Download Chapter 26. Alphanumeric Reporting

Chapter 26.
Alphanumeric Reporting
FLUENT provides tools for computing and reporting integral quantities
at surfaces and boundaries. These tools enable you to find the mass flow
rate and heat transfer rate through boundaries, the forces and moments
on boundaries, and the area, integral, flow rate, average, and mass average (among other quantities) on a surface or in a volume. In addition,
you can print histograms of geometric and solution data, set reference
values for the calculation of nondimensional coefficients, and compute
projected surface areas. You can also print or save a summary report of
the models, boundary conditions, and solver settings in the current case.
These features are described in the following sections.
• Section 26.1: Reporting Conventions
• Section 26.2: Fluxes Through Boundaries
• Section 26.3: Forces on Boundaries
• Section 26.4: Projected Surface Area Calculations
• Section 26.5: Surface Integration
• Section 26.6: Volume Integration
• Section 26.7: Histogram Reports
• Section 26.8: Reference Values
• Section 26.9: Summary Reports of Case Settings
Reporting tools for the discrete phase are described in Section 19.13.
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Alphanumeric Reporting
26.1
Reporting Conventions
For 2D problems, FLUENT computes all integral quantities per unit
depth. For axisymmetric problems, all integral quantities are computed
for an angle of 2π radians.
26.2
Fluxes Through Boundaries
For selected boundary zones, you can compute the following quantities:
• The mass flow rate through a boundary is computed by summing
the dot product of the density times the velocity vector and the
area projections over the faces of the zone.
• The total heat transfer rate through a boundary is computed by
summing the total heat transfer rate, q = qc + qr , over the faces,
where qc is the convective heat transfer rate and qr is the radiation
heat transfer rate. The computation of the heat transfer through
the face depends on the specified boundary condition. For example,
the conduction heat transfer on a constant-temperature wall face
would be the product of the thermal conductivity with the dot
product of the area projection and the temperature gradient. For
flow boundaries, the total heat transfer rate is the flow rate of
the conserved quantity. Depending on the models that are being
used, the total heat transfer rate may include the convective flow
of sensible or total enthalpy, diffusive flux of energy, etc.
• The radiation heat transfer rate through a boundary is computed
by summing the radiation heat transfer rate qr over the faces. The
computation of the radiation heat transfer depends on the radiation
model used.
For example, you might use flux reporting to compute the resulting mass
flow through a duct with pressure boundaries specified at the inlet and
exit.
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26.2 Fluxes Through Boundaries
Flux Reporting with Particles and Volumetric Sources
Note that the reported mass and heat balances address only flow that
enters or leaves the domain through boundaries; they do not include the
contributions from user-defined volumetric sources or particle injections.
For this reason, a mass or heat imbalance may be reported. To determine
if a solution involving a discrete phase is converged, you can compare this
imbalance with the change in mass flow or heat content computed in the
particle tracking summary report. The net flow rate or heat transfer rate
reported in the Flux Reports panel should be nearly equal to the Change
in Mass Flow or Heat Content in the summary report generated from
the Particle Tracks panel.
26.2.1
Generating a Flux Report
To obtain a report of mass flow rate, heat transfer rate, or radiation
heat transfer rate on selected boundary zones, use the Flux Reports panel
(Figure 26.2.1).
Report −→Fluxes...
The steps for generating the report are as follows:
1. Specify which flux computation you are interested in by selecting
Mass Flow Rate, Total Heat Transfer Rate, or Radiation Heat Transfer
Rate under Options.
2. In the Boundaries list, choose the boundary zone(s) on which you
want to report fluxes.
If you want to select several boundary zones of the same type,
you can select that type in the Boundary Types list instead. All of
the boundaries of that type will be selected automatically in the
Boundaries list (or deselected, if they are all selected already).
Another shortcut is to specify a Boundary Name Pattern and click
Match to select boundary zones with names that match the specified pattern. For example, if you specify wall*, all boundaries
whose names begin with wall (e.g., wall-1, wall-top) will be selected
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Alphanumeric Reporting
Figure 26.2.1: The Flux Reports Panel
automatically. If they are all selected already, they will be deselected. If you specify wall?, all boundaries whose names consist of
wall followed by a single character will be selected (or deselected,
if they are all selected already).
