Download Micro Lab Unit 1 Flashcards

Lab 13 Natural Selection Flashcards
1) What does the vast diversity in the world today
stem from?
2) What do different species and members of a single
species have in common?
3) What does vast diversity between members of a
single species arise from?
4) What do populations evolve in response to?
5) What are the variations of characteristics called
which give an individual improved change of
survival?
6) What term describes the environment acting upon
variations and selecting which variation is better
suited to the particular set of environmental
conditions at any given time?
7) What are individuals with the best characteristics
more like to do than the less adapted, or less fit,
members of their species?
8) What term describes the unequal ability between
members of a species to produce offspring?
9) What is the result of differential reproduction of
offspring and their inherent ability to survive?
10) What will the changes in the population
accumulate over the generations?
11) Who contributed the idea that populations of
individual species become better adapted to their
local environment through natural selection?
12) Where did Darwin make his most significant
discoveries?
13) What was significant about the sets of organisms
found on each island?
14) Darwin’s theory of natural selection is properly
referred to as?
15) What is the term used to describe an individual’s
ability to produce offspring in an evolutionary
sense?
16) When populations are provided with ideal
conditions (energy, food, water, etc.) they grow
rapidly. This type of growth is exhibited when
there is no limiting factor, called…?
17) When plotted this is the shape that comes from
exponential growth?
18) What is the term for when the environment sets an
actual limit for the number of individuals it can
support, filtering out by ways of limited resources,
predators, and disease?
19) What type of growth occurs when the population
reaches carrying capacity and tends to stabilize?
The interactions of organisms with their environment
Vast diversity between them
Variations within each organism
Changes in their environment
Adaptations
Natural selection
Have more offspring
Differential reproductive success
A gradual change in the population
Favourable characteristics (best phenotypes)
Charles Darwin
The Galapagos Islands
Each was unique and couldn’t be found elsewhere in
the world
Survival of the Fittest
fitness
Exponential Growth
J shape
Carrying Capacity
Logistic Growth
Lab 13 Natural Selection Flashcards
20) What is the shape that occurs when Logistic
Growth is plotted?
21) What would cause natural populations to crash and
may or may not recover?
22) Coyotes play an important role in keeping the
mesopredator population in check and help
maintain?
23) What phrase describes no net increase or decrease
in the number of individuals?
24) What does Natality mean?
25) What does Mortality mean?
26) What does it mean when Individuals move into an
area?
27) What does it mean when Individuals move out of
an area?
28) What term describes Individuals who move into
and out an area?
29) What area often provides ideal conditions for the
spread of disease?
30) What two diseases have decimated the human
population throughout history?
31) What disease is caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus?
32) What does HIV stand for?
33) What does AIDS stand for?
34) What is the diseases called that are a result to
aging, lack of exercise, or some unknown cause?
This type of disease is not contagious and may
have a genetic component to them. Example:
atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease.
35) What is the type of disease that is contagious and
capable of infecting and possibly killing large
groups of people? They are caused by an infectious
agent (pathogen) and are both treatable and not
treatable at all. Example: chicken pox, influenza,
strep throat, and many sexually transmitted
diseases.
36) What is the infectious agent, or the thing you
actually “catch?”
37) What is it called when the pathogen is transferred
between individuals?
38) What is the time period called between catching
the pathogen and the appearance of the disease?
During this time, the pathogen increases in
numbers.
39) What is the time period called when you are
contagious and can transmit the pathogen to
another person?
Sigmoid Shape
If a population rose above the carrying capacity
Balance of nature
Zero population growth
Birth rate
death rate
Immigration
Emigration
Migration
Urban Areas (cities)
Plague and influenza
AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Degenerative diseases
Communicable diseases
pathogen
transmission
Incubation period
Communication period
Lab 13 Natural Selection Flashcards
40) When an individual who has a particular pathogen
and can transmit the pathogen without showing
any signs of the disease, they are called what?
41) Our bodies have many lines of defence to protect
us from invading pathogens; does that defence
protect us from most sexually transmitted
diseases?
42) Drugs are used to fight against pathogens, but why
are viruses and exception? (Viruses can be viral,
bacterial, protozoan, or yeast.)
43) This type of disease has become an epidemic on
this planet. Some can make life miserable, some
can cause sterility, and some can kill you. These
common types of diseases are called?
44) Especially with multiple sex partners and just in
general, not using condoms is an important risk
factor for what?
45) Deficit in the immune system is called what?
46) What term describes a myriad of symptoms due to
one cause?
47) How is HIV classified?
48) What has the most complicated reproductive
cycles?
49) How are retroviruses complicated?
50) What enzyme does the retrovirus have?
51) What does the reverse transcriptase allow?
52) What two characteristics do individuals have that
are infected with HIV?
53) How many types of T cells are there that have a
specific role in our immune system?
54) What happens when helper T cells (Th) are
infected in our immune system?
55) What else can (Th) also affect?
56) What does HIV specifically look for on our cells?
57) What is the glycoprotein receptor called?
58) What happens once the virus has located this
receptor and the HIV binds?
59) What happens once the HIV replicates to produce
more viruses?
60) What happens to the infected cells once the HIV
circulates and infects other cells?
61) What else is possible before the HIV becomes
active?
62) What is HIV called when it is dormant and is it
detectable by the immune system?
