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Chapter 1
1.1 Life’s Levels of Organization
Invitation to Biology
1.1
 1.2
 1.3
 1.4
 1.5
 1.6
 1.7

Life’s Levels of Organization
Overview of Life’s Unity
Why So Many Species
Evolutionary View of Diversity
Biological Inquiry
Experimental Tests
Limits of Science
Levels Of Organization

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Atom
Molecule
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems



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Population
(organism)
Community
Ecosystem
Bioshpere
* Are all Biotic (alive)
* Are Abiotic (nonliving)
Levels Of Organization
Organism
Individual living
thing
Bison
Tissue:
Groups of
Cells
Cells
Tissues, organs,
and organ systems
Brain
Nervous tissue
Nervous system
Smallest functional
unit of life
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
Molecules most chemical
compounds
Water
DNA
Levels of Organization
Biosphere The part of Earth
that contains all
ecosystems
Biosphere
Ecosystem Community and
its nonliving
surroundings
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
CommunityPopulations that
live together in a
defined area
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Population Group of
organisms of one
type that live in
the same area
Bison herd
1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity
A. Characteristics of Living Things
1. Made Up of Cells
2. Reproduction
3. Based on a Genetic Code
4. Growth and Development
5. Need for Materials and Energy
• metabolism
6. Response to the Environment
7. Maintaining Internal Balance
8. Evolution
1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity
Section 1-3
Characteristic
Examples
Living things are made up of units called
cells.
Living things reproduce.
Living things obtain and use materials and
energy.
Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell.
Animals and trees are multicellular.
Maple trees reproduce sexually.
A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.
Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from
maple trees produce maple trees.
Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and
then become adult flies.
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals
obtain their energy from the food they eat.
Living things respond to their environment.
Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.
Living things maintain a stable internal
environment.
Despite changes in the temperature of the
environment, a robin maintains a constant body
temperature.
Taken as a group, living things change
over time.
Plants that live in the desert survive because they have
become adapted to the conditions of the desert.
Living things are based on a universal
genetic code.
Living things grow and develop.
Upcoming
Today 1/24
Next Monday 1/29
 Chapters 1 and 16  Review from Monday
 Viruses: What's the
 Notice the
problem?
relationship
between 1.5 and
 Chapter 1 Tie-in
16.3
 Chapter 16 Tie-in
1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity
A. Characteristics of Living Things
1. Made Up of Cells
2. Reproduction
3. Based on a Genetic Code
4. Growth and Development
5. Need for Materials and Energy
• metabolism
6. Response to the Environment
7. Maintaining Internal Balance
8. Evolution
5. The Need for Materials and Energy
•
Each normal living cell has ways to obtain and convert
energy from its surroundings
•
•
Producers can synthesize their own food from simple raw
materials.
•
•
•
Re: your metabolism is more then eating!!!! but
(autotrophs)
Green Plants, Algae
Consumers Cannot synthesize their own food
•
•
(Heterotrophs)
Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, DECOMPOSERS
Materials and Energy
10% Rule
Energy Input
Producers
Making their own food
Nutrient Cycles
Consumers +Decomposers
Energy output
6. Response to the Environment
•
Receptors and the stimuli they receive
allow controlled responses to be made:
• heat and cold,
• harmful substances,
• Varying food supplies.
•
Homeostasis: the conditions of the
“internal environment” are maintained
within tolerable limits.
• Increased sugar causes insulin release, which
stimulates cells to take up sugar.
• Decreased blood sugar causes another
hormone to call on stored sugar reserves.
Virus discussion ????
1.3 Why So Many Species

What do you call this?
Buzzards???
Texas Buzzard
Northern NY Buzzard
1.3 Why So Many Species

Need to Develop Classification
Schemes

Based on ????
All organisms are made FROM
similar materials and function
similarly
 Preview of Chapters 19-24

Taxonomy
The branch of Biology that deals with
the classification and naming of living
things.
Early Systems of Classification

Two Kingdom System- Plants and Animals
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Discovery of the microscope!!!!
Three Kingdom System- Plant, Animal, + Protist
Four Kingdom System- Plant,Animal,Protist,Monera
Now have a FIVE kingdom System
Wait and a three Domain System
Three Major Domains
What is the common theme?
Three Domains
Three major Domains
1.
Archaea (bacteria):most ancient bacteria

Extremophyles: Halophiles, Methanogens
Bacteria (Eubacteria): True bacteria
2.
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Autotrophic, bacteria of Decay
Eukaryotes: Having a nucleus
3.
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Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals
5 Major Kingdoms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plant
Animal
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Ex. Bacteria
Single celled
No membrane
Organelles
DNA in cytoplasm

1.
2.
3.
4.