3. Click on the Compute button. The Results list will display the
results of the selected flux computation for each selected boundary
zone, and the box below the Results list will show the summation
of the individual zone flux results.
Note that the fluxes are reported exactly as computed by the solver.
Therefore, they are inherently more accurate than those computed with
the Flow Rate option in the Surface Integrals panel (described in Section 26.5).
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26.3 Forces on Boundaries
26.3
Forces on Boundaries
You can compute and report the forces along a specified vector and the
moments about a specified center for selected wall zones. This feature
can be used, for example, to report aerodynamic coefficients such as lift,
drag, and moment coefficient for an airfoil calculation.
26.3.1
Computing Forces and Moments
The forces on a wall zone are computed by summing the dot product
of the pressure and viscous forces on each face with the specified force
vector. In addition to the actual pressure, viscous, and total forces, the
associated force coefficients are also computed, using the reference values
specified in the Reference Values panel (as described in Section 26.8). The
force coefficient is defined as force divided by 12 ρv 2 A, where ρ, v, and
A are the density, velocity, and area explicitly specified in the Reference
Values panel. Finally, the summations of the pressure, viscous, and total
forces for all the selected wall zones are presented in both dimensional
form and as nondimensional coefficients.
The moment vector about a specified center is computed by summing the
product of the force vectors for each face with the moment vector—i.e.,
summing the forces on each face about the moment center. In addition
to the actual components of the pressure, viscous, and total moment, the
moment coefficients are also printed. The moment coefficient is defined
as the moment divided by the product of the reference dynamic pressure,
reference area, and the reference length. Finally, the summations of the
pressure, viscous, and total moments for all the selected wall zones are
presented in both dimensional form and as nondimensional coefficients.
To reduce round-off error, a reference pressure (also specified in the Reference Values panel) is used to normalize the cell pressure for computation of the pressure force. For example, the net pressure force vector is
computed as the vector sum of the individual force vectors for each face:
F~p = −
= −
n
X
i=1
n
X
i=1
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(p − pref )An̂
pAn̂ + pref
n
X
(26.3-1)
An̂
(26.3-2)
i=1
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Alphanumeric Reporting
where n is the number of faces, A is the area of the face, and n̂ is the unit
normal to the face. This normalization has implications when computing
total force coefficients for open domains. For closed domains, the additional term introduced by the reference pressure cancels, but for open
domains the pressure normalization introduces a net force equivalent to
the product of the projected area of the missing portion of the domain
and the specified reference pressure.
26.3.2
Generating a Force or Moment Report
To obtain a report for selected wall zones of forces along a specified
vector or moments about a specified center, use the Force Reports panel
(Figure 26.3.1).
Report −→Forces...
Figure 26.3.1: The Force Reports Panel
The steps for generating the report are as follows:
1. Specify which type of report you are interested in by selecting
Forces or Moments under Options.
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26.4 Projected Surface Area Calculations
2. If you choose a force report, specify the X, Y, and Z components
of the Force Vector along which the forces will be computed. If you
choose a moment report, specify the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the
Moment Center about which the moments will be computed.
3. In the Wall Zones list, choose the wall zone(s) on which you want
to report the force or moment information.
A shortcut that may be useful if you have a large number of wall
zones is to specify a Wall Name Pattern and click Match to select
wall zones with names that match the specified pattern. For example, if you specify out*, all walls whose names begin with out (e.g.,
outer-wall-top, outside-wall) will be selected automatically. If they
are all selected already, they will be deselected. If you specify out?,
all walls whose names consist of out followed by a single character
will be selected (or deselected, if they are all selected already).
4. Click on the Print button. In the console (text) window, the pressure, viscous (if appropriate), and total forces or moments, and the
pressure, viscous, and total force or moment coefficients along the
specified force vector or about the specified moment center will be
printed for the selected wall zones. The summations of the coefficients and the forces or moments for all selected wall zones will be
printed at the end of the report.
