Download Zoonotic Infection

ZOONOTIC DISEASES
AN OVERVIEW
ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS
From the Greek:
Zoonosis
Zoo:
Animal
Nosos:
Disease
ZOONOTIC PANDEMICS
 In
1700 century, Mongols invaded Europe and
carried plague with them. This lead to “black death”
or plague pandemic which Killed 1/3 of European
population.
 Early
1900 century “Spanish flu” transmitted from
pigs to humans. killed 20 million people worldwide.
Still continues to pose a threat to humans.
ZOONOSES AND COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES:
Any disease or infection that is naturally
transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans
and vice-versa is classified as a zoonosis
according to the PAHO publication "Zoonoses and
communicable diseases common to man and
animals".
 Zoonoses have been recognized for many
centuries, and over 200 have been described.
 They are caused by all types of pathogenic
agents, including bacteria, parasites, fungi, and
viruses.
(WHO)

FACTSHEET
Zoonotic diseases can be caused by viruses,
bacteria, parasites, and fungi.
 Scientists estimate that more than 6 out of every
10 infectious diseases in humans are spread from
animals.
 Many people interact with animals in their daily
lives. We raise animals for food and keep them in
our homes as pets.
 There are over 200 zoonotic diseases. The major
zoonotic diseases WHO deals with are Anthrax,
CCHF, Rabies, Animal Influenza.
(CDC)

CLASSIFICATION
Some examples of zoonoses, classified according to
the type of causative agent, are given hereafter.
Bacteria
 Viruses
 Parasites
 Fungi

TRANSMISSION
Because of these interactions, it’s important
to be aware of the different ways people can
get zoonotic diseases. These can include:
Coming into contact with the saliva, blood, urine,
or feces of an infected animal
 Being bitten by a tick or mosquito (often called a
“vector”)
 Eating or drinking something unsafe (such as
unpasteurized milk, undercooked meat, or
unwashed fruits and vegetables that are
contaminated with feces from an infected animal)

AVIAN INFLUENZA






Avian influenza (AI), commonly called bird flu, is an infectious
viral disease of birds.
Most avian influenza viruses do not infect humans; however
some, such as A(H5N1) and A(H7N9), have caused serious
infections in people.
Outbreaks of AI in poultry may raise global public health
concerns due to their effect on poultry populations, their
potential to cause serious disease in people, and their pandemic
potential.
Reports of highly pathogenic AI epidemics in poultry, such as
A(H5N1), can seriously impact local and global economies and
international trade.
The majority of human cases of A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) infection
have been associated with direct or indirect contact with infected
live or dead poultry. There is no evidence that the disease can be
spread to people through properly cooked food.
Controlling the disease in animals is the first step in decreasing
risks to humans
RABIES

Rabies is a disease that affects the nervous
system of mammals. It is caused by a virus and is
typically spread by an infected animal biting
another animal or person. Rabies is a fatal
disease; it cannot be treated once symptoms
appear. Luckily, rabies can be effectively
prevented by vaccination
CRIMEAN-CONGO HEMORRHAGIC
FEVER
(CCHF)
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
spreads to humans either by tick-bites, or
through contact with viraemic animal tissues
during and immediately post-slaughter.
 CCHF outbreaks constitute a threat to public
health services because of its epidemic potential,
its high case fatality ratio (10-40%), its potential
for nosocomial outbreaks and the difficulties in
treatment and prevention.
 CCHF is endemic in all of Africa, the Balkans,
the Middle East and in Asia south of the 50°
parallel north, the geographic limit of the genus
Hyalomma, the principal tick vector.

WHAT KIND OF ANIMALS TRANSMIT
ZOONOSES?
Farm Animals
Cattle
 Swine
 Goats
 Cats & dogs
 Poultry

WILD ANIMALS
Ticks
 Squirrels
Mice/rats

GLOBAL EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
GLEWS is a joint system that builds on the
added value of combining and coordinating alert
mechanisms of the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and
WHO.
 Networks from the international community and
stakeholders are linked to assist in early
warning, prevention and control of animal
disease threats, including zoonoses

CHARACTERISTICS OF ZOONOTIC
DISEASES
 Acute
diseases; severe and of short
duration.
 Chronic
Diseases; long lasting.
Prevention
ASSURE AN UNCONTAMINATED WATER
SUPPLY

Properly construct wells

Add chlorination to water

Appropriate disposal of wastes
PREVENT FOOD CONTAMINATION
1.
Avoid unpasteurized milk.
1.
Wash hands before and after eating.
2.
Always disinfect kitchen surfaces.
3.
Wash raw fruits and vegetables.
4.
Don’t defrost meats on the counter.
COOKING GUIDELINES
 Cook
meats until juices are clear.
 Poultry – internal temp of 180 degrees.
 Beef – internal temp of 160 degrees.
 Cook
eggs until firm.
 Avoid
foods with partially cooked eggs.
STORING LEFTOVERS
 Store
food in appropriate containers.
 Set
refrigerator temp to 4 degree C and
freezer to 0 degree C.
 Refrigerate
 Never
leftovers immediately.
leave food out for more than 2 hours.
AVOID CONTACT WITH DISEASED
ANIMALS

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

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Spray animals
Apply DEET lotion while touching animals.
Wear appropriate clothing and gloves.
Avoid direct blood contact specially when
you have wound/infection.
Dispose of carcasses properly.
Wash hands afterwards.
PROTECT PETS FROM
GETTING & TRANSMITTING DISEASES
 Visit
your veterinarian with your pet on a
regular basis and keep rabies vaccinations
up-to-date for all cats and dogs.
 Maintain control of your pets by keeping
cats indoors and keeping dogs under direct
supervision
 Always keep clean pet’s and their living
area.
PREVENT TICK BITES
 Use
repellents that contain 20 to 30% DEET (N,
N-diethyl-m-toluamide) on exposed skin and
clothing for protection that lasts up to several
hours. Always follow product instructions.
Parents should apply this product to their
children, avoiding hands, eyes, and mouth.
 Wear appropriate clothing.
 Long-sleeved shirt.
 Wearing socks.
 Bath or shower as soon as possible after
coming indoors (preferably within two hours) to
wash off and more easily find ticks that are
crawling on you.
TREAT ANIMAL SCRATCHES AND BITES
SERIOUSLY
 Wash
area with soap and water.
 Apply
anti-bacterial medication.
 Bandage
wound.
 Consider
medical attention.
Most Zoonoses are
preventable if
cautionary measures
are taken!!
THANK YOU