Download Doctor Study Program in Physics and Astronomy

UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA
Doctor Study Program
Doctor Study Program in Physics and Astronomy
for obtaining the degree of the Doctor of Physics (Dr. Phys.)
Chairman of the Board of Doctor studies in Physics and Astronomy,
Director of the Program
Mārcis Auziņš
Prof. Dr. Habil. Phys
ADOPTED
at the meeting of the Board
of Doctor studies in Physics and Astronomy
held on ____.___.___
Minutes No ________
Chairman of DP
________________
(signature)
ADOPTED
at the meeting of the LU Scientific Council
____.____.____
Minutes No ________
Scientific Pro-rector
___________________
(signature)
ADOPTED
at the meeting of the Council
of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics
held on _____.____.____
Minutes No _______________
Chairman of the Council
_________________
(signature)
ADOPTED
at the meeting of LU Senate
____.___.____
Resolution No _____
Chairman of the Senate
__________________
(signature)
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DOCTOR STUDY PROGRAM IN PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
ANNOTATION
The aim of the Doctor study program in physics is to ensure obtaining of the scientific
qualification in astronomy or the following subsections of the science of physics:
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Solid-state physics
Experimental methods and instruments in physics
Didactics of physics
Physics of condensed substance
Chemical physics
Laser physics and spectroscopy
Physics of materials
Medical physics
Optics
Optometry
Physics of semi-conductors
Thermophysics
Fluid and gas mechanics
Theoretical physics
The realisation of the Doctor study program in the LU Faculty of Physics and
Mathematics is organised in compliance with the laws "On Higher Educational
Establishments", "On Scientific Activity", "On Education", the Constitution of LU, the
Doctor study program of LU, "Regulations on the Schedule and Criteria of Promotion"
(Regulations No 134 of the Cabinet of Ministers, 06.04.99.), an the present program.
In realisation of the Doctor study program there participate the professors, lecturers and
employees of the Department of Physics, LU Faculty of Physics and Mathematics,
employees of the LU Institute of Astronomy, employees of the LU FPhM Institute of
Nuclear Physics and Spectroscopy, employees of the LU Institute of Solid-state
Physics, employees of the LU Institute of Physics, employees of the LU Institute of
Chemical Physics. In realisation of the program there is attracted also the material and
technical resources of the aforesaid institutes, mainly in the form of experimental
equipment and computers.
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DOCTOR STUDY PROGRAM IN PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
The scientific degree to be taken. Doctor of physics (Dr. phys.)
Aim of the studies. To prepare highly qualified scientists and teaching staff in physics
The studies are co-ordinated by the Chairman of the Board of Doctor studies (at present
prof. M. Auziņš)
Board of the Doctor studies in Physics:
The Board of the Doctor studies in Physics and Astronomy upon recommendation of the
Council of LU FPhM is approved by the Scientific Pro-rector of LU for the term of 5 years.
The Board consists of all professors of the Department of Physics. Additionally there may
be elected associated professors. The candidates for a doctor’s degree from among the
students of the doctor studies nominate their representative. The present composition of the
Board of the Doctor studies in Physics and Astronomy is given in the Appendix 1.
The studies take place:
In the Department of Physics of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics and in the
institutes associated with the faculty:
Structure of LU
Main directions of research
LU Institute of Astronomy
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LU FPhM Institute of Nuclear
Physics and Spectroscopy
LU Institute of Solid-state
Physics
LU Institute of Physics
LU FPhM Department of
Physics
LU Institute of Chemical
Physics
Astrophysics
Geo-cosmic research
Theoretical nuclear physics
Physics of atoms and molecules
Laser spectroscopy
Medical physics
Technical physics
Physics of materials
Solid-state physics
Physics of unarranged substances
Physics of glass
Technical physics
Medical physics
Fluid and gas mechanics
Thermophysics
Didactics of physics
Thermophysics
Fluid and gas mechanics
Theoretical physics
Chemical physics
Theoretical physics
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Studies and research are carried out in the following subsection of physics:
Subsection
Leading professor1
Astronomy
Physics of condensed substance
Experimental methods and instruments in
physics
Didactics of physics
Sold-state physics
Chemical physics
Laser physics and spectroscopy
Physics of materials
Physics of semi-conductors
Medical physics
Optics
Optometry
Fluid and gas mechanics
Thermophysics
Theoretical physics
Doc. Juris Žagars
Prof. Andrejs Siliņš
Prof. Ivars Tāle
Prof. Edvīns. Šilters
Prof. Ivars Tāle
Prof. Andrejs Siliņš
Prof. Mārcis. Auziņš
Prof. Andris Krūmiņš
Prof. Andris Krūmiņš
Prof. Jānis Spīgulis
Prof. Ruvins Ferbers
Prof. Ivars Lācis
Prof. Andrejs Cēbers
Prof. Andrejs Cēbers
Prof. Mārcis Auziņš
In studies and research co-operation with the following universities is carried out2:
University of Lund, University of Goteborg, University of Linchoping, Kings College of
London, Moscow State University, University of Connecticut, University of Oklahoma,
D.Didro University No 7 of Paris, Nica-Sophia Antipolis University, Technical University
of Athens, University of Rostock, University of Kaiserslautern, University of Sussex,
University of Hannover, University of Kotbuss.
Prerequisites for doctor studies in physics:
Master’s degree in physics (Mc.phys.), master’s degree in chemistry (Mc.chem.), master’s
degree in engineering (Mc. ing) and diplomas of the higher education adequate to the said
master’s degrees.
Admission to the LU program in doctor studies in physics
 The applicant submits to the Board of the doctor studies in physics (BDS) the draft of
the scientific research and during the discussions organised by DSP the level of the
applicant’s knowledge in physics, respective subsection of physics and foreign language
is evaluated. The commission established by BDS adopts the decision concerning the
conformity of the applicant and, if necessary, indicate the additional courses to be
acquired during the studies.
1
The staff of the leading professors in the subsections reflects the situation at the beginning of 2000. Upon
changes in the staff of professors of LU FPhM Department of Physics, this list may be supplemented or
altered.
2
The list of the partners of LU FPhM Department of Physics reflects the situation at the beginning of 2000.
On further development the co-operation of the Department of Physics, it may be supplemented or altered.
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 Based on the recommendations of the Board of the doctor study program in physics in
the Department of LU Doctor studies the applicant is matriculated in the LU program of
doctor studies.
 The candidate for the doctor’s degree together with the scientific supervisor, taking into
account the recommendations of BDS, elaborate the individual study and research
program, which under leadership of the professor of the respective subsection is adopted
at the meeting of the structure and is submitted to the Department of LU Doctor studies.
Contents of the Doctor study program in physics.
Full-time studies in the LU doctor study program in the field of physics correspond to 144
credits which are divided as follows:
1. Acquiring of the latest research methods of the respective subsection of physics,
acquiring of the methods and approaches of information technologies, data processing
and presentation – 12 credits;
2. Preparation and participation in the realisation of the Bachelor and Master study
programs in physics, scientific conferences, seminars, schools – 18 credits.
3. Acquiring of theoretical courses:
 the main course of the subsection (see programs in the appendix) – 8 credits;
 course of specialisation (contents is determined individually) – 6 credits;
 individually determined additional courses (if necessary).
4. Individual research work and elaboration of the promotion work – 100 credits.
The form of the promotion work in physics.
The form of the promotion work may be dissertation or the series of scientific articles.
1. The promotion work – series of scientific articles consists of the resume, paper
and at least five scientific articles of the author, which are published or accepted for
publication in the editions, which are included in the list, determined by LSC.
The paper of the promotion work summarises the results, shown in the scientific articles of
the author, if necessary slightly supplementing them with the works which are not yet
prepared in the form of articles.
The scientific articles, included in the promotion work – the series of scientific articles, are
the copies of full research publications according to the regulations of those magazines,
which have accepted or have been submitted for publication.
The authors of the promotion work may add to the work also the copies of the published
theses of conferences and scientific meetings, providing also with the necessary
bibliographic references.
2. The promotion work – dissertation is formed as a significant research in some
of the subsections of physics, which makes a completed, uniform work, which due
to its specifics may not be published in parts during the course of the work.
The promotion work – dissertation is an expanded scientific research where the detailed
overview is given about general achievements in the respective field of science, as well as
reflected the significance of the concrete work in the context of the development of the
field of science, indicated and described in detail the methods and materials, which have
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been used in the work, as well as clearly shown the results achieved in the work and their
scientific value.
For defending the promotion work – dissertation there are necessary 5 publications in the
editions form the list, approved by LZP and 2 reports at international conferences.
The authors of the promotion work may add to the work also the list of other publications.
Defending of the promotion work.
The promotion work is defended in some Promotion Board of the branch of physics.
Appendices
 Promotion examination programs of subsections with the lsit of literature
 CVs of the leading professors with the list of latest publications.
Appendix 1. The composition of the Board of doctor studies in physics and astronmy
1. Prof. Mārcis Auziņš
2. Prof. Andrejs Cēbers
3. Prof. Ruvin Ferber
4. Prof. Andris Krūmiņš
5. Prof. Ivars Lācis
6. Prof. Andrejs Siliņš
7. Prof. Edvīns Šilters
8. Prof. Jānis Spīgulis
9. Prof. Ivars Tāle
10. Dr. habil. phys Juris Žagars
11. Representative nominated by candidates for the doctor’s degree from among students
DOCTOR STUDY PROGRAM IN PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
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The aim of this Study program is to prepare highly qualified scientists and teaching staff in
physics and astronomy. The persons, who have accomplished these studies are able to
successfully compete in the labour market for leading positions in various fields of science
capacious national economy.
The Doctor study program envisages obtaining the higher qualification in some
subsections of the science of astronomy and physics:
Solid-state physics, Experimental methods and instruments in physics, Didactics of
physics, Physics of condensed substance, Chemical physics, Laser physics and
spectroscopy, Physics of materials, Optics, Optometry, Physics of semi-conductors,
Thermophysics, Fluid and gas mechanics, Theoretical physics.
The realisation of the Doctor study program in the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics
(FPhM) of University of Latvia (LU) is organised in compliance with the laws "On Higher
Educational Establishments", "On Scientific Activity", "On Education", the Constitution of
LU, the Doctor study program of LU, "Regulations on the Schedule and Criteria of
Promotion" (Regulations No 134 of the Cabinet of Ministers, as of 06.04.99.), the Doctor
Study program in Physics and Astronomy.
In realisation of the Doctor study program there participate the professors, lecturers and
employees of the Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of University
of Latvia, employees of the LU Institute of Astronomy, employees of the LU FPhM
Institute of Nuclear Physics and Spectroscopy, employees of the LU Institute of Solid-state
Physics, employees of the LU Institute of Physics, employees of the LU Institute of
Chemical Physics. In realisation of the program there is attracted also the material and
technical resources of the aforesaid institutes, mainly in the form of experimental
equipment and computers.
Contents of the Doctor study program in physics. Full-time studies in the LU doctor study
program in the field of physics correspond to 144 credits which are divided as follows:
5. Acquiring of the latest research methods of the respective subsection of physics,
acquiring of the methods and approaches of information technologies, data processing
and presentation – 12 credits;
6. Preparation and participation in the realisation of the Bachelor and Master study
programs in physics, scientific conferences, seminars, schools – 18 credits.
7. Acquiring of theoretical courses:
 the main course of the subsection (see programs in the appendix) – 8 credits;
 course of specialisation (contents is determined individually) – 6 credits;
 individually determined additional courses (if necessary).
8. Individual research work and elaboration of the promotion work – 100 credits.
The form of the promotion work in physics. The form of the promotion work may be
dissertation or the series of scientific articles.
1. The promotion work – series of scientific articles consists of the resume, paper and at
least five scientific articles of the author, which are published or accepted for publication in
the editions, which are included in the list, determined by LSC.
The paper of the promotion work summarises the results, shown in the scientific articles of
the author, if necessary slightly supplementing them with the works which are not yet
prepared in the form of articles.
The scientific articles, included in the promotion work – the series of scientific articles, are
the copies of full research publications according to the regulations of those magazines,
which have accepted or have been submitted for publication.
The authors of the promotion work may add to the work also the copies of the published
theses of conferences and scientific meetings, providing also with the necessary
bibliographic references.
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2. The promotion work – dissertation is formed as a significant research in some of the
subsections of physics, which makes a completed, uniform work, which due to its specifics
may not be published in parts during the course of the work.
The promotion work – dissertation is an expanded scientific research where the detailed
overview is given about general achievements in the respective field of science, as well as
reflected the significance of the concrete work in the context of the development of the
field of science, indicated and described in detail the methods and materials, which have
been used in the work, as well as clearly shown the results achieved in the work and their
scientific value.
For defending the promotion work – dissertation there are necessary 5 publications in the
editions form the list, approved by LSC and 2 reports at international conferences.
The authors of the promotion work may add to the work also the list of other publications.
The process of the doctor studies is managed and controlled by the Board of Doctor studies
with the following composition:
Prof. Mārcis Auziņš – Chairman of the Board, Prof. Andrejs Cēbers, Prof. Ruvin
Ferber, Prof. Andris Krūmiņš, Prof. Ivars Lācis, Prof. Andrejs Siliņš, Prof. Edvīns
Šilters, Prof. Jānis Spīgulis, Prof. Ivars Tāle, Dr. habil. phys Juris Žagars
As it is demonstrated by the investigation carried out in Latvia and 23 more European
countries, in total more than hundred universities, by the European Physics Education
Network (EUPEN), the Doctor study program in physics and astronomy of the University
of Latvia correspond to the average European level of the Doctor studies in physics, see
Inquiries into European Higher Education in Physics, vol. 3, Gent 1999.
Number of the students. During the last years in the study program in physics and
astronomy at an average there are admitted 6 students per year. Taking into account that not
always it is possible to finish studies in the envisaged three years, the total number of the
students in this program is about 20. The program is finance from the resources of the State
budget.
In the material and technical resources provision of the program there participate the
institutes, associated in the Department of Physics of the Faculty of Physics and
Mathematics and with the faculty, where the scientific researches are carried out in the
enumerated subsections of physics and astronomy:
LU Institute of Astronomy
Astrophysics
Geo-cosmic research
LU FPhM Institute of Nuclear Physics and Spectroscopy Theoretical Nuclear Physics
Physics of atoms and
molecules
Laser spectroscopy
Medical physics
Technical physics
LU Institute of Solid-state Physics
Physics of materials
Solid-state physics
Physics of unarranged
substances
Physics of glass
Technical physics
Medical physics
LU Institute of Physics
Fluid and gas mechanics
Thermophysics
LU FPhM Department of Physics
Didactics of physics
Thermophysics
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LU Institute of Chemical Physics
Fluid and gas mechanics
Theoretical physics
Chemical physics
Theoretical physics
Program of doctoral examination in physics.
Specialty - theoretical physics
I General program
1. Basic concepts of quantum mechanics.
1.1. Density matrix.
1.2. Angular momentum and spin. Addition of angular momenta.
1.3. Perturbation theory. Perturbation theory of degenerated states. Time
dependent
perturbation theory.
1.4. Semiclassical approximation. Boundary conditions and theBohrSommerfeld
quantization. Tunneling. Semiclassical matrix elements.
2. Hydrogen atom.
2.1. Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom in spherical coordinates.
2.2. Rydberg states. Semiclassical wave functions. Quantum defect.
2.3. Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom in parabolic coordinates.
2.4. Dirac equation for hydrogen atom. Structure of energy levels.
2.5. Vacuum polarization.The Lemb shift.
2.6. Hyperfine structure. Interaction of electron with magnetic dipole and
electric quadrupole momentum of nuclei.
3. Multielectron atoms.
3.1. Central -field approximation. Classification of electronic states.
3.2. Electrostatic and spin-orbit interaction. Lj and jj coupling. Periodic
system
of elements.
3.3. Self- consistent field theory. Hartree-Fock approximation.
3.4. Tomas-Fermi equation.
4. Molecules.
4.1. Hydrogenic molecular ion H2+ . Separation of variables.
4.2. Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
4.3. Electronic terms of diatomic molecules. Their classification.
4.4. Rotational and vibrational energies of diatomic molecules.
4.5. Hund’s coupling cases.
4.6. -doubling.
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5.
6.
7.
8.
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4.7. Collision of second case. Landau-Zener formula.
4.8. Variational calculations of molecules. Density functional method.
Atomic nuclei.
5.1. Nuclear shell model.
5.2. Collective nuclear models for spherical and deformed nuclei.
5.3. Generalized unified model.
Atoms in external static fields.