26.4
Projected Surface Area Calculations
You can use the Projected Surface Areas panel (Figure 26.4.1) to compute
an estimated area of the projection of selected surfaces along the x, y,
or z axis (i.e., onto the yz, xz, or xy plane).
Report −→Projected Areas...
The procedure for calculating the projected area is as follows:
1. Select the Projection Direction (X, Y, or Z).
2. Choose the surface(s) for which the projected area is to be calculated in the Surfaces list.
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Figure 26.4.1: The Projected Surface Areas panel
3. Set the Min Feature Size to the length of the smallest feature in the
geometry that you want to resolve in the area calculation. (You
can just use the default value to start with, if you are not sure of
the size of the smallest geometrical feature.)
4. Click on Compute. The area will be displayed in the Area box and
in the console window.
5. To improve the accuracy of the area calculation, reduce the Min
Feature Size by half and recompute the area. Repeat this step until
the computed Area stops changing (or you reach memory capacity).
This feature is available only for 3D domains.
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26.5 Surface Integration
26.5
Surface Integration
You can compute the area or mass flow rate, or the integral, areaweighted average, flow rate, mass-weighted average, sum, facet average,
facet maximum, facet minimum, vertex average, vertex minimum, and
vertex maximum for a selected field variable on selected surfaces in the
domain. These surfaces are sets of data points created by FLUENT for
each of the zones in your model, or defined by you using the methods
described in Chapter 24.
Since a surface can be arbitrarily positioned in the domain, the value of
a variable at each data point is obtained by linear interpolation of node
values. For some variables, these node values are computed explicitly
by the solver. For others, however, only cell-center values are computed,
and the node values are obtained by averaging of the cell values. These
successive interpolations can lead to small errors in the surface integration reports. (Chapter 27 provides information on which variables have
computed node values.)
Example uses of several types of surface integral reports are given below:
• Area: You can compute the area of a velocity inlet zone, and then
estimate the velocity from the mass flow rate:
v=
ṁ
ρA
(26.5-1)
• Area-weighted average: You can find the average value on a solid
surface, such as the average heat flux on a heated wall with a
specified temperature.
• Mass average: You can find the average value on a surface in the
flow, such as average enthalpy at a velocity inlet.
• Mass flow rate: You can compute the mass flow rate through a
velocity inlet zone, and then estimate the velocity from the area,
as described above.
• Flow rate: To calculate the heat transfer rate through a surface,
you can calculate the flow rate of enthalpy.
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• Integral: You can use integrals for more complex calculations,
which may involve the use of the Custom Field Function Calculator panel, described in Section 27.5, to calculate a function that
requires integral computations (e.g., swirl number).
26.5.1
Computing Surface Integrals
Area
The area of a surface is computed by summing the areas of the facets
that define the surface. Facets on a surface are either triangular or
quadrilateral in shape.
Z
dA =
n
X
|Ai |
(26.5-2)
i=1
Integral
An integral on a surface is computed by summing the product of the
facet area and the selected field variable, such as density or pressure.
Each facet is associated with a cell in the domain. If the facet is the
result of an isovalue cut through the cell, the field variable assigned to
the facet is the associated cell value. If the facet is on a boundary surface,
an interpolated face value is used for the integration instead of the cell
value. This is done to improve the accuracy of the calculation, and to
ensure that the result matches the boundary conditions specified on the
boundary and the fluxes reported on the boundary.