Eukaryote
1. Ex. Amoeba, hydra, worm,
human
2. Single and multicelled
organisms
3. Has membrane organelles
4. DNA in Nucleus
The Best way to remember
the 5 kingdoms?
?
Broadest to most specific
Grizzly bear Black bear
Giant
panda
Red fox
Coral Sea star
Abert
squirrel snake
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Alaskan brown bear (Ursus arctos),
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus),
American black bear (Ursus americanus)
Adaptations (16.4)

An inherited trait or modification that improves the chance
of Survival and reproduction of an organism in a given
environment
What makes them similar?
What makes them similar?
Adaptations
What is the same or similar????
1.
2.
Comparative Anatomy (Homologous structures)
Comparative Biochemistry
1.
DNA, RNA
1.
2.
3.
3.
4.
Similar genes
ENZYMES,
hormones
Comparative Embryology
Comparative Cytology
Adaptations (16.4)
Defined
 Short term adaptations: plant stunted growth on a windy day.
• Not passed on
 Long term Adaptation: inheritable and improves
odds of surviving
 Due to Genetic Mutations
Long term Adaptations (16.4)
 Examples
 Salt tolerant Tomatoes in South America
• Local species are Not Tolerant
 Polar Bear adaptations
• NOT in the Desert
 The environment in which a trait evolved may be different
from the prevailing environment.
 Peppered Moth
 Llamas, high altitudes due to hemoglobin structure
• Camels have same capability yet live-in low altitudes.
1.4 Evolutionary View of
Diversity
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What causes variations within a
population?
A: Mutations:inherited changes in the
DNA sequence
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Many mutations are harmful
If the result is positive it has Adaptive
value/trait
Traits are variations in of a form
Evolution: heritable change in a line of
descent
1.4 Evolutionary View of
Diversity (links to Chapter 16.3)
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Evolution: heritable change in a line of
descent
Charles Darwin
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Natural Selection: When individuals differ in
their ability to survive and reproduce, the
traits that help them do so and become more
common in that population
• Peppered moth

How is this beneficial?
How is this beneficial?
The greater the variation within a
population the greater the stability
 More likely of its survival

• Antibiotic Resistance??
• Insecticide Resistance???
• Rodenticide Resistance????
To Be Discussed throughout
the class

1.5 Biological Inquiry

(Chapter 16.4)
1.6 Experimental Tests
 1.7 Limits of Science

End, for this chapter
Kingdom
(General)

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Species
(specific)
Alaskan brown bear (Ursus arctos),
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus),
American black bear (Ursus americanu
King Phillip Came Over For Great spaghetti
Nomenclature
- is a system used for naming organisms.
Carolus Linnaeus,
1758, published published Systema Naturae.
*developed a two word system for identifying each
kind of organism:
1.
•
•
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Binomial Nomenclature
This marks the beginning of the modern
classification of plants and animals
Binomial Nomenclature
Always use Genus Species
2. Genus- first letter is capitalized.
Species- all lowercased.
3. Both names are underlined or italicized.
1.
Ex:
Homo sapiens (human)
or
Homo sapiens (human)
Provide the complete taxonomic order for the two species
below?
Modern Man
Upright man
Animalia
Animalia
Species
sapiens
erectus
Sci. Name
Homo sapiens
Homo erectus
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Provide the complete taxonomic order for the two species below?
Modern Man
Upright man
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Order
Mammalia
Primates
Mammalia
Primates
Family
Hominidae
Hominidae
Genus
Homo
Homo
sapiens
erectus
Homo sapiens
Homo erectus
Species
Sci. Name