6.1. Hydrogen atom in static electric field.The linear Stark effect.
Ionization by
electric field.
6.2. Multielectron atoms - the squared Stark effect.
6.3. Schrodinger equation in magnetic field. Electron in homogeneous
magnetic field.
6.4. Zeeman effect. Paschen-Back effect.
Electromagnetic field quantization.
7.1. Quantization of transverse electromagnetic waves. Creation and
annihilation
operators. Photonic states.
7.2. Shift operator and coherent states.
7.3. Squeezed quantum states.
Interaction of atoms with electromagnetic field.
8.1. Emission and absorption of photons. Einstein’s coefficients.
8.2. Electric dipole transitions in atoms. Selection rules.
8.3. Higher multipole transitions in atoms, molecules and atomic nuclei.
8.4. Two-level system in periodic field.The Rabi frequency.
8.5. Atoms in strong laser field. Multiphoton ionization and harmonic
generation.
High order perturbation theory and “nonperturbative” methods.
Scattering theory.
9.1. Elastic scattering of partcles in classical physics. Cross sections.
Rutherford
formula.
9.2. Scattering of particles in quantum mechanics. Scattering amplitude and
phase.
Differential and total cross sections.
9.3. Semiclassical approximation.
9.4. Born approximation.
9.5. Scattering of low-energy particles.
9.6. Resonance with quasidiscrete level.
9.7. Nonelastic scattering. S-matrix. Resonanses in nuclear reaction.
The Breit-Wigner formula.
9.8. Close-coupling equations.
9.9. Scattering of fast electrons from atoms and molecules.
9.10. Optical model for nuclear reactions.
References
1. L.D.Landau and E.M.Lifshitz, Quantum Mechanics ( Pergamon, Oxford, 1977
).
2. H.A.Bethe and E.E.Solpeter, Quantum Mechanics of One- and Two-Electron
Atoms,
2nd ed. ( Plenum/Rosetta, New York, 1977 ).
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3. I.I.Sobelman, Vvedenije v Teoriju Atomnih Spektrov ( Fizmatgiz, Moskwa,
1963 ).
4. V.B.Berestecky, E.M.Lifsitz i L.P.Pitajevsky, Relativistskaja Kvantovaja
Teorija,
Cast 1 ( Nauka, Moskwa, 1968 ).
5. A.I.Ahijezer, Kvantovaja elektrodinamika ( Nauka, Moskwa, 1985 ).
6. J.S.Slater, Electronic Structure of Molecules.
7. U.Failer, Strojenije i Dinamika Molekul, ( Mir, Moskwa, 1982 ).
8. P.W.Atkins, R.S.Friedman, Molecular Quantum Mechanics, 3rd ed. ( Oxford
University Press, 1997 ).
9. J.M.Sirokov i N.P.Judin, Jadernaja Fizika ( Nauka, Moskwa, 1980 ).
10. A.S.Davidov, Teorija Atomnovo Jadra ( Fizmatgiz, Moskwa, 1958 ).
11. L.D.Landau and E.M.Lifsitz, Mechanics ( Pergamon, Oxford, 1960 ).
12. N.F Mott and H.S.Massey, Theory of Atomic Collisions ( Oxford University
Press, London, 1965 ).
II Special program “Theory of interaction between atom and laser radiation
1. Dipole transition probabilities for hydrogen atom. Gordon’s formulas.
Semiclassical
approximation.
2. Photoeffect and bremsstrahlung.
3. High order perturbation theory for calculation of multiphoton transition
probabilities in atoms.
4. Semiclassical approximation for evaluation of multiphoton processes.
5. The Keldysh theory.
6. Quasienergy approach.
7. Numerical methods in the case of three-dimentional time-dependent
potentials.
8. Above-threshold ionization spectrum and its complex structure for short laser
pulses.
9. Multiple ionization of atoms.
10. Scattering of particles in presence of laser radiation.
11. Harmonic generation.
12. Microwave ionization of Rydberg atoms. Chaos phenomenon.
13. Transitions in Rydberg atoms generated by half-cycle electromagnetic pulses.
14. Atomic wave packets.
PHYSICS PROGRAM, subsection “Mechanics of fluids and gas”
1. The history of the mechanics of fluids and gas [15].
2. The notion of continuous media. Lagrange coordinates. Euler coordinates. Variation
of the volume of material element. Continuity equation. Stress tensor of continuous
media. The stress on the arbitrary oriented surface element. III Nuton law in the
mechanics of continuous media. The equation of motion of continuous media. The
ideal fluid model. The viscous fluid model. The momentum conservation law in
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mechanics of continuous media. The kinematics of material element of the
continuous media (Cauchy theorem). The hydrodynamic vorticity vector [1], [2].
3. Hydrostatics. The equilibrium equations. Archimed law. The equilibrium of
homogeneously rotating fluid. Barometric equilibrium. Barometric formula [15].
4. The velocity of propagation of the small perturbation. The velocity of the sound.
Mach number. Abrupt density changes. One-dimensional motion of the ideal gas in
tube with variable crossection. Laval nozzle [15].
5. Potential flows. Dynamics of the region of the vortical flow in the ideal fluid (Hill’s
vortex).
6. Potential flow due to the motion of the body. D’Alembert’s paradox. Added mass
effects (added mass of sphere). The dynamics of bubble in the ideal fluid. The
dynamics of the bubble at impulse like motion of the fluid. Lift force and
Joukowski’s formula [1], [2].
7. The two-dimensional flows of the ideal fluid. The complex potential. The complex
velocity. The complex potential in the some simplest cases. The conformal mapping
method in hydrodynamics of the ideal fluids. The flow with the circulation past the
cylinder. The flow past the elliptic cylinder. The flow past the plate. The flow past
Joukowski airfoils. The Tschapligin- Joukowski condition and lift force. The
dynamics of the boundary layer and the formation of the Joukowski vortex [1], [2].
8. The constitutive relations in hydrodynamics of the viscous fluid. Navier-Stokes
equation. Shear and dilational viscosities. The kinetic energy theorem. The energy
equation of the continuos media. The equation of the internal energy. Fourrier law.
The local equilibrium hypothesis. The temperature equation [1], [2].
9. The equation of motion of the continuos media in the curvilinear co-ordinates
(cylindrical and spherical). The deformation rate tensor in the curvilinear coordinates [1], [2].
10. Reynolds number. Stokes approximation. Flow past sphere in the Stokes
approximation. Stokes formula. The flow past rotating sphere in the Stokes
approximation [1], [2], [3].
11. Thermal convection in the flat layer. Boussinesq approximation. Prandtl, Rayleigh
and Grashof numbers. The monotonous instability of fluid under the heating from
below. The critical Rayleigh number in the layer with free surfaces. The character of
the convective motion in flat layer [3], [4].
12. Lagrange displacement. Deformation of the surface element due to the fluid motion.
The intensity of the vortex tube. The conservation of the intensity of the vortex tube
in the barotropic fluid. The circulation conservation theorem. The equation of the
hydrodynamic vorticity. The dynamics of the vorticity in the flows with convergent
streamlines. The principle of the frozen field lines in the magnetohydrodynamics.
Magnetic Reynold’s number [1],[2].
13. The motion of viscous fluid in capillaries and flat layers. Poiseuille’s formula. Drag
coefficient (for laminar and turbulent flows). Blasius’s formula [3].
14. Exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation. Landau jet. The disk rotating in
motionless fluid. The rotation of the fluid near motionless disk. Flow near front
critical point [16].
15. Boundary layer. The equations of the fluid motion in the boundary layer
approximation. Boundary layer on flat plate in steady case. Autosimilar solutions of
the boundary layer equation. Blasius’s formula. The thickness of the boundary layer.
The entrance region of the tube. The notion about the stability of the boundary layer
[6].
16. The theorem of the viscous fluid jets. Planar and axisymmetric jets. Radial
Loicjansky jet from orifice [17].
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17. Turbulent flow. Linear stability theory. Orr-Sommerfeld equations. Transition from
laminar to turbulent flow: flow in pipe and flow in the boundary layer past the body
[16].
18. Reynolds equations. Balance equations of the energy and second moment.
Correlation functions, correlation coefficients, integral scale of turbulence. Spectral
distribution of the energy. Isotropic turbulence [18].
19. The
subject
of magnetohydrodynamics.
The energy equation in
magnetohydrodynamics. The equation of the field energy. The magnetic field stress
tensor. The internal energy equation. The equation of motion of conducting media
in magnetic field. Temperature equation in magnetohydrodynamics [5].
20. 2D Hartman flow. The velocity profile of the Hartman flow. The Hartman boundary
layer. The drag coefficient in the case of Hartman flow and its physical
interpretation. Hartman flow between two electroconductive walls [19].
21. Electrovortical flows. Autosimilar solutions. Electrovortical flow between two
parallel walls [20].
22. Magnetic field selfgeneration. The disk dynamo. Kauling theorem [7].
23. The waves in the continuous media mechanics. Alven transverse waves. Sound
waves. The sound wave radiation. Surface waves on the surface of heavy liquid. The
notion of the dispersion of the surface waves. The approximation of the “shallow”
water [5], [3], [8].
24. The simple waves. The simple wave in the gas dynamics in the one-dimensional
case. Politropic gas. The formation of the shock wave in the tube (the problem about
piston). Non-linear waves in “shallow” water approximation, hydraulic jumps.
Ryman invariants and the dam problem [3], [2], [8].
25. Shock waves. The conditions on jump. Hygoniot adiabat. Problem about piston and
shock wave in the tube [3].
26. Non-linear waves on the surface of heavy liquid. Corteweg-de Vries equation.
Soliton [8], [10].
27. Convective loop and Lorentz equations. The characteristic bifurcation’s of the
Lorentz equations and the deterministic chaos phenomena. Galerkin method for the
description of the thermal convection in flat layer and Lorentz equations [4], [11].
28. The motion of dynamic system. Poincare section. Attractors of dynamic systems.
Scenarios of the turbulence origin. The period doubling scenario [12], [13].
29. Hele-Shaw flows. Saffman-Taylor instability. The conformal mapping method and
Saffman-Taylor solution for the free interface dynamics in the Hele-Shaw cell. Fluid
motion in porous media [6], [14].
30. The numerical simulation of the vorticity transfer equation: dicretization,
conservative and monotonous finite difference schemes, stability analysis, the
accuracy of the algorithm and the methods of its realization [21], [22], [25], [27],
[28].
31. The numerical simulation of the equation of the stream function: discrete and
continuous problems, analytical solutions (Fourrier series), the finite difference
schemes, their stability and realization.
32. Boundary conditions for the determination of the vorticity and stream function:
physical and numerical conditions for the determination of the pressure, temperature
and concentration fields [21], [22], [25], [27], [28].
33. Main numerical methods for the numerical simulation of the compressible fluid
flows: shock waves, artificial viscosity, boundary conditions, convergence criteria
[21], [22], [23], [25], [27], [29].
34. The methods of the numerical simulation of the turbulent flows [25], [27], [28],
[29], [30], [31].
13
35. Packages Fluent and C. Their utilisation for numerical simulation.
References
1. G.K.Batchelor. An introduction to fluid dynamics. - 1999 – Cambridge University
Press; C.Pozrikidis. Introduction to theoretical and computational fluid dynamics.
1996 – Oxford University Press.
2. L.I.Sedov. Continuos media mechanics. - 1976 – Nauka, Moscow.
3. L.D.Landau, E.M.Lifshitz. Hydrodynamics. - 1986 – Nauka, Moscow.
4. E.Z.Gershuni, E.M.Zhuhovicki. Convective stability of incompressible fluid. – 1972
- Nauka, Moscow.
5. L.D.Landau, E.M.Lifshitz. Electrodynamics of Continuos media. - 1982 – Nauka,
Moscow.
6. G.Schlichting. The theory of boundary layer. – 1974 - Nauka, Moscow.
7. G.Moffat. Magnetic field generation in conductive media. – 1980 – Mir, Moscow.
8. D.Whitham. Linear and Non-linear Waves. – 1977 - Mir, Moscow.
9. D.Lighthill. Waves in liquids. – 1981 - Mir, Moscow.
10. V.I.Karpman. Non-linear waves in dispersive media. – 1973 - Nauka, Moscow.
11. A.Lichtenberg, M.Liberman. Regular and chaotic dynamics. – 1984 - Mir, Moscow.
12. H.G.Schuster. Deterministic chaos: An introduction. – 1995 – John Wiley Sons.
13. F.Moon. Chaotic oscillations. – 1990 - Mir, Moscow.
14. P.G.Saffman, G.Taylor. The penetration of a fluid into a porous medium or HeleShaw cell containing a more viscous liquid. – 1958 - Proc. Royal Society, v.A245,
P.312-329.
15. L.G.Loicjanskij. Mechanics of fluids and gas. – 1970 - Moscow.
16. L.Vulis, V.Kashkarov. Theory of viscous fluid jet. – 1965 - Moscow.
17. I.O.Hintze. Turbulence. – 1963 - Moscow.
18. G.G.Branover, A.B.Cinober. Magnetohydrodynamics of incompressible media. –
1970 -Moscow.
19. V.Bojarevich, J.Freibergs, E.Shilova, E.Scherbinin. Electrovortical flows. – 1985 –
Zinatne, Rīga.
20. P.Roache. Computational Fluid Dynamics. – 1980 - Moscow.
21. P.J.Roache. Computational Fluid Dynamics. –1972 - Albuquerque, New Mexico –
P.87-115.
22. R.Richtmayer, K.Morton. Finite difference methods for solution of the boundary
problems. – 1972 - Moscow.
23. A.A.Samarskij, Yu.P.Popov. Finite difference schemes in gasdynamics. – 1975 .
24. O.M.Belocerkovskij. Numerical simulation in mechanics of continuos media. –
1984 - Moscow.
25. A.A.Samarskij. Theory of finite difference schemes.
The program is accepted on the meeting of the Council for promotion and
habilitation of the Institute of Physics of University of Latvia (mechanics of fluids and
gas, thermal and molecular physics, physics of magnetic phenomena, technical physics) at
27 May 1996.
14
Program for Latvian doctor degree in physics
Subprogram: Experimental methods and equipment
1. Signal analyses and noise.
Shot noise, Jonsons noise, 1/f noise, external field induced noises. The methods of
signal measuring under background noise.
2. The methods of electrical measurements.
Direct current measurements, threshold of sensitivity. The methods of voltage
averaging. The methods for periodic voltage measurement. Sinhrodetection, “boxcar”
method. Voltage, current and resistance measurement methods and apparatus.
Spectrum analyzer. Oscilloscoping. Frequency measurements and frequency
standards. The methods and equipment for measuring of dielectric loses.
3. The measurements of luminous flux.
Photodetectors - thermal detectors, quantum detectors. The spectral sensitivity of
light detectors. The methods of the determination of spectral sensitivity. The methods
for weak luminous flux measuring. Photon counting. The methods of measuring of
periodic and modulated luminous flux
Time-resolved spectroscopy; the methods of time resolved spectroscopy in mili-,
micro-, nano-, pico- and femtosecond time scale.
4. Quantum detectors. CCD camera, intensificators of luminous flux. The matrix of
photodiodes. Optical multichannel analysators (OMA).
5. Light sources.
Black-body emission. A-type light sources. Discharge light sources for the line
spectrum and for the continuum. The pulsed light sources. The methods for light
pulses compression. The principal limit for light pulse duration. Standard light
sources. The methods for radiation spectrum determination.
6. Laser.
The amplifying media, resonator, oscillation modes. The active media for lasers.
Tunable lasers. Lasers for pico- and femtosecond pulses. The modes sinchronization,
compression of light pulses. The time-resolved spectroscopy of the fast processes.
7. Synchrotron as a spectral instrument.
Application of synchrotron radiation.
8. Vacuum, methods, equipment and measuring.
The pumps :mechanical, jet, molecular, sorption. The materials for vacuum
chambers. Materials for gaskets and pacing. Lead-in of electrical connections. Leadin for mechanical drives. The methods for super - high vacuum.
9. Low temperatures
15
The thermodynamics in reaching of low temperature. Cooling cycles. The equipment
for cooling and production of cryogenic liquids (liquid gasses). The lead-in of
electrical connections. The lead-in of mechanical movement.
10. The high temperatures in experiments.
Obtaining of high temperature. Resistive heaters. Radiative heaters, lasers. The
materials and methods for isolation.
11. The manufacturing of materials and materials thermal treatment.
The methods of crystals growth from the melt, from the solution in melt: methods of
Kyropulos, Chochralskii, Stocbarger. The necessary equipment for these methods.