Z
φdA =
n
X
φi |Ai |
(26.5-3)
i=1
Area-Weighted Average
The area-weighted average of a quantity is computed by dividing the
summation of the product of the selected field variable and facet area by
the total area of the surface:
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26.5 Surface Integration
1
A
Z
φdA =
n
1 X
φi |Ai |
A i=1
(26.5-4)
Flow Rate
The flow rate of a quantity through a surface is computed by summing
the product of density and the selected field variable with the dot product
of the facet area vector and the facet velocity vector:
Z
~=
φρ~v · dA
n
X
~i
φi ρi v~i · A
(26.5-5)
i=1
Mass Flow Rate
The mass flow rate through a surface is computed by summing the product of density with the dot product of the facet area vector and the facet
velocity vector:
Z
~=
ρ~v · dA
n
X
~i
ρi v~i · A
(26.5-6)
i=1
Mass-Weighted Average
The mass-weighted average of a quantity is computed by dividing the
summation of the product of the selected field variable and the absolute
value of the dot product of the facet area and momentum vectors by the
summation of the absolute value of the dot product of the facet area and
momentum vectors (surface mass flux):
Pn
~
φ
ρ
v
~
·
A
i
i=1 i i i
= P
R n
~ ~ i ρ ~v · dA
~i · A
i=1 ρi v
R
~
φρ ~v · dA
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(26.5-7)
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Sum
The sum of a specified field variable on a surface is computed by summing
the value of the selected variable at each facet:
n
X
φi
(26.5-8)
i=1
Facet Average
The facet average of a specified field variable on a surface is computed
by dividing the summation of the cell values of the selected variable at
each facet by the total number of facets:
Pn
i=1 φi
n
(26.5-9)
Facet Minimum
The facet minimum of a specified field variable on a surface is the minimum cell value of the selected variable on the surface.
Facet Maximum
The facet maximum of a specified field variable on a surface is the maximum cell value of the selected variable on the surface.
Vertex Average
The vertex average of a specified field variable on a surface is computed
by dividing the summation of the node values of the selected variable at
each node by the total number of nodes:
Pn
i=1 φi
n
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(26.5-10)
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26.5 Surface Integration
Vertex Minimum
The vertex minimum of a specified field variable on a surface is the
minimum node value of the selected variable on the surface.
Vertex Maximum
The vertex maximum of a specified field variable on a surface is the
maximum node value of the selected variable on the surface.
26.5.2
Generating a Surface Integral Report
To obtain a report for selected surfaces of the area or mass flow rate
or the integral, flow rate, sum, facet maximum, facet minimum, vertex
maximum, vertex minimum, or mass-, area-, facet-, or vertex-averaged
quantity of a specified field variable, use the Surface Integrals panel (Figure 26.5.1).
Report −→Surface Integrals...
The steps for generating the report are as follows:
1. Specify which type of report you are interested in by selecting
Area, Integral, Area-Weighted Average, Flow Rate, Mass Flow Rate,
Mass-Weighted Average, Sum, Facet Average, Facet Minimum, Facet
Maximum, Vertex Average, Vertex Minimum, or Vertex Maximum in
the Report Type drop-down list.
2. If you are generating a report of area or mass flow rate, skip to
the next step. Otherwise, use the Field Variable drop-down lists to
select the field variable to be used in the surface integrations. First,
select the desired category in the upper drop-down list. You can
then select a related quantity from the lower list. (See Chapter 27
for an explanation of the variables in the list.)
3. In the Surfaces list, choose the surface(s) on which to perform the
surface integration.
If you want to select several surfaces of the same type, you can
select that type in the Surface Types list instead. All of the surfaces
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Figure 26.5.1: The Surface Integrals Panel
of that type will be selected automatically in the Surfaces list (or
deselected, if they are all selected already).
Another shortcut is to specify a Surface Name Pattern and click
Match to select surfaces with names that match the specified pattern. For example, if you specify wall*, all surfaces whose names
begin with wall (e.g., wall-1, wall-top) will be selected automatically. If they are all selected already, they will be deselected. If
you specify wall?, all surfaces whose names consist of wall followed
by a single character will be selected (or deselected, if they are all
selected already).
4. Click on the Compute button. Depending on the type of report you
have selected, the label for the result will change to Area, Integral,
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26.6 Volume Integration
Area-Weighted Average, Flow Rate, Mass Flow Rate, Mass-Weighted
Average, Sum of Facet Values, Average of Facet Values, Minimum of
Facet Values, Maximum of Facet Values, Average of Surface Vertex
Values, Minimum of Vertex Values, or Maximum of Vertex Values, as
appropriate.
Note the following items:
• Mass averaging “weights” toward regions of higher velocity (i.e.,
regions where more mass crosses the surface).
