States backed a Panamanian
Movement for independence (from
Columbia) and then signed a treaty with its
representatives that granted the United States
extensive rights over the Panama Canal
Panama Canal