The methods for manufacturing of thin films: vapor epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy.
The metal-organic compound chemical epitaxy. Doping of materials, introduction of
activators. Preparation of high purity materials and corresponding equipment. The
methods and equipment for materials annealing and quenching.
12. The magnetic field.
Superconductors, its properties. The solenoids: conventional and superconducting.
Creation of the uniform field. The magnetometry. Squids, measuring of weak
magnetic fields. Antimagnetic shields.
13. The microwaves in physics experiments.
The methods of magnetic resonances: ESR, NMR, ENDOR. Optically detected
circular magnetic dichroism and ESR. The equipment for microwaves, wave - guides,
resonators. Generators of microwaves. Inactive components of wave-guides. The
detection of microwaves.
14. The physical equipment for semiconductor technology.
15. The methods for determination of material structure and composition.
X-ray structure analysis. The tunnel and atom force microscopy. The scanning
electron microscopy. Masspectrometry. The spectroscopic methods for determination
of composition of materials.
16. The methods for distant measurements.
The space measurement systems. The transmission and processing of information.
17. The ionizing radiation in physics experiments.
The detection of radiation. Dosymetry. Protection from ionizing radiation.
Literature.
LITERATŪRA
1. Handbook of Optics, ed. Michael BASS, Mc Graw-Hill, Inc
2. W. Demtroeder, Laser Spectroscopy, Spribger, pp.633
3. У Э Крауя Я Янсонс Механолюминесценция композитных материалов Рига
ЗИНАТНЕ 1990
4. Ч Пул Техника ЭПР спектроскопии МИР 1970
16
5. J. Kručāns Kristālu struktūranalīzes pamati, Zvaigzne, 1977
3. G. Herrera Corral Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics; Springer, 1998,
445pp.
4. A. Tonomura Electron Holography; Springer, 1999, 162pp.
5. J.M. Weber Handbook of Lasers; Springer, 1999.
6. P. Meystre Elements in Quantum Optics; Springer, 1999, 432pp.
7. H. Gnaser Low-Energy Ion Irradiation of Solid Surfaces; Springer, 1999, 293pp.
8. C. P. Jr. Poole, H. A. Farach Handbook of Electron Spin Resonance: Springer, 1999,
335pp.
9. 12. R.E. Bentley Handbook of Temperature Measurement; Springer, 1998, 651pp.
10. S. Brandt. Data Analysis; Springer, 1999, 652pp.
11. B. Mutafschiev Fundamentals of Crystal Growth; Springer, 2000, 450pp.
12. H. Haus Electromagneyic Noise and Quantum Optical Measurements; Springer, 2000,
600pp.
13. P. A. Redhead. The Physical Basis of Ultrahigh Vavuum; Springer, 1997, 500pp.
14. C. Rulliere Femtosecond Laser Pulses; Springer, 1998, 309pp.
15. R. Wiesendanger. Scanning Probe Microscopy; Springer, 1998, 216pp.
16. M. A. Herman Molecular Beam Epitaxy; Springer, 1996, 452pp.
17. L. Reimer. Scanning Electron Microscopy; Springer, 1998, 527pp.
18. Физический энцклопедический словарь под ред А М Прохорова М Сов
Энциклопедия 1983
19. Физическая энцклопедия т1 -5 М БЗЭ 1995 –1998
20. F. Rosenberger, Fundamentals of Crystal Growth, Springer, 1979
21. А Гурвич Физические основы радиационного контроля и диагностики М
энергоиздат 1989
22. В. Михайлин Синхротронное излучение МГУ 1978
23. Catalogs and www pages:
Hewlett-Paccard
Stanford Instruments
27. Catalogs and www pages:
Spectra Physics
28. Catalogs and www pages
Oxford Instruments
Janis
Leybold
APD cryogenics
29. Catalogs and www pages:
Leybold
30. Catalogs and www pages
Bruker
31. Catalogs and www pages:
Zeiss
EXAMINATION PROGRAM
for the doctor degree of Latvian Republic acquisition.
Branch: Semiconductor physics.
17
Program of examination in the non-linear media physics and glass physics is thought
in order to extend the knowledge and to develop the way of research thinking for the
master of physics, who have inclination to creative work as lecturer and engineer.
The examination program of the semiconductor physics provides to develop the
theoretical and experimental aspects of the fundamental and applied semiconductor
physics.
The Program has three parts. In the first part the questions of general nature are
distinguished: problems of quantum mechanics and mathematical physics. The second part
questions are connected with the fundamental ideas of the semiconductor physics,
including liquid, non-linear media and glass physics. They include the theoretical and
experimental aspects. The third part deals with the semiconductor devices physics.
Part 1. Some questions of the mathematical physics and quantum mechanics.
1.1.
The basis of quantum mechanics theory. Wave function. Co-ordinate and impulse
in quantum mechanics. Secondary quantization and the many-body problems. Green’s
function.
1.2. The symmetry properties in solid state physics. Group theory: group, subgroup, class;
the reducible and irreducible representations: the point group and space group symmetry.
Classification of the atom energy levels by the irreducible rotational symmetry group
representations. Classification of the molecule energy levels by the irreducible point group
symmetry representations. Classification of the crystal energy levels by the irreducible
space group symmetry representations. The methods of the group theory and the quantum
transition selection rules.
1.3.
The properties and the principal theoretical approximations of solids. Born-
Oppenheimer approximation: separation of the vibration and the electron subsystems in
solids. The approximation of the elementary excitations.
Part 2. Principles of semiconductor physics.
18
2.1. Semiconductor properties. Semiconductor electrical conductivity. Semiconductor
thermal conductivity.
The contact phenomena in semiconductors. The thermoelectric
phenomena. The thermomagnetic and galvanomagnetic phenomena. Photoconductivity.
Photoluminescence.
2.2. Structure of crystals. The crystalline lattice geometry. Unit cell. The reciprocal lattice.
2.3. The chemistry of crystals: coordination number, atomic and ionic radius, close packing
theory. The chemical bond and structure of crystals. The crystalline structure of the Ge, Si,
A3B5, A2B6 and SiC semiconductors.
The macroscopic and microscopic defects of
crystals. The roentgenography and electronography.
2.4. The structure of amorphous semiconductors. Near-range order. The radial distribution
function. The models of disordering. The topological and configuration disordering.
2.5. The mechanical properties of Ge and Si. Tensor of the elastic constants and elastic
deformation. Ductility of crystals. Flow stress. Hardening and annealing.
2.6. The vibration subsystem of semiconductors. The crystalline lattice vibrations. Born
theory. The normal coordinates. The acoustic and optical phonon dispersion rules. The
polaritons. Phonon as the vibration energetic feature. The local vibrations. Phonon
properties. Heat capacity, heat conductivity and the thermal expansion.
2.7. The electron subsystem of semiconductors. The band theory of crystals. An electron in
the periodic field. The Bloch wavefunction. The Brillouin band. The energy and quasiimpulse relation of an electron, electron speed, mobility and effective mass. The
approximate calculations methods of the band structure. The quasi-free electron
approximation. Approximation of the tightly bound electron. Selection of the wavefunction
and potential energy-function. Shortages of the approximate calculation methods.
Elementary excitations of the electron subsystem - electrons and holes. State density in the
bands. The united state density of electrons-holes. The Van-Hoff singularities. Electronphonon interaction. The main features of the energy band structure of the elementary and
binary semiconductors.
2.8. The optical properties of semiconductors. Relationships between the optical constants.
Absorption coefficient. Refractive index. The Kramers-Kronig relationships. Reflection coefficient.
The charge carrier effective mass determination. The plasma resonance.
2.8.1. The fundamental optical absorption. The allowed direct transitions. The forbidden
direct transitions. The allowed indirect transitions. The forbidden indirect transitions. The
19
indirect transitions between the indirect valleys. The indirect transitions between the direct
valleys. The trasnsitions in the electron state “tails’. The fundamental optical absorption in
strong electric fields. The high-energy electron transitions above the fundamental edge.
2.8.2. The exciton absorption. Direct and indirect excitons. The theory of excitons in
crystals. The gain of energy in the electron-electron interaction. The Frenkel excitons. The
Wannier-Mott excitons. The Davidov-type splitting. The polaritons. The localisation of
excitons and the exciton–phonon interaction; the adiabatic surface approximation. Exciton
migration. The optical properties of excitons. Exciton (as a hydrogen-atom-like system)
spectrum and parameters. The photoconductivity in the exciton absorption band region.
2.8.3. The absorption of crystal defects. The electron transitions between the impurityrelated states to the band. The donor-acceptor transitions.
2.8.4. The free charge carrier absorption.
2.8.5. The optical absorption and refraction coefficient dispersion. The optical methods for
the zone structure investigation.
2.9. Luminescence. The configuration co-ordinate diagram. The quantum efficiency,
transition probability and decay kinetics, thermal quenching of luminescence. The theory of
radiation. Radiation field and strength of the classical oscillator. The lineshapes of the
spectral transitions.
2.9.1. The exciton luminescence. Luminescence of excitons localised at donors and
acceptors.
2.9.2. The electron transitions: band-band and band-impurity level.
2.9.3. The donor-acceptor luminescence.
2.10. The non-radiative recombination. The Auger effect. The surface recombination. The
recombination on defects. Cyclotron resonance.
2.11. The statistics of electrons in semiconductors. The Fermi statistics. The nondegenerate
gas statistics in semiconductors. Energy of electrons in conduction band. Degeneracy.
2.12. Charge carriers in semiconductors. Concentration of charge carries in the undoped
semiconductors. Doping of the semiconductors. Concentration of charge carriers in the
doped semiconductors. The electrical conductivity.
2.13. The theoretical notion of the charge transport phenomena. The phenomenological
calculation of the electrical conductivity and mobility. The kinetic equation. The relaxation
20
time dependence on energy. The charge carrier scatter mechanisms. The analyses of the
transport phenomena. The relaxation time determination. The charge transport phenomena
in strong electric field.
2.14. Thermoelectric and thermal conductivity. Thermoelectromotive force. The
thermoelectromotive force kinetic equation. The electron drawing by phonons. The thermoEMF versus temperature and charge carrier concentration. The electron thermal
conductivity. The crystalline lattice thermal conductivity. The phonon thermal
conductivity.
The galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic phenomena. The Hall effect. The resistivity
change in magnetic field. The Etinghaussen effect. The galvanomagnetic phenomena in
strong magnetic fields. The thermomagnetic phenomena. The Shubnikov - de Haas
oscillations. The quantum Hall effects.
2.15. The electrical contact phenomena. The metal-semiconductor contact. The Mott
contact. The Shottky contact.
2.16. The p-n transitions. The p-n transition in a thermal equilibrium. The exhausted layer.
The p-n transition in an external electric field. The processes in direct and opposite
directions. The band-band tunnel transitions. The heterotransitions. The processes in
opposite direction. The saturation current. The Seener strike. The avalanche strike. The
Volt-ampere characteristic. The transition capacity. Electric field in the p-n transition.
2.17. The semiconductor structures and superlattices. The formation techniques of the
superlattice. The electrical conductivity in the semiconductor superlattice. The quantifying
of the electron states. The ground and excited states. Luminescence.
Part 3. The applied semiconductor physics and devices.
3.l. The semiconductor material production techniques. The crystal growth and
purification. The thin film semiconductor formation techniques. The gas transport epitaxy.
The metal-organic compound gas chemical epitaxy. The molecular beam epitaxy.
3.2. The semiconductor doping techniques. Formation of the p-n transitions.
3.4. The technology of the semiconductor devices. The optical and electron lithography.
21
3.5. The semiconductor diodes. The Shottky diodes. The p-n and p-i-n diodes. The power
diodes.
3.6. Transistors. The p-n-p transistors. The MOS transistors. The SHF transistors of Ga-As
. The tiristors.
3.7. The micro-schemes. Design principles of the micro-schemes. The limiting factors in
the large micro-scheme design.
3.8. The semiconductor light diodes. Elektroluminescence. The p-n transition at the
positive voltage. The electron tunnelling through an insulator.
3.9. The photodiodes. The photovoltaic effect in p-n transition. The electrical properties.
The spectral properties. The Sun battery elements.
The semiconductor lasers. The resonator and modes. Properties of the active region in
waveguides. The optical losses and their temperature dependence. The threshold current.
Design and parameters of the injection laser.
3.10. The semiconductor laser materials. The third group element arsenides, phosphides
and nitrides.
Literature for the doctor studies in solid state physics
1. M. Philips. History of Physics; Springer, 1997, 375 pp.
2. F. Schwabl. Quantenmechanik; Springer, 1998, 419 pp. (Vācu v.)
3. Д. И. Блохинцев. Основы квантовой механики. Высшая школа. М.,1961.
4. 3. Л. Д. .Ландау и У. М. Лифшиц. Квантовая механика. ГИЗ физ.- мат. лит., М.,
1963.
5. Г. Арфкен. Математические методы в физике. Атоииздат, И., 1970.
6. М. Ханернеш. Теория групп и ее применение к физическим проблемам. Мир, М.,
1966.
7. Дж. Эллиот, П. Добер. Симметрии в физике. Т.1, Мир, М., 1983.
8. A. Jaunbergs. Cietvielu teorijas pamati. Simetrijas teorija. LVU, 1982. Simetrijas
grupas, LVU, Rīga, 1983.
9. У. Харрисон. Теория твердого тела. Мир, М., 1972.
22
10. Дж. Займан. Вычисление блоховских функции. Мир, М., 1973.
11. Дж. Заиман. Принципы теории твердого тела. Мир, М., 1966.
12. Ч. Киттель. Квантовая теория твердых тел. Наука, М., 1967.
13. K. Seeger, Semiconductor Physics. Springer, 1999, 522 pp.
14. Y. P. Yu, Fundamentals of Semiconductors; Springer, 1999, 620 pp.
15. G. L. Timp, Nanotehnology; Springer, 1999, 696 pp.
16. H. Zimmermann, Integrated Silicion Optoelectronics; 2000, 331 pp.
17. Handbook of Photonics; Springer, 1997, 812 pp.
18. H. Kuzmany, Solid-State Spectroscopy; Springer, 1998, 450 pp.
19. K. S. Song, R. T. Williams, Self-Trapped Excitons; Springer, 1196, 410 pp.
20. P. Muerller, A.V. Ustinov, The Physics of Superconductors. Springer, 1997, 206 pp.
21. Д. Пайнс. Элементарные возбуждения в твердых телах. Мир, М. , 1965.
22. B. Mutafschiev, Funfamentals of Crystal Growth. Springer, 2000, 450 pp.
23. M.-C. Desjonqueres, D. Spanjaard, Concepts in Surface Physics. Springer, 1966, 605
pp.
24. И. М. Лифшиц. С. А.Гредскул, Л А.Пастур, Введение в теорию неупорядоченных
систем. Наука. М.,1982.
25. 3. R. Zallen, The physics of amorphous solids. J-W, N.E. 1983.
26. M. Pollack, Noncrystalline Semiconductors; Springer, 2000.
27. М. Борн, Х. Кунь, Динамическая теория кристаллических решеток. М.1958.
28. Дж. Рейсленд, Физика фононов. Мир.М.,1975.
29. Н. Ашкрофт, Н.Мернин, Физика твердого тела. Т1, Т2, Мир, М.,1979.
30. Дж. Займан, Злектроны и фононы. Мир, М.,1962.
31. А. Марадудин. Дефекты и колебательный спектр кристаллов. Мир, М.,1968.
32. Дж. Слэтер. Дизлектрики, полупроводники, металлы. Мир, М.,1969.
33. L. Jacak, P. Hawrylak, A. Wojs, Quantum Dots, Springer, 1998, 176 pp.
23
34. J. Shah, Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Semiconductors and Semiconductor Nanostructures,
Springer, 1999, 518 pp.
35. C. P. Jr. Poole, H. A. Farach, Handbook of Electron Spin Resonanse; Springer, 1997,
550 pp.
36. W. Demtroeder, Laserspektroskopie, Grundlagen und Techniken; Springer, 2000, 780
pp. (Vācu val.).
23.11.1999.
MOLECULAR PHYSICS AND HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(Program for Ph.D. studies)
1. Basic Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer [1, 2, 3]
1.1. Basic principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Second law of
thermodynamics. Entropy as a characteristic function of the system's state.
Positiveness of the entropy production for irreversible processes. Production rate
of entropy. Dissipative function. Thermodynamic potentials and fluxes. Linear
phenomenologic laws. Kinetic coefficients. Principle of symmetry of the
Onsager's kinetic coefficients. Curie principle.