• Flow rates reported using the Surface Integrals panel are not as
accurate as those reported with the Flux Reports panel (described
in Section 26.2).
• The facet and vertex average options are recommended for zeroarea surfaces.
26.6
Volume Integration
The volume, sum, volume integral, volume-weighted average, mass integral, and mass-weighted average can be obtained for a selected field
variable in selected cell zones in the domain.
Example uses of the different types of volume integral reports are given
below:
• Volume: You can compute the total volume of a fluid region.
• Sum: You can add up the discrete-phase mass or energy sources to
determine the net transfer from the discrete phase. You can also
sum user-defined sources of mass or energy.
• Volume integral: For quantities that are stored per unit volume,
you can use volume integrals to determine the net value (e.g., integrate density to determine mass).
• Volume-weighted average: You can obtain volume averages of mass
sources, energy sources, or discrete-phase exchange quantities.
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• Mass integral: You can determine the total mass of a particular
species by integrating its mass fraction.
• Mass-weighted average: You can find the average value (such as
average temperature) in a fluid zone.
26.6.1
Computing Volume Integrals
Volume
The volume of a surface is computed by summing the volumes of the
cells that comprise the zone:
Z
dV =
n
X
|Vi |
(26.6-1)
i=1
Sum
The sum of a specified field variable in a cell zone is computed by summing the value of the selected variable at each cell in the selected zone:
n
X
φi
(26.6-2)
i=1
Volume Integral
A volume integral is computed by summing the product of the cell volume
and the selected field variable:
Z
φdV =
n
X
φi |Vi |
(26.6-3)
i=1
Volume-Weighted Average
The volume-weighted average of a quantity is computed by dividing the
summation of the product of the selected field variable and cell volume
by the total volume of the cell zone:
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26.6 Volume Integration
1
V
Z
φdV =
n
1 X
φi |Vi |
V i=1
(26.6-4)
Mass-Weighted Integral
The mass-weighted integral is computed by summing the product of
density, cell volume, and the selected field variable:
Z
φρdV =
n
X
φi ρi |Vi |
(26.6-5)
i=1
Mass-Weighted Average
The mass-weighted average of a quantity is computed by dividing the
summation of the product of density, cell volume, and the selected field
variable by the summation of the product of density and cell volume:
R
Pn
φρdV
φi ρi |Vi |
R
= Pi=1
n
ρdV
26.6.2
i=1 ρi |Vi |
(26.6-6)
Generating a Volume Integral Report
To obtain a report for selected cell zones of the volume or the sum, volume integral, volume-weighted average, mass-weighted integral, or massweighted average quantity of a specified field variable, use the Volume
Integrals panel (Figure 26.6.1).
Report −→Volume Integrals...
The steps for generating the report are as follows:
1. Specify which type of report you are interested in by selecting
Volume, Sum, Volume Integral, Volume-Average, Mass Integral, or
Mass-Average under Options.
2. If you are generating a report of volume, skip to the next step.
Otherwise, use the Field Variable drop-down lists to select the field
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Figure 26.6.1: The Volume Integrals Panel
variable to be used in the integral, sum, or averaged volume integrations. First, select the desired category in the upper drop-down
list. You can then select a related quantity from the lower list.
(See Chapter 27 for an explanation of the variables in the list.)
3. In the Cell Zones list, choose the zones on which to compute the
volume, sum, volume integral, volume-weighted average, mass integral, or mass-averaged quantity.
4. Click on the Compute button. Depending on the type of report you
have selected, the label for the result will change to Total Volume,
Sum, Total Volume Integral, Volume-Weighted Average, Total MassWeighted Integral, or Mass-Weighted Average, as appropriate.
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26.7 Histogram Reports
26.7
Histogram Reports
In FLUENT, you can print geometric and solution data in the console
(text) window in histogram format or plot a histogram in the graphics
window. Graphical display of histograms and the procedures for defining
a histogram are discussed in Section 25.8.7.