63) What happens once the virus replicates itself?
Symptomless carriers
no
Antiviral drugs are limited
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
STD’s
Immune deficiency
Syndrome
In a group of RNA viruses known as retrovirus
Retrovirus
Their flow of information is backwards
Reverse Transcriptase
It allows retroviruses to produce viral DNA in order to
produce more RNA viruses.
The reduction in the number of T cells and the
appearance of secondary infections
Four
It becomes devastated because (Th) plays a central
role in both humoral and cell-mediated responses.
The activation of macrophages and B cells
Glycoprotein receptors
CD4 receptor
After the HIV binds, it enters, replicates to produce
more viruses.
It can then circulate and infect other cells
They may be killed quickly by the virus by immune
response or may live for an extended period of time
It may lay dormant in a cell's genome for many years
They are called provirus', and are not detectable
It undergoes rapid mutational changes and
overwhelms the immune system
Lab 13 Natural Selection Flashcards
64) If most people who are infected with HIV do not
die of AIDS, what do they die from?
65) What stage is AIDS in the HIV infection and how
is it defined?
66) How long does it take to reach the AIDs stage in
this infection?
67) What is more rapid in infants infected in utero
(while in womb)?
68) What happens when a person is exposed to HIV
and has circulating antibodies?
69) How is AIDS currently considered ?
70) What is the mortality rate of AIDS?
71) How many antiviral drugs are there and what are
they used for?
72) Even though these drugs do not eliminate the
virus, what do they do?
73) What is the new class of drugs called and what do
they do?
74) How is HIV transmitted to another being?
75) Is HIV transmitted through casual contact?
76) Is it possible for mothers to transmit HIV to their
fetuses during fetal development or nursing?
77) What has the advent of HIV screening resulted in?
78) How many people have died from HIV/AIDS
during 2003 alone?
79) What happened by the end of 2003 to people as a
whole, adults, and children?
80) How many new HIV infections occurred during
2003?
81) What is the estimate of individuals with HIV in the
United States?
82) What is the best approach to slow the spread of
AIDS?
83) What is important to realize about anyone who is
sexually active?
84) Will education, ethnicity, socio-economic status,
etc. protect you?
85) What is the only way to protect yourself from
STD's?
86) If you choose to be sexually active, how you can
you practice safer sex?
87) What happens with every sexual encounter?
Secondary infections such as Pneumocystis
pneumonia or Karposi's sarcoma
It is the late stage and is defined by a reduced T cell
population and the appearance of 2° infections
10 years
Progression
They are considered to be HIV positive
An incurable disease
100%
There are numerous antiviral drugs (AZT, DDC, and
DDL) and they are used to extend the lives of infected
individuals
They inhibit the viral enzyme, reverse transcriptase
Protease inhibitors; prevent the virus from producing
their protein coats
Through the transfer of body fluids such as blood and
semen which contain infected cells
No!
Yes!
Blood transfusions as a route of transmission in
developed countries leading to being virtually
eliminated
Three million
Nearly 40 million people worldwide are infected with
HIV, approximately 37 million adults and 2.5 million
children under the age of 15
5 million at a rate of 14,000 per day
880,000 individuals; there are 40,000 new cases each
year
Educate people to practice "safer" sex and to stop the
use of non-sterile needles.
Anyone can contract an STD
NO
Abstain from sexual contact or IV drug use
By properly using a latex condom and lubricant
You are being exposed to pathogens from every
person that individual has been with
Lab 13 Natural Selection Flashcards
88) When are sexual relations risky?
With multiple partners, being monogamous with
someone who is not, or having sex with an IV drug
user
No
89) Can you tell if someone is infected just by looking
at them?
90) Where can you go for help about your questions
The school's Health Center
regarding STD's?
91) What can the school's Health Center provide?
Testing or referrals
92) Are there condoms available?
Yes
93) Which prey item seems to be best adapted to the
environment?
94) Which prey item seems to be the least adaptive?
95) Explain why the adaptations in the organisms from
question 1 and 2 are either adaptive or destructive?
96) From the laboratory exercise, which predators
seems best adapted to feeding on these types of
prey?
97) Did any group become extinct during this
exercise? If so, which group(s)?
98) Predict the order of the other predators or prey
items becoming extinct
99) Differential reproduction is the driving force for
natural selection. Briefly explain how this process
works?
100) Give two reasons why it took so much time for
the world population to reach one billion, but it
took only 12 years to increase from 4-5 billion?
What are some specific examples, which
contributed to the increase in the world
population?
101) What are some specific examples, which acted to
decrease the ever-expanding population before
1650?
102) What is the estimated US population at the end
of lab today (include the date)?
103) What is the estimated World population at the
end of lab today (include the date)?
104) How many students are in your class today?
105) How many had positive test results?
106) Calculate the % infection rate = # positive/total #
students in class.
107) How did you feel while waiting to get your test
results?
108) Were you positive or negative?
109) When engaging in this activity, could you tell an
“infected” tube (or individual) just by looking? In
disease terminology, what would those individuals
be called?
Lab 13 Natural Selection Flashcards
110) What is the name of the virus that causes AIDS?
111) What type of virus is the AIDS virus?
112) The AIDS virus affects which type of cells
specifically?
113) How is the AIDS virus transmitted?
114) Is AIDS currently curable?