1.2. Heat and mass transfer. The momentum, energy and substance conservation in
continuous media. Local thermodynamic equilibrium, equations for internal
energy and temperature. Phenomenological and empiric equations of heat and
mass transfer. Thermal conductivity and mass diffusion. Cross-effects.
Thermodiffusion (Soret effect) and thermal effect of mass diffusion (Dufour
effect). Basic concepts of conjugated heat and mass transfer in capillary-porous
media. [4].
1.3. Irreversible processes under the effect of a magnetic field. Onsager-Kazimir
relations. Hall effect, Rigi-Leduc effect, Senftleben effect. Specifics of heat and
mass transfer phenomena in electroconductive and magnetizable media in the
presence of a magnetic field. [5].
2. Heat Transfer in Incompressible Media
2.1. Conservation equations [6 (chapters 1 and 2)]. Equation of continuity,
Naview-Stokes equation, energy conversation equation. Conductive (molecular)
and convective heat transfer. Internal heat sources, viscous dissipation of energy.
Initial and boundary conditions of motion and temperature. Heat flux, local and
24
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
integral heat transfer, heat exchange, mean temperature difference.
Hydrodynamic drug and hydraulic resistance.
Similarity theory [7, 8]. Similarity criteria, their definition from the
conservation equations. Dimensional analysis. Similarity conditions and criteria.
Physical senses of the main similarity criteria of hydrodynamics, heat and mass
transfer ([7] § 2-2, [8], chapter5.).
Thermal conduction [8 (chapters 2. and 3.)]. The main methods of analytical
treatment of heat transfer equation in quiescent media: Fourier method, Laplas
transform. Examples of steady temperature distribution (temperature in flat,
cylindrical and spherical walls, semi-infinite plate). Unsteady temperature
distribution, examples (infinite plate, sphere). Regular regime of the conductive
heat transfer.
Convective heat transfer [8 (chapters 6., 7. and 8.)]. Heat transfer from solid
walls at forced convection, basic concepts of hydrodynamic and thermal
boundary layers. Integral boundary layer equations, main analytical methods of
analysis (see also [9], §§ 12-2, 12-3). Heat transfer in laminar boundary layer.
Main concept of the turbulent boundary layer. Forced convection and heat
transfer in channels, stabilization of the flow and temperature regimes.
Natural convection [8 (chapter 10.), 10 (chapter 2.)]. Convective stability of
horizontal fluid layer. Rayleigh number. Types of convective instabilities, critical
wavelength of perturbations. Stability conditions for the free and rigid
boundaries. Raleigh-Bernard type convection. Heat transfer in boundary layer
around vertical plate. Convective boundary layer. Transition from a laminar to a
turbulent convection. Free convection around a horizontal cylinder.
Specific problems of heat transfer [8 (chapter 11.)]. Specifics of heat transfer
in compressible gas flows. Heat transfer in liquid metals at low Prandtl numbers.
Effect of internal heat sources on convective heat transfer. Heat transfer under
critical conditions. Transfer phenomena in low-pressure gases.
Boiling and condensation [8 (chapters 12. and 13.)]. Basic concepts of droplet
and film condensation. Heat transfer in condensation films (laminar flow around
a vertical wall). Critical radius of droplets, thermocapillary convection and heat
transfer. Condensation of over-heated vapor. Boiling phenomena. Formation of
bubbles, critical size of bubbles, their take-of. Crisis of boiling, the bubble and
the film boiling. Heat transfer in the regimes of bubble and film boiling,
hysteresis of heat transfer in the transition regime.
Radiative heat transfer [8 (chapters 15. and 16.)]. Concept of the radiative
heat flux. Radiation of a "black" body. Planck's law. Rayleigh-Jean's law. Wien's
law. Stefan Boltzman's law. Kirchoff's law. Lambert's law. Radiation of solid
bodies, measurement of radiation fluxes. Radiative heat exchange between bodies
and surfaces. Geometric coefficients of heat radiation.
3. Diffusion and Convective Mass Transfer
3.1.
Equations of convective diffusion [8 (chapter 14.), 11 (chapter 2.)]. Fick's
law. Equation of mass conservation. Thermodiffusion, thermal effect of mass
diffusion, barodiffusion. Initial and boundary conditions of concentration.
Diffusional and chemical kinetics of heterogeneous reactions. Analogy between
the heat transfer and the mass transfer. Schmidt number.
3.2. Some problems of convective diffusion [11]. Convection in a flat boundary
layer at diffusional and mixed kinetics of reactions on the reacting surfaces. Mass
25
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
flux on the surface of rotating disc. Modeling of heterogeneous chemical
reactions (§§ 2-10, 2-11, 2-15, and 2-17).
Coagulation of disperse systems [11]. Smoluchovsky theory. Gradients
coagulation. Coagulation in turbulent flows. Sedimentation of aerosols and
colloids (§§ 5-39, 5-40, 5-41, 5-43).
Introduction in problems of mass transfer at heterogeneous reactions in
electrochemistry [11]. Electric current in electrochemical cells. Concentration
polarization. Chemical polarization. Migration of ions and diffusive electric
current in binary electrolytes (§§ 6-44, 6-45, 6-46, 6-47, 6-51).
Some specific problems of mass transfer. [12]. Transfer processes in capillaryporous media. Kinetics of dissolution. Crystallization (§§ 1-3, 2-1, 3-1).
Thermodiffusive mass transfer in liquids. Main concept of the dynamics of
temperature field and concentration profiles in flat liquid layers. [5 (§ 8-3)].
Introduction in the problems of double-diffusive convection. The influence of
Soret effect on convective stability of fluid layers [10 (§ 7-30)]. Thermodiffusive
separation caused by free convection in vertical channels. Thermodiffusion
column. [13].
4. Heat and Mass Transfer in MHD Flows and in Magnetic Colloids
4.1. Heat and mass transfer in electroconducting media [5]. Heat and mass
transfer in Hartmann's flow. Asymptotic characteristics in flows of high Hartman
numbers. Specifics of the stabilization of temperature and concentration profiles
in convective flows of liquid metals and electrolites. Natural MHD convection.
Heat and mass transfer in turbulent MHD flows.
4.2. Specific phenomena in magnetizable liquids [5, 13]. Magnetic fluids.
Thermomagnetic convection. Magnetophoresis of colloidal particles. Solutal
convection in magnetically stratified ferrocolloids. Thermomagnetophoresis (see
English edition of [5]).
5. Novel Methods of Heat and Mass Transfer Measurements
5.1. Electrochemical method of mass transfer measurements [5]. Reversible
heterogeneous electrochemical reduction/oxidation reactions on inert electrodes.
Chemical and concentration polarization. Diffusive and migration current.
Suppression of migration processes. Requirements for the model electrochemical
system. (§ 8-2).
5.2. Anemometry. Thermoanemometry. Method of a constant electric current and a
constant temperature. Thermoanemometer and resistance thermometer. Principle
of the laser Doppler anemometry.
5.3. Optical methods [14, 15]. Diffraction of light in optically non-homogeneous
media. "Shadow" technique of measurements of temperature boundary layers.
Tepler's technique. Interferometric methods. Mach-Zender interferometer.
Holographic interferometer.
References:
1. S. R. De Groot, P. Mazur. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. - Dover publ. - 1984.
2. R. Haaze. Thermodynamics of irreversible processes, (Russian edition, Mir, M., 1967 )
26
3. L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifšics. Statistical Physics, Vol. 5.Russian edition, Nauka, M.
4. A. V. Lykov, J. A. Mikhailov, Theory of Heat and Mass Transfer, Gosenergoizdat, M. L., 1963 (Russian).
5. E. Blūms, J. Mihailovs, R. Ozols. Heat and Mass Transfer in MHD Flows, World
Scientific, Singapore, 1987, see also Russian edition, Zinātne, Rīga, 1980
6. B. S. Petukhov. Teploobmen I Soprotivlenije, Energia, Moscow, 1967 ((Russian
edition)
7. G. Greber, S. Erk, N. Grigull. Heat Transfer, Russian edition, Inostrannaja literatura,
M., 1958.
8. V. P. Isačenko, V. A. Osipova, A. S. Suhomel. Teploperenos, Energia, M.-L., 1965
(Russian edition).
9. G. Schlihting. Theory of Boundary Layer, Russian edition, IL, M., 1956.
10. G. Z. Gersuni, E. M. Žuhovickij. Konvektivnaja ustoicivostj (Russian.).
11. V. G. Levičs. Physics-Chemical Hydrodynamics, Russian edition, M., 1959.
12. P. G. Romankov, R. B. Raškovsky, V. F. Frolov. Massoobmennije processi himiceskoi
tehnologii, Russian, Himya, M., 1975.
13. E. Blums, A. Cebers, M. M. Maiorov. Magnetic Fluids. Berlin, New York, W.de
Gruyter - 1997.
14. V. Hauf, U. Grigull. Optical Methods in Heat Transfer, Russian edition, Mir, M., 1957.
15. J. I. Ostrovsky. Holografija, (Russian), Nauka, L., 1970.
16. R. F. Probstein. Physicochemical hydrodynamics: an introduction – John Wiley and
Sons - 1994.
PROF., DR, HABIL. PHYS. ELMĀRS BLŪMS
EXAMINATION PROGRAM
for the doctor degree of Latvian Republic acquisition.
Branch: Solid state physics.
Program of examination in solid state physics is thought in order to extend knowledge and
to develop research way of thinking for master of physics, who have inclination to creative
work as lecturer and engineer.
Examination program of solid state physics provides to develop theoretical and
experimental aspect of fundamental and applied physics.
Program has three parts. In the first part are distinguished questions of general nature:
problems of quantum mechanics and mathematical physics. Questions of the second part
are tied with fundamental ideas of solid state physics. They take in aspects of theories and
experiments. Third part deals with solid state experimental methods and devices questions.
Part 1. Some mathematical physics and quantum mechanics question.
1.1. The basis of quantum mechanics theory. Wave function. Co-ordinate and impulse
in quantum mechanics. Secondary quantization and the many-body problems. Green’s
function.
27
1.2. Symmetry properties in solid state physics. Group theory: group, subgroup, classes;
reducible and irreducible representation: point groups and space groups symmetry.
Classification of the energy levels of atoms by the irreducible rotational symmetry group
representation. Classification of the energy levels of molecules by the irreducible point
group symmetry representation. Classification of the energy levels of crystals by the
irreducible space group symmetry representation. Methods of the group theory and
selection rules.
1.3. Properties and principal of theoretical approximation of solids. Borna-Oppenheimer
approximation: vibrations and electrons subsystems separation in solids. Approximation of
elementary excitation. Solitons.
Part 2. Principles of solid state physics.
2.1. Structure of crystals.
2.1.1. Structure of crystals. Crystal lattice geometry. Unit cell. Reciprocal lattice. Crystal
chemistry: coordination number, atomic and ionic radius, close packing theory. Chemical
bond and structure of crystals. Defects in crystals. Macroscopic and microscopic defects of
crystals. Rentgenography and electronographing.
2.1.2. Structure of amorphous solids. Near-range order. Radial distribution function.
Models of non-arrangement. Topological and configuration non-arrangement.
2.1.3. Experimental methods of non-arrangement investigation.
2.1.4. Mechanical properties of solid states. Tensor of the elastic constants and elastic
deformation. Ductility of the crystals. Flow stress. Hardening and annealing. Internal
friction.
2.2. Subsystem of the oscillation of the solids. Properties of phonons.
2.2.1. Oscillations of the crystal lattice. Born’s theory. Normal coordinates. Acoustic and
optical phonon dispersion rules. Polariton. Phonon as vibrational energetic feature. Locals
vibration. Phonons’ properties. Heat capacity, heats conductivity and heat expansion.
2.3. Electron subsystem of solids.
2.3.1 Zone theory of crystals. Electron in periodic field. Bloch wavefunction. Brillouin
zones. Energy and quasi-impulse relation of the electron, its speed, mobility, effective
mass. Approximate calculations methods of the band structure. Quasi-free electron
approximation. Approximation of the binding electron. Selection of the wavefunction and
potential energy. Fault of the approximate calculation methods.
2.3.2. Optical properties of solids. Relationships between optical constants. Absorption
coefficient. Refractive index. Kramers-Kronig relationships. Reflection coefficient.
Effective carrier mass determination. Resonance of plasma.
2.3.3. Fundamental optical absorption. Direct allowed transitions. Direct forbidden
transitions. Indirect allowed transitions. Indirect forbidden transitions. Fundamental optical
absorption at the strong electric fields. High-energy transitions above the fundamental
edge. Simple calculation of energy levels.Luminescence.
2.3.4. Photoelectric properties in solids. The galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic
phenomena. The Hall effect. The resistivity change in magnetic field. The Etinghaussen
effect. The galvanomagnetic phenomena in strong magnetic fields. The thermomagnetic
phenomena. The Shubnikov - de Haas oscillations. The quantum Hall effects.
2.3.7 . The exciton absorption. Direct and indirect excitons. The theory of excitons in
crystals. The gain of energy in the electron-electron interaction. The Frenkel excitons. The
Wannier-Mott excitons. The Davidov-type splitting. The polaritons. The localisation of
excitons and the exciton–phonon interaction; the adiabatic surface approximation. Exciton
migration. The optical properties of excitons. Exciton (as a hydrogen-atom-like system)
spectrum and parameters. The photoconductivity in the exciton absorption band region.
28
2.3.9. Structure of amorphous solids. Near-range order. Radial distribution function.
Models of non-arrangement. Topological and configuration non-arrangement.
the electron-holes density. Van- Hofa singularity. Electron-phonon interaction. Mane
properties of the band structure of elementary and binary semiconductors.
Part 3. Applied physics and some contemporary problems of condensed state.
3.1. Laser. Population inversion obtained methods. Resonant cavity. Laser materials
glasses and crystals. Laser on colour centres. Semiconductor lasers. Tuning laser. 3.2.
Glass fibber optics.
3. 3. Holography. Basic concept. 3.4. Microelectronics. Optical and electron lithography.
3.5. Superconductivity. Meissner effects. High-temperature superconductors type-I and
type-II. Josephson effects. Basis of superconductivity theory. Electron-phonon interaction
and Cooper pair. Application of superconductors. High-temperature superconductors.
3.6. Diffusion and ion electroconductivity. Conductivity of superion. Chromatic effect.
3.7. Dielectric and ferrelectrics.
Bibliography
Philips M. History of Physics; Springer, 1997, 375 pp.
F. Schwabl Quantenmechanik; Springer, 1998, 419 pp. (Vācu v.)
Д.И.Блохинцев. Основы квантовой механики. Высшая школа. М.,1961.
3. Л. Д. .Ландау и У. М. Лифшиц. Квантовая механика. ГИЗ физ. -ьат. лит. М., 1963.
Г.Арфкен. Математические методы в физике. Атоииздат.И.,1970.
М.Ханернеш. Теория групп и ее применение к физическим проблемам. Мир.М.1966.
Дж.Эллиот, П.Добер. Симметрии в физике.Т.1.Мир.М.,1983.
A. Jaunbergs. Cietvielu teorijas pamati. Simetrijas teorija. LVU, 1982. Simetrijas grupas
LVU, Rīga, 1983.
У. Харрисон. Теория твердого тела. Мир.М.,1972.
Дж. Займан. Вычисление блоховских функции. Мир.М. ,1973.
Дж.Заиман. Принципы теории твердого тела. Мир.М.,1966.
Ч.Киттель. Квантовая теория твердых тел.Наука.М.,1967.
K. Seeger, Semiconductor Physics; Springer, 1999, 522 pp.
K. Yosida Theory of Magnetism; Springer, 1998, 320 pp.
H. Kuzmany, Solid-State Spectroscopy; Springer, 1998, 450 pp.
M. Daoud, C.E. Williams Soft Matter Physics; Springer, 1999, 320 pp.
K.S. Song, R.T. Williams Self-Trapped Excitons; Springer, 1196, 410 pp.
P. Muerller A.V. Ustinov The Physics of Superconductors. Sprimger, 1997,206 pp.
R. A. Everestov, V. P. Smirnov Site Symmetry in Crystals. Springer, 1997, 282 pp.
Д.Пайнс. Элементарные возбуждения в твердых телах. Мир. М. , 1965.
А.X.Коттрелл. Тееория дислокаций. Мир.М.,1969.