The number of cells, the range of the selected variable or function, and
the percentage of the total number of cells in the interval will be reported,
as in the example below:
0 cells below 1.195482 (0 %)
2 cells between 1.195482 and 1.196048 (4.1666667
1 cells between 1.196048 and 1.196614 (2.0833333
0 cells between 1.196614 and 1.19718 (0 %)
0 cells between 1.19718 and 1.197746 (0 %)
2 cells between 1.197746 and 1.198312 (4.1666667
1 cells between 1.198312 and 1.198878 (2.0833333
6 cells between 1.198878 and 1.199444 (12.5 %)
9 cells between 1.199444 and 1.20001 (18.75 %)
25 cells between 1.20001 and 1.200576 (52.083333
2 cells between 1.200576 and 1.201142 (4.1666667
0 cells above 1.201142 (0 %)
%)
%)
%)
%)
%)
%)
To generate such a printed histogram, use the Solution Histogram panel.
Report −→Histogram...
Follow the instructions in Section 25.8.7 for generating histogram plots,
but click on Print instead of Plot to create the report.
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26.8
Reference Values
You can control the reference values that are used in the computation
of derived physical quantities and nondimensional coefficients. These
reference values are used only for postprocessing.
Some examples of the use of reference values include the following:
• Force coefficients use the reference area, density, and velocity. In
addition, the pressure force calculation uses the reference pressure.
• Moment coefficients use the reference length, area, density and velocity. In addition, the pressure force calculation uses the reference
pressure.
• Reynolds number uses the reference length, density, and viscosity.
• Pressure and total pressure coefficients use the reference pressure,
density, and velocity.
• Entropy uses the reference density, pressure, and temperature.
• Skin friction coefficient uses the reference density and velocity.
• Heat transfer coefficient uses the reference temperature.
• Turbomachinery efficiency calculations use the ratio of specific
heats.
26.8.1
Setting Reference Values
To set the reference quantities used for computing normalized flow-field
variables, use the Reference Values panel (Figure 26.8.1).
Report −→Reference Values...
You can input the reference values manually or compute them based on
values of physical quantities at a selected boundary zone. The reference
values to be set are Area, Density, Enthalpy, Length, Pressure, Temperature, Velocity, dynamic Viscosity, and Ratio Of Specific Heats. For 2D
problems, an additional quantity, Depth, can also be defined. This value
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26.8 Reference Values
Figure 26.8.1: The Reference Values Panel
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will be used for reporting fluxes and forces. (Note that the units for
Depth are set independently from the units for length in the Set Units
panel.)
If you want to compute reference values from the conditions set on a
particular boundary zone, select the zone in the Compute From dropdown list. Note, however, that depending on the boundary condition
used, only some of the reference values may be set. For example, the
reference length and area will not be set by computing the reference
values from a boundary condition; you will need to set these manually.
To set the values manually, simply enter the value for each under the
Reference Values heading.
26.8.2
Setting the Reference Zone
If you are solving a flow involving multiple reference frames or sliding
meshes, you can plot velocities and other related quantities relative to
the motion of a specified “reference zone”. Choose the desired zone in the
Reference Zone drop-down list. Changing the reference zone allows you
to plot velocities (and total pressure, temperature, etc.) relative to the
motion of different zones. See Chapter 9 for details about postprocessing
of relative quantities.
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26.9 Summary Reports of Case Settings
26.9
Summary Reports of Case Settings
You may sometimes find it useful to get a report of the current settings
in your case. In FLUENT, you can list the settings for physical models,
boundary conditions, material properties, and solver controls. This report allows you to get an overview of your current problem definition
quickly, instead of having to check the settings in each panel.
26.9.1
Generating a Summary Report
To generate a summary report you will use the Summary panel (Figure 26.9.1).
Report −→Summary...
Figure 26.9.1: The Summary Panel
The steps are as follows:
1. Select the information you would like to see in the report (Models,
Boundary Conditions, Solver Controls, and/or Material Properties) in
the Report Options list.
2. To print the information to the FLUENT console window, click on
the Print button. To save the information to a text file, click on
the Save... button and specify the filename in the resulting Select
File dialog box.
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