Download Spiritual Diversity

CHAPTER 16:
Spiritual Diversity
Developing Multicultural Counseling
Competence: A Systems Approach
Second Edition
Danica G. Hays and Bradley T. Erford
Religion & Spirituality
•
The U.S. as a nation was founded on religious
tolerance, diversity, & freedom, in opposition
to the historical denial of religious freedom in
England
• Freedom
of religion= the right to
participate in any religion, including no
religion at all
• Separation
of church & state was intended to
avoid the imposition of one set of beliefs over
another.
• Historical
diversity
conceptualization of religious
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-2
Religion & Spirituality
Today:
•
96% of Americans believe in a Higher Power
•
Over 90% pray
•
69% are members of a religious community
•
43% have attended a service at their church,
synagogue, temple, or mosque in a given week
•
Over 78% of Americans are Christian
•
16.1% of Americans are nonreligious or secular
•
The remaining Americans practice Judaism, Islam,
Buddhism, Agnosticism, Atheism, & Hinduism
•
New Age Spirituality, Hinduism, Baha’i, Buddhism,
Native American Religion, and Islam have increased
dramatically in recent years
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-3
Spirituality & Religion Defined
•
The terms spirituality & religion are often
misunderstood.
•
Examples of cultural encapsulation
•
Spirituality= set of beliefs, practices, &
experiences held by an individual that ultimately
lead to a transcendence of self to be concerned
with otherness (compassion).
•
Religion= organized spirituality
•
•
Considered to be denominational, external,
cognitive, behavioral, ritualistic, and public
Religion easier to define than spirituality
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-4
Relationships Between Religion
& Spirituality
•
Relationship is personal & developmental
•
Three major relationships
•
Hand in Hand
•
Complementary versus coincidental
•
Jungian Path of Pretending
•
“Spiritual but not Religious”
•
Accepting versus disdainful
•
Decliners
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-5
Major World Religions
• Eastern
World Religions: Buddhism,
Hinduism, Taoism, & Confucianism
• Western
World Religions: Christianity,
Islam, & Judaism
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-6
Buddhism
•
Teachings of Siddhartha Gautama.
•
In the U.S., there are slightly more than
1.5 million adherents to Buddhism
•
Buddha= awakened, enlightened one
•
Three major traditions of Buddhism:
Theravada, Mahayana, & Vajrayana
•
The Four Noble Truths
• Dukkha,
Samudaya, Dirodha, and Magga
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-7
Buddhism Continued
Eightfold Path= key to practicing nonattachment & ending suffering
• Includes 3 major categories: Panna, Sila,
& Samadhi
• Panna: Paths of discernment &
wisdom
•
•
Sila: Paths of virtue & morality
•
Samadhi: Right concentration
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-8
Hinduism
•
Hinduism is the oldest known religion and the 3rd
largest religion in the world, with over 950 million
followers worldwide
•
The religion of over 80% of the people in India
•
Approximately 1.5 million Hindus in the U.S.
•
Has no founder or leader
•
Hindus recognize a single Deity, but also recognize
other gods/goddesses as facets, forms,
manifestations, or aspects of the supreme God
•
Karma & samsara
•
A Hindu belief that may affect the counseling process
is the belief that Atman (self/soul) is Brahman (God)
and vice versa
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-9
Sikhism
•
5th largest religion, 23 million people worldwide
practice Sikhism
•
Developed in the midst of conflict between Hindus
and Muslims in India
•
Adhere to principles of equality, unity, and a
moral code of discipline
•
Founder is Guru Nanak Dev, instruction now
found in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib
•
Reincarnation and avoidance of the Five Cardinal
Vices
•
Five stages of movement toward God
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-10
Taoism
•
Taoism is based on ancient Chinese beliefs
that over centuries have become mixed
with principles from Buddhism &
Confucianism.
•
Lao-tzu and/or compilation of many writers
•
Tao Te Ching
•
Important concepts: tau, ta, chi, yin/yang,
and wu-wei
•
Integration in Western culture
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-11
Confucianism
•
Set of teachings from Confucius (Kong Qui)
•
The Analects
•
Confucius was not accepted by the ruling class of
China & was not overly influential during his own
generation
•
Principal beliefs of Confucianism:
•
Ren
•
Li
•
De
•
Quiet-sitting
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-12
Christianity
•
Largest religion in the U.S. (78.4%)
•
Growing at a slower rate than other
religions in the U.S.
•
3 major divisions: Roman Catholicism,
Eastern Orthodoxy, & Protestantism
•
Christmas and Easter continue to be the
holiest days of the year
•
A central tenet of Christianity is the Trinity,
or representation of God the parent, Jesus
the Son, & the presence of the Holy Spirit
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-13
Islam
•
Islam currently has over 1.5 million adherents,
known as Muslims and is the most quickly
growing of the Western religions in the U.S.
•
The central figure to Muslims is Mohammed Ibn
Abdallah
•
Jihad
•
Ali
•
Historical division between Sunnis and Shi-ites,
recently Sufis
•
Five pillars of Islam: Shahadah, canonical prayer,
charity, Ramadan, and pilgrimage
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-14
Judaism
•
Has almost 4 million adherents in the U.S. and 14 million
Jews worldwide, 2nd largest U.S. religion
•
Holocaust, when approximately 6 million Jews were
murdered.
•
Jewish sects: Reformed Jews – 45%; Conservative Jews –
42%; Orthodox – 9%; and Reconstructivist – 4%.
•
Torah: 5 books serving as the holy text
•
Central to the Jewish tradition are rites of passage & the
celebration of religious holy days
•
High Holy Days
•
Rosh Hashanah
•
Reflection between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-15
All is One: Aspects in Common
to All Religions
•
All is connected, all is one, and religious & spiritual diversity
provides multiple paths
•
Wilber (2001) described 7 common tenets:
•
Spirit, by whatever name, exists
•
Spirit is found “in here”
•
Many/most don’t realize Spirit within
•
There is a path to liberation
•
Result of rebirth or enlightenment
•
Rebirth or enlightenment= end of suffering
•
Mercy and compassion
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-16
Counseling Considerations
•
Approach client spiritual issues, although there are several
approaches
•
Rejectionism= denies the sacred “truths” of the client
either explicitly (much like Freud & Ellis), or implicitly
•
Exclusivism= believes in a fundamental & exclusive reality
of religious & spiritual experience
•
Constructivism= multiple truths and knowledge of religion
and spirituality gained through social interaction
•
Pluralism= acceptance of diverse paths to Spirit as valid
•
Impositional= imposition of a religious or spiritual
framework upon a client who is either an atheist or nonreligious
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-17
Counseling Considerations
Continued
•
Understand Wilber’s (1997, 1999)
concepts of translation & transformation
•
Gain awareness of spiritual bypass and its
challenges
•
Review ASERVIC spirituality competencies
Hays & Erford, Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach
(2nd Edition) © 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16-18