B. Mutafschiev, Funfamentals of Crystal Growth; Springer, 2000, 450 pp.
B. A. Strukov, A.P. Levanyuk Ferroelectric Phenomena in Srystals; Springer, 1998, 308pp.
M.-C. Desjonqueres, D. Spanjaard Concepts in Surface Physics; Springer, 1966, 605 pp.
И. М. Лифшиц. С. А.Гредскул, Л А.Пастур. Введение в теорию неупорядоченных
систем. Наука. М.,1982.
C. Rosen, B. V. Hiremath, R. Newnham Piezoelectricity Springer, 1997.
29
Дх.Займан. Модели беспорядка. Мир.М.,1982.
P. Jund, R. Jullien Physics og Glasses: Structure and Dynamics; Springer, 1999, 285 pp.
3.R.Zallen, The physics of amorphous solids. J-W, N.E. 1983.
M. Pollack, Noncrystalline Semicondustors; Springer, 2000.
М.Борн, Х.Кунь. Динамическая теория кристаллических решеток. М.1958.
Дж.Рейсленд. Физика фононов. Мир.М.,1975.
Н.Ашкрофт, Н.Мернин. Физика твердого тела. Т1 Т2, Мир.М.,1979.
Дж.Займан. Злектроны и фононы. Мир.М.,1962.
А.Марадудин. Дефекты и колебательный спектр кристаллов. Мир.М.,1968.
Дж.Слэтер. Дизлектрики, полупроводники, металлы. Мир.М.,1969.
P. A. Rodnyi Physical Processes in Inorganic Scintillators, Springer, 1997.
L. Jacak, P. Hawrylak, A. Wojs Quantum Dots, Springer, 1998 176 pp.
J. Shah Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Semiconductors and Semiconductor Nanostructures;
Springer, 1999, 518 pp.
H. Bach, N. Neuroth, The Properties of Optical Glass; Springer, 1995, 414 pp.
E. I. Grigoriev, L. I. Trakhtenberg Radiation Chemical Procs In Solid Phase; Springer
1996, 240 pp.
C. P. Jr. Poole, H. A. Farach, Handbook of Electron Spin Resonanse; Springer, 1997, 550
pp.
W. Demtroeder, Laserspektroskopie, Grundlagen und Techniken; Springer, 2000, 780 pp.
(Vācu val.).
23.11.1999.
Doctors study programme in Astronomy
Part A - Astrophysics
1. Introduction to the theory of stellar atmospheres.
1.1. Energy transfer in atmospheres of the stars.
1.2. Equation of radiation balance and its approximate solution.
1.3. Ionisation of stellar atmospheres, Saha’s formula.
2. Stellar spectra.
2.1. Harvard system of star classification.
2.2. Peculiarities in the spectra of dwarfs and giants.
2.3. Influence of different physical factors upon spectra of stars.
2.4. Two-dimensional spectral classification.
3. Models of stellar atmospheres.
3.1. Chemical composition of atmospheres of the stars.
3.2. Stars with non-typical chemical composition of atmospheres.
3.3. Influence of rotation and turbulence upon spectra of stellar atmospheres.
3.4. The model of atmosphere of the Sun.
4. Hertzsprung-Russel diagram.
4.1. H-R diagram of the stars of spherical component of the Galaxy.
4.2. H-R diagram of the stars of disc component of the Galaxy.
30
5. Binary stars.
5.1. Visual and eclipse binary stars.
5.2. Methods of determining orbits and physical parameters of binary stars.
5.3. Physical parameters of binary stars. Mass-luminosity law.
5.4. Types of close binary stars. Flow of gasses in close binary stars and matter overflow.
Roche lobe.
6. Inner structure and evolution of stars.
6.1. State of matter in stellar debris.
6.2. Energy transfer in stars with the help of radiation and convection. Causes of nontransparency of stellar matter.
6.3. Sources of stellar energy. Proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycles.
6.4. Evolution of stars and H-R diagram. Evolution of chemical composition of stellar matter.
6.5. Evolution of close binary stars.
7. Non-stationary stars.
7.1. Types of non-stationary stars and their brightness curves.
7.2. Cepheids, their characteristics and causes of variability.
7.3. RV Taurus and Mira Ceti stars.
7.4. Wolf-Rayet stars.
7.5. Novae, their brightness curves and physical processes during flares.
7.6. Supernovae. Supernovae remnants. Neutron stars and pulsars.
7.7. Flare stars.
8. The Sun.
8.1. Characterisation of Sun as a star.
8.2. Solar photosphere. Inverse layer and chromo sphere. Faculae, floccules and filaments.
Prominences. Motions in solar atmosphere.
8.3. Solar corona and its physical parameters.
8.4. Non-stationary processes on the Sun. Magnetic fields. Sunspots and active areas.
Chromospheric flares. The Sun as a radio variable star. Helioseismology.
8.5. Relations between Sun and Earth.
9. Interstellar medium and nebulae.
9.1. Interstellar gas. Interstellar absorption lines. Interstellar neutral hydrogen radio emission.
Ionisation of interstellar gas, HI and HII zones. Interstellar gas molecules.
9.2. Interstellar gas clouds. Planetary nebulae and their spectra, physical conditions in
planetary nebulae.
9.3. Diffuse gas nebulae. Supernovae remnants.
9.4. Interstellar dust, dust absorption. Dependence of absorption on light wavelength. Spatial
distribution of interstellar dust, dust clouds. Polarisation of light.
9.5. Condensation of interstellar medium and formation of stars. Jeen’s formula.
LITERATURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Д. Я. Мартынов. Курс общей астрофизики. Изд. Наука , М., 1971.
Д.Я. Мартынов. Курс практической астрофизики. Издю Наука, 1977.
E. Bohm-Vitense. Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics, vol. 1, 2, 3, Cambridge University
Press, 1997.
Д. Грей.
Наблюдения и анализ звездных фотосфер. Изд. Мир, М., 1980.
Физика космоса, маленькая энциклопедия. Изд. Советская Энциклопедия, М., 1986.
R. Cayrel. From spectrophotometry to fundamental parameters, effective temperature, gravity
and metallicity. International School of Astrophysics “D Chalonge” 1 st Cource Current
Topics in Astrofundamental Physics, Erice, Italy 1-8 September 1991, p. 655-666.
The New Astronomy, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Author of programme (part A)
Dr. phys. A. Balklavs – Grīnhofs
31
Part B – Fundamental Astronomy
(Astrometry and Theoretical Astronomy)
1. Inertial system of coordinates and motion of the Earth.
1.1 Euler’s kinematic and dynamic equations, their integration in homogeneous case.
1.2 Motion of the poles and proper rotation of the Earth, its connection with measuring of
time. Chandler’s period and Kostinsky’s formulas.
1.3 ITRF – International Terrestrial Reference Frame, its realisation.
1.4 Coordinate system WGS-84 used in global positioning (GPS).
1.5 Kinematic representation of precession and nutation, formalism of matrixes. Motion of the
Earth as transformation of coordinates.
1.6 ICRF – International Celestial Reference Frame, its realisation.
1.7 Maesuring of time and time scales AT, UT, UTC, GPS.
2. Astrometrical observations.
2.1. Meridional instruments and meridional observation technics, its applications.
2.2. Relative measurements of coordinates, tangential reference frame, methods of Terner and
Shlessinger.
2.3. Astrometrical observations using VLBI (Very Long Base radio Interferometry).
2.4. Satellite laser ranging (SLR) and Global positioning system (GPS), their applications to
geodynamics.
2.5. Space based astrometry (HIPPARCOS and other space based astrometric observation
programms, their results).
2.6. Basic reference frames used in astrometry. Refraction and aberration, their influence on
coordinates of space objects.
2.7. Paralax and distance determination until stars and planets (geometric and dynamic
methods).
2.8. Star Catalogs and system of astronomical constants.
3. Methods of orbit determination.
3.1. Non-perturbed (Kepler) motion, its elliptical, parabolic and hyperbolic cases.
3.2. Orbit determination from initial conditions. Orbit determination from two radius vectors.
3.3. Lambert-Euler method and its modifications.
3.4. Gauss method and its modifications.
3.5. Orbit determination using angular measurements (Lagrange-Gauss method).
3.6. Orbit determination using angular measurements (Laplace method).
3.7. Methods of visible parameters and other methods of orbit determination.
4. Problem of N – bodies.
4.1. Motion equations of N-body problem and potential of gravity, integrals of motion.
4.2. Motion in barycentric and Jacobi coordinates, Laplace plane.
4.3. Lagrange-Jacobi equation. Stability of solar system.
4.4. 3-body problem, its special cases.
4.5. Limited 3-body problem.
4.6. Jacobi integral and points of libration. Hill’s problem.
5. Theory of perturbations and motion of satellites.
5.1. Hamilton-Jacobi method, Liuville theorem.
5.2. Jacobi canonical orbital elements and its relationship with Kepler’s elements.
5.3. Equations of perturbed motion in Lagrange form.
5.4. Field of gravity of the Earth and function of perturbations, its properties.
5.5. Secular and periodical perturbations in satellite motion.
5.6. Influence of atmosphere resistance and other dissipative forces on satellite motion.
5.7. Non-classic theories of satellites motion – methods of intermediary orbits.
5.8. Visible motion of satellites, calculation of ephemerides.
32
Literature
1. Подобед В.В., Нестеров В.В. Общая астрометрия. Москва, 1982.
2. Woolard E.W. Theory of the rotation of the Earth around its center of mass.Astron. Papers,
v.15, part. 1, Washington, 1953.
(Вулард Э. Теория вращения Земли вокруг центра масс. Москва, 1963)
3. Reference frames in Astronomy and Geophysics. Astrophysics and Space science Library, vol.
154. (Current Research), Kluwer Acad. Press, 1989.
4. Roy A.E. Orbital Motion. Adam Hilger ltd, Bristol, 1978.
(Рой А. Движение по орбитам. Москва, 1981).
5. J. Kovalevsky Introduction a la Mecanique Celeste. Library Armand Colin, Paris, 1963.
(J. Kovalevsky
Introduction to Celestial Mechanics. Astrophysics and Space science
Library, vol.7,Kluwer Acad. Press, 1967).
6. Дубошин Г.Н. Небесная механика. Основные задачи и методы. Москва, 1968.
7. Субботин М.Ф. Введение в теоретическую астрономию. Москва, 1968.
8. Справочное руководство по небесной механике и астродинамике. Москва, 1976.
9. Жагар Ю.Х. Видимое движение ИСЗ, ч.1, Модели движения Земли и ИСЗ, habilitācijas
darbs, Rīga, 1991 (1999)
Author of programme (Part B)
Dr.hab. phys. J.Žagars
EXAMINATION PROGRAM
for achieving doctor degree of Republic of Latvia
Subsection: material physics
As materials (German Werkstoffe) designate solids whish are used in every day life.
The material physics deals with research of atomic and electron structure of
materials, important in practice, in their connection with physical qualities. Main task of
material physics is to work out models of physical occasions, with purpose to improve the
qualities of existing materials or to discover ways of obtaining new materials.
Examination program of material physics consists of two parts. The first is devoted
to general questions of material science concepts. The second considers some fundamental
aspects of material physics and individual sorts of special materials.
PART 1
1.1.Aims and history of material physics. Classification of materials.
1.2.Atomic structure. Electrons in atom and periodic table. Elementary concepts of
quantum mechanics.
33
1.3.Bonding between the atoms. Covalent, ionic and metallic bonds. Mixed bonding.
1.4. Bonding between the molecules (secondary bonding). Dependence between the bond
length and bond energy.
1.5. Microheterogenic and macroheterogenic structures.
1.6. Physics of crystals.
Unit cell. Co-ordination number, atomic and ionic radiuses, close packed crystal
structure. Bravais lattices and Miller indices. Allotropy.
1.7. Crystalline defects and their significance:
- point defects; vacancies and impurities
- line defects: edge and screw dislocations
- planar defects: edge and screw dislocations
- crystal surfaces and surface properties
- stoichiometry, nonstoichiometry and defect structure
1.8. Single – crystal growth.
1.9.Glasses and amorphous materials. Short range order.
1.10. Different types of glasses (silica glass and lead content glass). Glass technology.
1.11. Solid solutions and two-phase solids. Phase transitions. Phase diagrams.
1.12. Different types of materials and structure – property relationship:
- metals and alloys
- semiconductors
- ceramics
- glass
- polymers
- composites
- wood
1.13. Structure examination methods
- optical microscopy
- x-ray diffraction
- electro- and neutron diffraction
- scanning tunnelling microscope and atomic force microscope
1.14. Concept about clean technologies and industrial ecology. Factor 10. Material
clarification from impurities.
1.15. Life cycle of materials:
- the stages of cycle;
- recycling;
- regulation of ageing;
- corrosion of metals and its protection.
34
1.16. The principles of material choice.
1.17. Intelligent materials and structures.
35
Part 2
2.1 Chemical bonds and the bond theory in solids. Hydrogen molecule: molecular orbital
theory. Band theory. Density of states.
2.2 Solid state chemistry.
Thermodynamics and crystal growth. Physical chemistry of defects. Ionic processes.
Diffusion.
2.3 Phase transitions (PT) and critical phenomena.
Reconstructive and distorsive PT. Thermodynamically classification of PT. Models
of PT. Dynamics of crystal lattice and PT. Kinetics of PT.
2.4 Oscillations of crystal lattice. Born theory. Acoustic and optic oscillations. Phonons.
Local oscillations. Thermal capacity, thermal conduction and thermal expansion of
solids.
2.5 Dielectrics. Macroscopic polarisation theory. Relative permitivity (ε), polarisation (P)
and induction (D). Polarisation mechanisms: electronic, ionic and dipole elastic
polarisation. Mechanisms of thermal (nonelastic) polarisation. Local field. Dielectric
losses. Dielectric breakdown and mechanisms of breakdown.
Polarisation in noncentrosimmetric dielectrics. Electrostriction and piezoeffect.
Ferroelectrics and pyroelectrics. Spontaneous polarisation. Hysteresis loop and
ferroelectric domains. Application of polar dielectrics.
2.6 Solid state ionic. Ionic crystals and defects. Diffusion and conduction mechanisms.
Einstein relation. Superionic conductivity. Solid electrolytes. Mixed electron – ion
conduction. Ion exchange and intercalation. Transition metal oxides and
chalcogenides. Hetero-junctions and their potential. Electrode reactions. Ion and
electron transfer over hetero-junction. Galvanic cells and batteries. Fuel cells. Ion
pumps. Gas and ion sensors. Electrochromic coatings and their application.
2.7 Magnetic properties: diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism. Origins of
ferromagnetism. Magnetic domains. Soft and hard magnetic materials.
2.8 Superconductivity. Meisner effect. Type I and type II superconductors. High
temperature superconductors.
2.9 Optical properties of solids. Absorption and dispersion of refraction index. Photons
and solids. Electrooptical effect. Photonic materials.
2.10 Surface physics. Introduction in surface thermodynamics. Surface energy and methods
of its determination. Real and atomically-clean surfaces. Methods of obtaining clean
surfaces. Modification of surfaces. Surface coatings and ion implantation. Analytical
tools for the surface analysis: electron microscopy, electron diffraction, x-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, scanning tunnelling
microscopy, atomic force microscopy.
2.11 Physics of metal. Lattice defects of metals: vacancies, dislocations, grain and phase
boundaries. Theories of plastic deformation. Dislocation processes in single- and
polycrystals, structural levels of plastic deformation. Diffusion-controlled mechanisms
36
of deformation. Mechanisms of viscous and brittle fracture. Mechanical properties.
Mechanisms of strengthening. Alloys. Phase diagrams. Thermal treatment of metals.
Recrystalisation, polygonisation, ordered solid solutions. Steels. Theory of martensite.
Modern metallic materials: composites, amorphous alloys, nanostructured and
superplastic materials, foamed metals.
2.12 Ceramics. Classical ceramics – clay and earthenware. Phase diagrams of ceramic solid
solutions. Phase rule. Microstructure of ceramics. Synthesis of ceramics. Solid state
reactions and diffusion. Grain growth.
Functional ceramics and applications (high permittivity capacitors, piezoelectric and
electrostrictive transducers, electrooptic devices, PTC thermistors, pyroelectric
sensors, HTSC ceramics, ceramics with ionic conductivity).
2.13 Optical glasses. Atomic structure of glasses. Impact of defects on physical properties.
Description of electronic and vibronic systems in optical glasses. Electron – photon
interaction and generation of defects. Description of practical use of optic glasses
(wave guids, lasers, optical memory)
2.14 Thin films. Physical and chemical methods for preparation of thin films. Molecular
beam epitaxy. Growth from gas phase. Laser beam evaporation. Sol-gel technologie.
Structuration of thin films: etching, photolithography, nanostructuration by tunnelling
microscope.
References, Part I
1. Ю. М. Лахтын¸ В. П. Леонтева “Материаловедение” Машиностроение
М. 1990.
2. О. Уайтт¸ Д. Дьюз – хъюз. “ Металлы¸ керамики¸ полимеры” Атомиздат¸
М. 1979
3. Дж. Слетер. “ Диэлектрики¸ полупроводники¸ металлы” Мир¸ М. 1969
4. Г. С. Жданов. “ Физика твердого тела” М. 1961.
5. W.D.Callister "Material Science and Engineering". John Willey and Sons,
N.Y., 1990.
6. D.R. Askeland "Materialwissenschaffen" Spectrum, Heidelberg, !996.
7. M.F.Ashby, D.R.H.Jones "Engineering Materials 1", Butterworth Heinemann,
1980.
8. S.O.Kasap "Principles of Electrical Engineering: Materials and Devices". Irvin
McGraw-Hill, 1997.
9. C.K. Вайнштейн. “Современная кристаллография”¸ Наука¸ М. 1979.
10. А. Уэллс. “Структурная неорганическая химия”¸Мир ¸ М. 1987.
37
11. А. Вест. “Химия твердого тела” Мир¸М. 1988.
12. J.Kručāns "Kristālu struktūranalīzes pamati", Zvaigzne, Rīga, 1977.
13. Дж. Каули “Физика дифракции”¸ Мир¸М. 1979.
14. P.Ball "Made to Measure: New Materials for the 21st Century", Princeton,
Univ.Press, Princeton, 1997.
15.B.Culshaw "Smart Structures and Materials" Artech House, Boston, 1996.
16. P.Y. Yu, M. Cardona “ Fundamentals of semiconductors”, Springer, 1999.
17. G.L.Timp "Nanotechnology". Springer, 1999.
18. H.Ibach, H.Luth "Solid State Physics. An Introduction to Principles of
Materials Science" Springer, 1995.
19. "Handbook of Photonics" Springer, 1997.
References, Part II
1. Ч. Киттель “Квантовая теория твердых тел” Наука¸ М. 1967.
2. Г.Б. Бокий “Кристаллохимия” МГУ¸ М. 1961.
3. Г. Пиментел¸ Р. Спратли “ Как квантовая механика объясняет
химическую связь?” Мир¸ М. 1973.
3. Ф. Крегер “Химия несовершонных кристаллов”¸ Мир¸ М.1969.
5. “Физика сегнетоэлектрических явлений” Под ред. Г. А. Смоленского¸
Л. Наука¸ 1985.
6. А. Вест. “Химия твердого тела”¸ Мир¸ М. 1988.
7. Б.А. Струков¸ А.П. Леванюк. “Физические основы сегнетоэлектрических
явлений в кристаллах”¸ Наука М. 1995.
8. Р. Браут. “Фазовые переходы”¸ Мир¸ М. 1967.
9. Ю. М. Поплавко. “Физика диэлектриков”¸ Вища школа¸Киев¸ 1980.
10. S.O.Kasap "Principles of Electrical Engineering: Materials and Devices"
Irwin-McGraw-Hill, 1997.
11. Дж. Рейсленд. “Физика фононов”¸ Мир¸ М. 1975.
38
12. Дж. Займан. “Электроны и фононы”¸ Мир¸ М. 1962.
13. Е.А. Укше¸ Н.Г. Букун. “Твердые элекролиты”¸ М. 1977.
14. В.Н. Чеботин¸ М.В. Перфильев. “Электрохимия твердых элекролитов” ¸
М. 1977.
15.”Handbook of Electrochromic Inorganic Materials” Ed. C.G. Granqvist,
Elsevier, 1995.
16. С. В. Вонсовский. “Магнетизм”¸ Наука М. 1971.
17. Д. Маттис. “ Теория магнетизма”¸ Мир¸ М. 1967.
18. “Сверхпроводящие материалы” Сб. ст. ”¸ Мир¸ М. 1965.
19. “ Высокотемпературные сверхпроводники”¸ Мир¸ М. 1988.
20. Ю. М. Уханов “Оптика полупроводников” ¸ М. 1977.
21. М. Робертс¸ Ч. Макки “Химия поверхности раздела металл – газ” ¸ Мир¸
М. 1981.
22. “Методы анализа поверхностей”¸ под ред. А. Зандерны¸ Мир¸ М. 1979.
23. С. Моррисон. “Химическая физика поверхности твердого тела”¸ Мир¸ М.
1980.
24. Я.Е. Гегузин. “Физика спекания” ¸ Наука М. 1984.
25. “Технология тонких пленок”. Справочник. Сов. Радио¸ М. 1977.
26. Г. Шульце. “Металлофизика” ¸ Мир¸ М. 1971.
27. “Физическое металловедение” ¸ под ред.Р. Кана¸ Мир¸ М. 1968.
28. V. Ņikiforovs. “Materiālu tehnoloģija un konstrukciju materiāli” Izd. Zinātne
Rīga, 1972.
29. A.J. Moulson, J.M. Herbert “Electroceramics”, Chapman and Hall, 1990.
30. У.Д. Кингери. “Введение в керамику”¸ Стройиздат¸ М. 1967.
31. Ю.Д. Третьяков “Химия нестехиометрических окислов” ¸ МГУ¸ М. 1974.
32. И.Р. Шен. “Принципы нелинейной оптики”¸ Наука М. 1986.
33. Н. Мотт¸ Э. Дэвис. “ Электронные процессы в некристаллических
веществах” ¸ Мир¸ М. 1982.
39
34. А.Р. Силинь¸ А.Н. Трухин. “Точечные дефекты и элементарные
возбуждения в Si O2” Изд. Зинатне¸ Рига¸ 1985.
DoCtoral study programme in physics
OPTICS
Summary
The subject of this programme is physical optics, which includes the elements of atomic
and molecular optics and spectroscopy, as well as solid state optics questions.
Along with traditional optical methods, the programme deals with Fourier spectroscopy
and the basic features of coherent and quantum optics. Special accent is put on holography
and its application, as well as on laser sourses and their usage in physical optics.
Technique of optical and spectroscopic measurements
1. Basic elements of the theory of spectral apparata. Angular and linear dispersion.
Theoretical spectral resolution. Apparate function. Diffraction. Normal width of the
entrance split. Methods of light flux focusing onto entrance split. Optical materials.
2. Prism spectral apparatus. Dispersion, resolution, spectral range.
3. Diffraction spectral apparatus. Diffraction grating theory elements. Diffraction grating
types. Holographic gratings.
4. Interference spectral devices. Fabri-Perot etalon, its apparate function. Theoretical and
real spectral resolution.
5. Modulation spectral devices. Fourier spectrometers. Spectrometers with selective
interference modulation.
6. Photometric characteristics of optical measurements and devices. Spectral and integral
parameters. Spectral intensity of radiation. Absolute calibration of photometric
quantities.
7. Light sourses for optical spectroscopy. Thermal light sourses. Gase discharge light
sourses, their main types and parameters (plasma lamps, electrodeless lamps, electric
arc, etc.). Gase discharge and plasma physics basic elements. Elementary processes in
plasma. Optical diagnostic of gase discharge.
8. Light polarisation. Circular polarised light creation and detection methods.
Birefringence (phase) plates. Quarter-wave plates. Elliptically polarised light producing
and detecting. Babinet compensator. Luminescence polarisation measurements. Optical
dichroism.
40
9. Light detection. Photoelectric detectors (PEM, photodiodes, diode matrices, CCD
cameras, etc.). Photo-current measurements, photon counting. Calibration of absolute
and spectral sensitivity.
Nonlinear optics elements
1. Nonlinear optical phenomena, their classification and connection with media symmetry
properties.
2. Multiplied frequency generation. Wave synchronisation as a consequence of the
momenta conservation law. Non-linear crystals, examples.
3. Optical detection. Parametric laght scattering.
4. Refraction coefficient changes in strong light fields. Optical Kerr effekt. Kerr and
Pockels cells. Self-focusing and self-diffraction of light.
5. Non-linear changes in absorption coefficient. Self-brightening.
6. Non-linear molecular optics. Multi-photon absorption. Optical pumping and
photoorientation of molecules. Stimulated combinative (Raman) scattering.
Holography
1. Optical holography and its basic principles. Holography as a wave front reconstruction
method. Gabor’s experiments, Leit - Upatniek two-beams scheme, Denisyuk and
Fourier holography.
2. Hologram types. Plane holograms. Thick (volume) holograms. Amplitude and phase
holograms. Hologram effectivity.
3. Techniques of holographic experiments. Isolation of vibrations. Contrast of interference
fringes. Light sourse coherence conditions. Light beam splitting, scanning, filtration.
4. Application of holography. Holographic optical elements. Computer holography.
Holographic interferometry: two exposition method, integration in time, real time
method. Rainbow holograms. Wide observation angle holograms. Colored holograms.
Holographic portraiting. Holographic cinema and television. Optical processing and
storage of information.
Coherent and Fourier optics
1. Fourier series and Fourier integrals in optics.
2. Non-coherent and coherent formation of optical image. Fourier analysis and Fourier
synthesis. Optical image as a result of double diffraction (Abbe theory).
3. Lense property to realise Fourier transformation.
4. Basic principles of frequency filtration and information processing: optical filter,
optical corellator. Methods of advancing the quality of optical image. Matematic
operation: integration, differentiation, corellation, composition, Hilbert transformation.
Object identification.
5. Coherent optics application in crystallography, astronomy, biology and medicine.
6. Inversed wave fronts (IWF) obtaining and application. IWF in static and dynamic
holography. Methods of obtaining parametric IWF. Stimulated Mandelstam- Brillouin
light scattering.
41
Optical properties of atoms and molecules
1. Optical spectra of many-electron atoms. Notion of optical (valence) electron, the
processes of its excitation. Optical spectra of alkali metal atoms (terms classification,
selection rules, fine structure, series progression rules). Atomic spectra of helium and
other noble gas atoms. General propensity rules in atomic spectra.
2. Basic elements of the theory of optical range atomic spectra. Examples: first group
elements optical spectra calculation, Ridberg states.
3. Optical transition probabilities, oscillator strength. Transition electric dipole moments,
transition matrix elements. Forbidden lines. Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole
transitions. Lifetime of atomic states. Metastable states.
4. Experimental methods of determinating optical transition probabilities: absolute
intensities, total absorption, anomalous dispersion, reabsorption of radiation. Excited
state lifetime measurements: fluorescence kinetic after pulsed excitation, one-photon
statistics, time-shifted coincidence, phase shift and other methods.
5. Polarisation of atomic radiation. Coherent effects. Producing oriented atoms by optical
pumping methods.
6. Atom in external magnetic field. Zeeman effect. Magnetic sublevel interference.
Magnetic rezonances. Stark effect.
7. Spectral analysis of atoms and ions. Emission spectral analysis. Atomic absorption
spectral analysis. Sensitivity and accuracy of various spectral analysis methods.
8. Optical properties and electronic terms in diatomic molecules. Vibration-rotational
structure of electronic spectra. Intensity distribution in the vibration-rotational bands.
Intensity and transition dipole moments. Optical transition strength, its experimental
determination.
9. Basic concept of spectroscopic and dynamic molecular constants, their determination
by optical and spectroscopic methods.
10. Electronic state permanent electric dipole moment, its determination by Stark effect
masurements in the optical range.
Molecular optics elements
1. Molecular light scattering in gases, liquids and solid medium. Polarisation effects.
Combinative (Raman) light scattering. Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering. Stimulated
Raman scattering. Raman-effect lidars.
2. Optical activity. Natural optical activity and circular dichroism, their linkage with
structure and symmetry of a molecule.
3. Basic phenomena in many-atomic molecules and crystals. Crystal luminescence and its
rules. Luminescence types, quantum efficiency, Stokes law.
42
Fiber optics and optical waveguides
1. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION IN CYLINDRIC MEDIUM. CRITICAL
ANGLE. MERIDIONAL RAYS, THEIR PROPAGATION.
2. CONVEX OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES. WAVEGUIDE MODES. SURFACE
WAVE PROPAGATION
3. WAVE FIELD PENETRATION THROUGH THE BORDER OF
DIELECTRICS.
NOTION
ABOUT
TRANSGRESSED
INTERNAL
REFLECTION. LIGHT LOSSES IN OPTICAL WAVE GUIDES, THEIR
DIMINISHING BY SURFACE WAVE PROPAGATION.
4. FIBER OPTICS. INFRA-RED FIBER OPTICS. MODE INTERACTION IN
WAVE GUIDES. FIBER OPTICS APPLICATION. SIGNAL PROPAGATION
IN OPTICAL FIBER LINES. OPTICAL CABLES. OPTICAL CONNECTION
LINES, THEIR BASIC ELEMENTS.
Literatūra
Vasco Ronchi. Optics. The science of vision (Dover Publ., New York, 1991)
Grant R. Fowles. Introduction into modern optics (Dover Publ., New York, 1989)
Pedrotti F.L., Pedrotti L.S. Introduction to Optics. (Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1987)
М. Борн, Э. Вольф. Основы оптики. М. Наука. 1970
В.В. Лебедева. Техника оптической спектроскопии. М. МГУ. 1986
И.И. Собельман, Введение в теорию атомных спектров, Москва, Наука, 1977
С.Э. Фриш. Оптические спектры атомов. М., 1962.
Я.Б. Зельдович Н.Ф. Пилипецкий В.В. Шкунов Обращения волнового фронта.
Москва, Наука, 1985
Тарасов К.И. Спектральные приборы. М. 1968.
Л.А. Залманзон. Преобразование Фурье, Уолша, Хаара и их применение. Москва,
Наука, 1989.
И.Г. Стюарт. Введение в Фурье оптику. М. Мир. 1985.
Белл Р.Дж. Введение в Фурье спектроскопию. М. Мир. 1975.
M. Auzinsh and R. Ferber, Optical Polarisation of Molecules, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1995.
R. Ferbers. Luminescences polarizācijas mērījumi. Mācību līdzeklī “Spektrālie mērījumi”,
I daļa, Rīga, LVU, 1978
Г. Герцберг. Колебательные спектры многоатомных молекул. М. Мир. 1971.
К. Бенуел. Основы молекулярной спектроскопи. М. Мир. 1985.
43
Programme of the Doctoral Exam
SPECIALTY: MEDICAL PHYSICS
1. Mechanics, heat, acoustics and optics.
INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICS
Physical values and units. Biological and medical units.
KINEMATICS
Definitions. Motion. Motion freedom degrees. Kinematics of human joints: haunch ands
knee.
Statics
Definitions. Material resistance. Bone deformations - press, yield and torsion. Internal pressure and wall
strain of blood vessels. Bend and shear, their medical aspects; examples.
Hydrostatics
Rules and definitions. Dependence of water pressure on depth; physical aspects of diving. Dependence of
pressure on latitude; physiological effects at high attitudes. Measurement of pressure. Pressure in blood
vessels, brain, eyes, gastro-intestinal system and bladder. Surface tension of liquids, medical examples.
Dynamics
Definitions. External and internal forces, medical examples. Poses of the body influence of motions to
hearing. Physiological effects of vibrations and accelerations. Motion in weightlessness state. Motion of mass
centre, rotational moment. Impulse and moment of impulse in sport. Kinds of jumping, falls, car accidents.
Transfer of mechanical energy.
Hydrodynamics
Ideal liquids, rule of continuity, Bernoulli law. Biomedical examples. Newtonian liquids, Puazeille law. The
Reynolds number. Non-Newtonian liquids. Blood, its composition and flow in blood vessels. Viscosity of
blood.
Energy and metabolism
Heat production and thermoregulation in human body. Metabolic energy supply and consuming: use of
carbohydrates and lipids. Measurements of metabolic velocities.
Physics of vision
Elements of optics. Parameters of optical system. Diffraction limit of the vision sharpness. Light absorption
and scattering in eye structures. Optical instruments for ophthalmology.
Physics of hearing
Elements of acoustics. The hearing mechanism; loudness and its determination. Subjective audiometry.
Measurements of the acoustic resistance.
44
2. Biophysics
Self-regulation of biological systems
Modelling of self-regulating systems, functional schemes. Negative and positive
feedbacks, their mathematical description. Multi-parameter self-regulation. Optimisation.
Examples – description of self-regulating schemes for body temperature, blood pressure,
eye movements. Self-regulation of enzymatic biochemical reactions.
Thermodynamics of biological systems.
Characterisation of open unbalanced thermodynamic systems. Components of
entropy change for open thermodynamic systems. The dissipation function. Peculiarities of
entropy changes in a living biological system.
Molecular biophysics
Interaction of atoms and molecules. Types of bonds. Structure of water. Hydrophobic
bond. The cell membrane. Structure of the whites and ferments. Mechanism of the ferment
action. Electric and thermodynamic processes in neurons. Structure of the vision receptors
and mechanism of the photophysical processes. Photosynthesis.
Radiation biophysics.
Biologically active types of radiation. Physical values characterising radiation.
Molecular mechanisms of the corpuscular radiation influence. Parameters of biological
radiation doses. Degrees of interaction to human body. The primary and secondary
processes. Mechanisms of the gene mutation.
Psychophysical methods.
Method of the sense threshold determination. Basic ideas of the signal detection theory.
The stimulus discrimination threshold. The Weber law. Coding of the sensing stimulus.
The adaptation phenomena. Change of attention due to stimulus.
3. Electricity in medicine
Electroconductivity of nerves
Nerve cells. Resistance and capacity of axon. Steady-state potential. The Nernst equation. The sodiumpotassium pump. Reaction to weak stimuli. Potential of action.
Electromyography (EMG)
The measurement equipment. Velocity of conductivity. Elactro-cardiogamme (ECG). The heart function.
Dipole. The skin potentials. The I, II, III, aVR, aVL signals. Electrodes. Multipliers. Defibrillators.
Electrostimulators of heart.
Electroencephalography (EEG)
System of 10-20-electrode placement. The EEG waves. The EEG signals of epilepsy and sleep.
Electroretinography (ERG) and electrooculography (EOG)
The measurement equipments and obtained signals, their analysis.
The stimulated potentials
45
Stimulation by sound, light and electricity
Biomagnetism
Magnetocardiography. Magnetoencelography.
Electrosafety in hospitals
Physiological reaction to the electro-shock. Macro- and micro-shocks. Calculation of the leak currents.
Preventive measures. Protection of the personnel and equipment.
High-frequency and low-frequency signals.
Diathermy. Electrosurgery. The galvanic reaction of skin.
The electrical properties of tissues
Ion and electron currents. Conductivity and re-localisation of currents. Electrical resistance.
Visualisation of impedance
Tomography of the applied potential. Electroimpedance tomography (EIT). Bipolar measurements –
electrode impedance, disseminated impedance, side-effects. Tetrapolar measurement schemes, noise,
accuracy, repeatability.
Physiological changes of impedance and their reasons
The impedance plethysmography, models, blood flow. The impedance pneimography.
Data accumulation in the electroimpedance tomography
The electrodes and data massifs. The current generators. Multiplexors. Demodulation. Amplitude-to-digital
converters. Noise. Superpositions and relative accuracy.
Re-construction of the electroimpedance tomography images
The direct problem: equations of Laplass and Poisson. The volume electroconductivity. Simplest solutions.
Modelling with limited number of elements. The inverse problem: non-linearity. The inter-active methods.
The one step method - re-projection.
Applications of PPT/EIT.
Images of the lounges. Images of the blood volume.
Physiological effects of electricity
Electrolysis, the nerve stimulation, heat-effects. Electrostimulation of tissues. Knots, axons and equivalent
currents. Connection between current, charge and energy. Sites of stimulation. Orthorhombic and antidromic
conductivity.
Electroactivity of the gastrointestinal tract
Anatomy. The determinating electrorithms, mioelectrical complexes and motility. Detection and analysis of
low-frequency signals. The model of connected oscillators.
4. Ultrasound in medicine
Propagation of ultrasound.
The wave equation. Reflection and refraction on a plane boundary. Mechanisms of diffraction, absorption
and attenuation. Acoustic beams, their modalities. Piezoelectricity. Ferroelectricity and magneto-striction.
Emission and detection of ultrasound.
46
The ultrasound diagnostics
Configurations of the diagnostic images: A, T.M. and B modes. The real-time B-scanner. Other techniques
of imaging (holography, ultrasound computer tomography, C-mode, F-mode). Acoustic characterisation of
tissues. The Doppler principle and Doppler flowmeters. Analysers and visualisers of the Doppler signals.
Angiography, echocardiography, colour Doppler signals, 3D-imaging.
The ultrasound therapy and surgery
The heat emission and hyperthermia. The ultrasound microscope. Ultrasound surgery, ultrasound scalpel,
ultrasound litotripsy.
5. Optics in medicine
Propagation of optical radiation in tissues.
Optical wavelength range: ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectral regions and their limits;
specific “A”, “B” and “C” bands of UV and IR. Main processes of the light-matter
interaction: absorption, scattering, reflection, refraction, luminescence, interference,
polarization; their physical models and mechanisms. Energetic structure of matter in
gaseous, liquid and solid state, character of corresponding absorption and emission spectra.
Specific features of living tissues from the point of optics. Relations of scattering and
absorption in tissues; the “therapeutic window”.
Models of light propagation in tissues and the parameters used: absorption and scattering
coefficients, anisotropy, penetration depth, transport parameters; their connection with
diffuse reflectance (remission). Time-resolved remittance models. Modeling of anisotropic,
isotropic and layered tissue structures.
Experimental studies of light propagation in tissues; tissue phantoms in experiments. Basic
principles of optical tomography.
Skin optics.
Structure of human skin. Thicknesses and optical properties of appropriate skin layers. The
Kubelka - Munk model. Experimental data on skin absorbance and remittance in different
spectral regions. Skin pigments (melanin, bilirubin, carotene, haemoglobin) and their
spectra.
Influence of UV radiation to human skin. Human erytherma action spectra. Melanogenesis
(tanning) and its mechanism. Classification of human skin types according to sunburn.
Sunscreens; sun protection factor (SPF) values and subsequent effects.
Principles of phototherapy. Heliotherapy. Solariums and their equipment; spectral and
power parameters of solaruim lamps. Phototherapy of Hyperbilirubinemia and Psoriasis.
Blood optics.
Composition of blood. Spectral properties of erythrocytes, thrombocytes and blood plasma.
Differences between oxygenated and unoxygenated haemoglobin absorption spectra.
Principles of optical pulse oximetry.
Routine “in vitro” blood spectral analysis in laboratories: basic requirements and
equipment.
Optics of the hard tissues.
Structure of human bones, nails and teeth; their spectral characteristics.
Teeth fluorescence and its use for diagnosis of caries. Photopolymeric teeth fillings and
their irradiation devices.
Eye optics.
Structure of human eye. Absorbance and refractivity of various components in ocular
media. Color vision mechanism, color receptors and their spectral sensitivity.
47
Effects of UV-A,B,C, visible and IR-A,B,C irradiation on human vision. Retinal maximum
permissible exposures of optical radiation. Eye protective filters and goggles.
Optical sensing for diagnostics and monitoring.
Biomedical optical sensors: general classification. Pure optical, physical and chemical
sensors; sensors for diagnostics, patient monitoring and signalling. Invasive and noninvasive optical sensors. Optical fibre medical sensors.
Photoplethysmography; its use for heartbeat rate, blood supply and arterial blood pressure
sensing.
Optical pulse oximeters: design principles. Invasive and non-invasive blood oxygen
saturation measurements. Features of finger, earlobe and eye pulse oximetry. Remissionbased one-touch pulse oximeters. Commercial devices.
Laser Doppler flowmetry: basic principles of operation. Blood supply and blood flow
measurements by means of LDF. Design of invasive and non-invasive LDFs. Non-contact
blood flow determination, blood flow imaging and mapping. Commercial devices.
Near-infrared cerebral oxygenation monitoring. Absorption of haemoglobin and
cytochrome aa3 in 700 - 1000 nm wavelength region. Peculiarities of infant NIROmonitoring. Commercial devices.
Spectrometry of human tissues. Absorption and remission in-vivo measurements of
glucose, bilirubin and fat in a human body. In-vitro spectrometry in clinical laboratories
and pharmacology praxis. Commercial devices.
Optical sensing of physical parameters. Design principles of biomedical optical sensors of
temperature, pressure and displacement. Commercial devices.
Optical sensing of biochemical analytes. Evanescent wave devices. Fibre optic invasive
biosensors for determination of pH, O2, CO2 and other analytes in human body.
Commercial devices.
Optical fluorescence diagnostics: main principles and applications in oncology, cardiology
and dentistry.
Laser-tissue interactions and laser treatment.
Basic designs of medical lasers and radiation delivery devices.
General mechanisms of laser-tissue interaction. Laser-caused photochemical, photothermal
and photodecomposition effects; corresponding radiant doses and temperature intervals.
Penetration depth of laser radiation in tissues. Cellural necrosis as a time-temperature
function. Critical laser power/energy densities causing photocoagulation, carbonization,
vaporization and photoablation of tissues.
Medical laser safety. Laser safety classes 1, 2, 3A, 3B and 4 and the corresponding
potential hazards. Occupational exposure limits for commonly used lasers. Laser-protective
goggles. Laser danger warning labels and their colouring. Laser safety national and
international standards.
Low-power laser therapy and biostimulation: techniques and possible mechanisms. Laser
acupuncture and wound healing.
Medium-power laser applications. Laser photodynamic therapy: basic idea and the optical
energy transfer scheme. Designs of optical diffusers used for PDT. Port wine strain and
tattoo removal by laser irradiation: physical principles.
High-power laser applications. Principles of laser surgery, laser angioplasty and laser
dentistry. Tissue welding by laser radiation. Laser spark, bubble creation and shock wave
dynamics. Advantages and applications of Holmium and Erbium lasers in medicine.
6. Nuclear physics in medicine
48
Nuclear diagnostics
Production of radionucleids. The scintillation gamma camera - collimators, crystals, configuration of
instrumentation, detectors. Single-photon computer tomography: design of equipment, image reconstruction
from the projections, noise. Positron emission imaging: detection of the annihilation radiation, positron
cameras. Positron tomography. Quality assurance, control of radioactive material storage, radiation safety
regulations. Radio pharmacy compounds. Dynamic investigations in nuclear medicine.
Applications of magnetic resonance
Magnetic dipole moments. Nuclear magnetic resonance. Magnetic resonance tomography (MRT). Processes
of image formation and processing. Fourier transforms. Factors that influence the image quality. Mechanisms
of relaxation. Flow effects in nuclear magnetic resonance. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, its applications
for in-vivo diagnostics.
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy materials, irradiation devices, permitted dosage and its control. Radiotherapy in oncology,
examples.
Literature
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
E. Fukushima NMR in Biomedicine; Springer, 1997, 170 pp.
M. Niemz Laser- Tissue Interactions; Springer, 1996, 299pp.
A.F. Fercher Medizinische Physik; Springer, 1999, 919pp.
J. Bille, W. Schlegel Medizinische Physik; Springer, 1999, 526pp.
Remizov A.H. Medicinskaja i biologicheskaja fizika, Vishaja Shkola, M., 1988.
A. J. Welsh, M. van Germet, Optical Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated
Tissue, Plenum Press, NY, 1995.
7. J. D. Regan, J. A. Parrish, The Science of Photomedicine, Plenum Press,
NY, 1982.
8. S. L. Jacques, Tissue Optics, SPIE Short Course Notes SC34, Bellingham, 1996.
9. M. H. Niemz, Laser-Tissue Interactions: Fundamentals and Applications,
Springer, Berlin, 1996.
10. A. P. Shepard, P. A. Oberg, Laser Doppler Blood Flowmetry, Kluwer Publ.,
Boston, 1990.
11. A. Katzir, Lasers and Optical Fibers in Medicine, Academic Press, NY, 1993.
Examination program for PhD studies
SPECIALITY: CHEMICAL PHYSICS
The Program corresponds to the state-of-the-art level of chemical physics. It reflects
directions that are necessary for a qualified worker in this field.
PhD student should expose a high level of theoretical education, knowledge of general concepts
and methodology of chemical physics, skills in applying this knowledge to solution of research and
applied problems.
The Program contains the general range of chemical physics problems. Respecting the PhD work
theme, a specific theme is offered in the framework of the Program to be presented as an essay.
49
1. Structure of matter. Foundations of the quantum theory of many-electron systems.
Born-Openheimer adiabatic approximation. Symmetry properties of many-electron wave functions.
Helium atom in the ground and excited states. Many-electron atoms and the periodic system of
elements. Angular momentum operators. Energy levels. Basic principles of valence theory.
2. Electronic structure of molecules.
The method of molecular orbitals and its application to diatomic molecules. The hydrogen
molecular ion and the hydrogen molecule. Molecular orbitals of homonuclear diatomic
molecules. Heteronuclear diatomic molecules. The crossing law for molecular terms. The
self-consistent field concept. Hybridisation of atomic wave functions. The method of
molecular orbitals in the Hückel approximation, and its application to molecules with
conjugated bonds. Application of Hartree-Fock and Kohn-Sham ab initio methods for
modelling of many-electron molecular systems.
3. Electronic structure of coordination compounds. Intermolecular interaction.
The crystal field theory. Complexes with strong and weak bonds. Spin-orbital interaction.
Application of the molecular orbital method to coordination compounds. The Jahn-Teller
effect. Van der Waals forces. Donor-acceptor complexes. The hydrogen bond.
4. Solid state structure and properties.
The nature of interactions in crystals. Oscillations and waves in a 1D lattice. Oscillations
of atoms in a 3D lattice. Normal oscillations. Electron in a periodical field.
Approximations of strongly and weakly bounded electrons. Brillouin zones. Energy zones
structure. Localised electronic states in crystal. Modelling of perfect and non-perfect crystal
structures using ab initio calculations in the Hartree-Fock and Kohn-Sham approximations.
5. Optical spectroscopy of molecules.
Molecule rotations and molecule rotation levels. Molecule oscillations. Interaction between
rotations and oscillations. Electronic states classification for diatomic and simple
polyatomic molecules. Interaction between electronic movement and rotations in diatomic
molecules. Electronic-oscillation interaction. Electronic-oscillation-rotation interaction in
polyatomic molecules. Selection rules. Rotation and oscillation-rotation spectra. Electron
transitions. Oscillation-rotational structure of electronic spectra.
6. Chemical magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
appearance conditions. Relaxation time and form of the resonance line. Hamiltonian of
magnetic interactions. Chemical shift and spin-spin interaction in NMR. Hyperfine
structure of EPR spectra. Interpretation of the hyperfine interaction tensor and g-tensor.
Possibilities of the magnetic resonance methods in investigation of molecular and chemical
process rates.
7. Chemical thermodynamics and equilibrium.
Equilibrium distribution of molecules in the ideal gas. Maxwell distribution and Boltzmann
distribution. Bose and Fermi distributions. Gibbs statistics. Thermodynamic functions and
quantities. Thermodynamical properties of the ideal gas. Fluctuations. Phase equilibrium.
Weak solutions. Chemical equilibrium. Properties of surfaces.
8. Elementary atomic and molecular processes.
50
Elastic atomic collisions. Total and differential scattering cross-sections. Inelastic
collisions. Transition probabilities, cross-sections and rate constants of direct and inverse
processes. Potential energy surface of a three-atomic system. The transition state method.
Nonadiabatic processes.
Monomolecular reactions. Molecule activation mechanism. Strong collisions and
stepwise excitation. Statistical model of monomolecular reactions.
Thermal dissociation of diatomic molecules. Bimolecular reactions with transition
complex formation. Direct bimolecular reactions: ricochet mechanism, break-off
mechanism, direct knock-out mechanism. Energy distribution in bimolecular reactions.
9. Energy exchange in molecular collisions.
Transformation of translational, rotation and vibrational energy during collisions.
Relaxation with respect to the translational, rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom.
Kinetic equations for energy level populations (also for reactive collisions).
10. Interaction of electrons with atoms and molecules.
Excitations of atoms and molecules due to collisions with electrons. Electron impact
ionisation of atoms and molecules. Photoionisation. Recombination of atoms and electrons.
11. Kinetic description of chemical reactions.
Mechanism and rate of a chemical reaction. Rate equation. Reaction rate and activation
energy. 1st and 2nd order one-direction and reversible reactions. 1st order reaction kinetics
in an open system. Stationary process in an open system. Kinetics of complex reactions.
Successive and parallel processes. Method of quasisteady concentration. The limiting stage
of a complex process.
12. .Properties of chemical reactions in condensed matter.
The role of environment in an elementary act. The influence of diffusion on reaction rate.
Cell effect. Environment polarisation influence on elementary reactions with charged
particles. The role of the dielectric constant. Broensted-Bjerrum relationship. Solvated
electron reactions. Diffusional theory of radical recombination in solutions. Stationary and
nonstationary kinetics of recombination. Recombination of radical pairs. Spin effects.
Polarisation of nuclei and electrons, importance of chemical polarisation of spins and its
application to problems of chemical kinetics. Magnetic field influence on chemical
reactions. Tunnel effect in chemical reactions. Electron transfer reactions.
13. Induced reactions and homogeneous catalysis reactions.
Conjugated reactions. Photo-chemical and radiation chemical reactions. Mechanisms of
homogeneous catalysis (acid - base, fermentative, catalysis with variable valence ions).
Autocatalytic reactions.
14. Heterogeneous reactions.
Catalysis on solid surfaces. Chemosorption and mechanisms of reactions at solid surfaces.
Inhibition and competition of surface reactions.
15. .Chain reactions.
Chains formation, development and break. Chain length. Chain reaction rate. Nonbranching chain reactions. Linear and quadratic chain break, chain break at walls. Diffusion
influence on chain reaction rate. Chain reaction inhibition. Branching of chain reactions.
Boundary phenomena. Ignition. Reactions with degenerated chain branching. Reactions
with energetic branching. Chemical lasers.
51
Supplementary program for PhD examination in Chemical physics
I. Methods of many-electron system theory
1.Hartree-Fock self-consistent field theory. MO LCAO approximation.
2.Electron correlation description with configuration interaction method.
3.Self-consistent field many configuration method. The method of valence bonds.
4.Electron density and methods of its experimental research. Electron density matrix, atom
charges and bond orders. Methods of population analysis in molecular calculations.
5.Ab initio methods of electron structure calculations. Types of basis functions and
methods of their construction.
6.Hohenberg- Kohn theory. Kohn - Sham method. Exchange - correlation functionals and
methods of their construction.
7.Scattered waves methods. X2 - discrete variation method.
8.Quantum chemistry semiempirical methods based on molecular orbitals method. Zero
differential overlap approximation. Ways and types of parametrisation in semiempirical
methods.
9.Ideal crystal zone structure calculation methods: OPV, PPV, KKP, Hartree - Fock
method, linearised methods (LPPV, LMTO).
II. Applications.of many-electron system theory .
1. Quantities characterising molecular structure, their dimensions, order of magnitude.
Methods and ways for calculation of the characteristic quantities (geometry, heat of
formation, atomisation energy, dipole moment, absorption spectra, magnetic resonance
parameters).
2.Interaction between molecules. Van der Waals forces. Foundations of interaction
between molecules in perturbation theory. Description of intermolecular and intramolecular
interactions using pair, three particle etc. potentials.
3.Possibilities of Monte-Carlo and molecular dynamics methods, and examples of their
application for studies of spatial structure of condensed matter. Conformational analysis of
macromolecules.
4.Potential energy surfaces. Calculation methods and examples of adiabatic surfaces for
chemical processes. Reactivity indexes.
5.Main characteristic quantities for crystal structure. Calculation methods for zone
structure, bond energy, elasticity modules, X-ray structure parameters, Compton profile
parameters.
6.Methods and models for point defect calculations in crystal. Molecular dynamics method.
Other methods using pair atom-atom potentials. Molecular cluster model perturbed crystal
model.
7. Main characteristic quantities for point defects in crystals, calculation examples,
evaluation of defect models applicability in crystals. Lattice deformation, optical
absorption, luminescence, magnetic resonance parameters, diffusion of defects.
8.Theoretical methods for study of adsorption and catalyses.
9.Theoretical models of formation mechanisms for radiation point defects in nonmetalic
crystals.
III Kinetics and mechanisms of processes in condensed matter
52
1.Particle method for process description. Kinetic particles. Reaction features in liquids and
solids. The role of structure.
2.Phenomenological description of reactions. Main postulates. Reactions rates. Reaction
types: distant, contact, limited by reactant mobility and recombination rate. Mono- and
bimolecular reactions. Cell effect.
3. Kinetics of 1st and 2nd order processes. Mutual connection of the 1st and higher order
processes. Accounting for recombination..
4.Tunnel recombination kinetics. Diffusion controlled tunnel recombination. Effective
radius of recombination, its temperature dependence. Chaotic and correlate distribution of
partner pairs.
5.Diffusion controlled processes. Diffusion equation, diffusion coefficient, Einstein
relation. Nonstationary and quasistationary kinetics.
6.Diffusion controlled electron process mechanisms. Role of self-trapping, recombination,
and hopping carriers transfer. Electric conductivity in glasses and in strong doped crystals.
Percolation phenomena.
7.Diffusion controlled ion process mechanisms. Heavy particle tunnelling. Experimental
study methods of diffusion in electron and ion subsystems.
IV. Features of point defects in solids and mechanisms of related processes .
1. Point self-defects in elementary, binary and many-component crystals. Self-defects in
glasses. Equilibrium concentration of defects. Effective mass law. Dependence of defect
concentration on external parameters.
2. Mechanisms of self-defect formation and diffusion in crystals and glasses, experimental
research methods. Radiation defect formation mechanisms.
3.Main radiation defects in solids. Radiolysis mechanisms and kinetics. Defect association
and clusterisation. Defect annealing kinetics. Defect annealing ionic and electron-ionic
mechanisms. Experimental methods of studying radiolysis. .
4.Autolocalisation phenomena: electron, hole and exciton self-trapping. Charge carrier
self-trapping examples in nonmetallic solids. Self-trapped exciton decay mechanisms with
primary Frenkel defect formation.
V Experimental methods for studying processes in condensed phase.
1.Optical absorption and luminescence spectroscopy. Electron - oscillation transitions in
defects, their spectral passport. Defect dichroism and defect luminescence polarisation.
Spectral - kinetic methods of optical spectroscopy. Methods and apparatus with
nanosecond and picosecond resolution. Weak light flow measuring methods. VUV and IR
spectroscopy methods and apparatus.
2.Magnetic resonance spectroscopy: EPR, NMR, ODMR, possibilities and restrictions of
the techniques with time resolution.
3.Thermoactivation spectroscopy. Thermostimulated luminescence, current, depolarisation,
exoelectron emission, optical and EPR absorption relaxation methods. Fractional heating.
4.Combinative scattering and its possibilities in study of processes.
5. Methods of investigation of structure: electronography un electron spectroscopy.
EXAFS. Methods for investigation of solid composition. Mass-spectroscopy.
6.Employing laser for investigation of processes in condensed state. Tuned and linear
lasers. Continuous and pulse radiation lasers. Pico- and femtosecond laser pulse obtaining
principles.
53
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2. Г.Герцберг. Спектры и строение простых свободных радикалов. Физ-мат.,М.Л.,1962.
3. А.И.Ансельм. Введение в теорию полупроводников.Физ-мат.,М Л.,1962
4. А.Керрингтон, Э.Мак-Лечлан. Магнитный резонанс и его применение в химии.
Мир,М.,1970.
5. А.С.Компанеец. Теоретическая физика. Просвещение, М., 1975.
6. В.Н.Кондратьев, Е.Е.Никитин. Кинетика и механизм газофазных реакций. Наука:
М., 1974.
7. Н.М.Эмануэль, Д.Г.Кнорре. Курс химической кинетики. Высшая шко-ла, М., 1974.
8. С.Бенсон. Основы химической кинетики. Мир. М., 1964.
9. Б.М.Смирнов. Ионы и возбужденные атомы в плазме. Атомиздат. М., 1974.
10. Е.В.Ступоченко, С.А.Лосев, А.И.Осипов. Релаксационные процессы в ударных
волнах. Наука. М., 1965.
11. Я.Б.Зельдович, А.С.Компанеец. Теория детонации. М., ГТТИ, 1955.
12. Д.А.Франк-Каменецкий. Диффузия.и теплопередача в химической кинетике.
Наука. М.
13. Р.Курант, Н.Фридрихс. Сверхзвуковое течение и ударные волны. ИЛ, М., 1950.
14. Е.А.Мельвин-Хьюэ. Равновесие и кинетика реакций в растворах. Химия, М.,
1975.
15. А.Л.Бучаченко, Р.З.Сагдеев, К.М.Салихов. Магнитные и спиновые эффекты в
химических реакциях. Новосиб.,Наука, 1978.
16. К.И.Замараев, Ю.Н.Молин, К.М.Салихов. Спиновый обмен. Теория и физикохимические приложения. Новосибирск, 1977.
17. Н.Н.Семенов. О некоторых проблемах химической кинетики и реакционной
способности. АН СССР, М., 1958.
18. А.С.Башкин, В.И.Игошин, А.Н.Ораевский, В.А.Щеглов, Химические
лазеры. Наука, М., 1982.
19. Е.С.Щетников. Физика горения газов. Наука, М., 1965.
20. Б.Льюис, Г.Эльбе. Горение, пламя и взрывы в газах.Мир.М.,1968.
21.
Я.Б.Зельдович,
Г.И.Баренблатт,
В.Б.Либрович,
Г.М.Махвиладзе.
Математическая теория горения и взрыва.Наука.М.,1980.
22. Р.М.Фристром, А.А.Весгенберг. Структура пламени. Металлургия. М., 1969.
23. Г.И.Ксандопуло. Химия пламени. Химия. М., 1980.
24. П.Ф.Похил, В.М.Мальцев, В.М.Зайцев. Методы исследования про-цессов
горения и детонации. Наука. М., 1969.
25. К.И.Щелкин, Я.К.Трошин. Газодинамика горения. АН СССР.М.,1963.
26. А.Ф.Беляев, В.К.Боболев и др. Переход горения конденсированных систем и
взрыв. Наука. М., 1973.
27. В.Н.Вилюнов. Теория зажигания конденсированных веществ. Наука. М., 1984.
29. Н.Н.Бахман, А.Ф.Беляев. Горение гетерогенных конденсированных систем.
Наука. М., 1967.
30. Б.В.Новожилов. Нестационарное горение твердых ракетных топлив.
Наука. М., 1973.
31. П.Ф.Похид, А.Ф.Беляев и др. Горение порошкообразных металлов в активных
средах. Наука. М., 1972.
32. Quantum-mechanical ab initio calculations of the properties of crystalline materials
(Ed. C.Pisani), Lecture Notes in Chemistry, v.67, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1996.
33. H.Donnerberg. Atomic simulation of electrooptic and magnetooptic oxide materials,
Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, v.151, Berlin, 1999
54
34. C.Noguera. Physics and Chemistry at Oxide Surfaces, Cambridge University
Press, 1996
35.W.Hayes and A.M. Stoneham. Defects and Defect Processes in Nonmetallic
Solids, John-Wiley, 1985
55
IVARS TALE
CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME:
IDENTIFICATION No:
DATE OF BIRTH:
ADDRESS:
Ivars TALE
23013610118
January 23, 1936
University of Latvia,
Faculty of physics and mathematics, Zellu Str. 1
Institute of Solid State Physics, Kengaraga Str. 8,
LV-1063 Riga , Latvia; [email protected].
EDUCATION:
1954 – 1959 University of Latvia, Faculty of Physics and
Mathematics, student.
1966-1969 University of Latvia, research student.
ACADEMIC AND SCIENTIFIC QUALIFICATION
1974 Candidat of Phys. and Math. Sciences
1983 Doctor of Phys. and Math. Sciences
1987 Professor (Certificate of SU Supreme Attestation
Commission )
1993 Member of Latvian Academy of Sciences
1991 Dr. habil. in Physics
1996 Full member of Latvian Academy of Sciences 1997
Professor of University of Latvia
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE AND POSITION
1959 Research assistant Faculty of Physics and Mathematics
(FPM), University of Latvia (UL).
1959-1966 Research assistant, Research Laboratory of
Semiconductor Physics (RLSP), UL
1969-1971 Research assistant, RLSP, UL.
1971-1979 Head of Research Group, RLSP, UL
1979-1997 Head of Research Division, Institute of Solid
State Physics (ISSP), UL
1997 - present, Professor FPM, UL
INVOLVEMENT IN PROFESSIONAL, PUBLIC STRUCTURES
Member of Association of Scientists of Latvia
Member of Physical Society of Latvia
Member of Promotion Council in Physics, UL
Date
Signature
56
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name Surname: Andris Krumins
Identification No: 310343-10616
Date & place of birth: Talsi, 1943.gada 31.martā
Address:
Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga,
Kengaraga Str.8, LV-1063, Phone: (+371) 2261414, FAX: (+371)112583
e-mail: [email protected]
Education:
1962-1966 student at Faculty of Physics & Mathematics,
Univerity of Latvia
1967-1969 Ph.D.student at Faculty of Physics & Mathematics,
Univerity of Latvia
Pedagogic/Scientific Qualifications:
1970 Candidate of Sciences, Rostova University , Russia
1986 Doctor of Sciences, Institute of Physics, Latvian Academy of Sciences
Since 1997 Professor at the University of Latvia.
Academic Positions:
1966-1969 Senior researcher at the University of Latvia
1969-1978 Chief of Ferroelectrics Department and Deputy director at the
Insitute of Solid Stae Physics (ISSP)
1991-1999 Dirctor of the ISSP
May, 1999 Deputy director of the ISSP
Organization and Management Activities:
Since 1991 Senator at the University of Latvia
Member of International Advisory Boards
Member of Latvian Physics Society and American Optical Society.
Publications: Total number of scientific publications: 166.
May 4, 2000
A.Krumins
57
http://www.lza.lv/scientists/silinsa.htm
Andrejs SILINS
Professor Andrejs SILINS
Secretary General
Latvian Academy of Sciences
Akademijas laukums 1
Riga, LV1524
Latvia
Professor
Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia
Kengaraga iela 8
Riga, LV1063
Latvia
Phone: +371 721 1405
Fax: +371 722 8784; +371 782 1153
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Born: October 12, 1940, Riga, Latvia
Interests:
Physics of Optical Glasses, Radiation Processes in Glasses, Point Defects in Fused
Silica
Spectroscopic Investigation of Intrinsic and Impurity Defects in Fused Silica
Development of Geometric and Electronic Models of Defects
High Temperature Point Defect Generation and Recombination Mechanisms
Radiation Processes in Fused Silica
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English
58
Education
University of Latvia, Riga, 1963
State University, Moscow, 1966
Candidate of Physics and Mathematics (Candidate of Science in former USSR, Ph.D. in
Western countries), University of Latvia, Riga, 1972
Dr.habil.phys. (Doctor of Science in former USSR), University of Latvia, 1984
Experience
University of Latvia:
Junior researcher, Semiconductor Physics Problem Laboratory, 1966-1967
Postgraduate (Ph.D. Student), 1967-1970
Head of Division, Semiconductor Physics Problem Laboratory, 1971-1978
Vice-Director, Institute of Solid State Physics, 1978-1984
Director, Institute of Solid State Physics, 1984-1992
Professor, Institute of Solid State Physics, 1991 Latvian Academy of Sciences:
Secretary General, 1992 Other:
Member of Parliament (Saeima) of the Republic of Latvia, 1993-1995
Honours and Awards
Award of Honour for Achievements in Teaching Young Scientists, Latvian Ministry of
Education, 1989
Medal for Achievements in the People Education, Latvian Ministry of Education, 1990
Corresponding Member, Latvian Academy of Sciences, 1990-1992
Full Member, Latvian Academy of Sciences, 1992
Professional Activities and Memberships
Chairman (1991-1992, 1998-1999), Vice-chairman (1990-1991, 1997-1998), Member
(1992- ), Latvian Council of Science
Member, American Physical Society, 1990Member, International Society for Optical Engineering, 1993-1994
Member, Latvian Physical Society, 1991Chairman, Editorial Advisory Board of the "Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of
Sciences", 1992 59
Lectures
The possibilities to use the intrinsic defects optical properties for optoelectronics in
fused silica. Invited lecture. NATO Advanced Research Workshop
PANCSO'96, Chisinau, Moldova, 1996.
Courses
University of Latvia:
Physics of optical glasses,
Optical properties of solid materials
Physics in general
Recent/Representative Publications
A.R.Silins. Defects in glasses. - Rad.Effects and Defects in Solids, 1995, vol.134, pp.710
A.R.Silins. Thermally induced point defects in fused silica. - Glastechnishe BerichteGlass Sci. Technol., 1994, vol.67C, pp.14-18
A.R.Silins, L.A.Lace. Influence of stoichiometry on high temperature intrinsic defects in
fused silica. - J.Non-Crystalline Solids, 1992, vol.149, pp.54-61
A.R.Silins. Light-induced ionic processes in optical oxide glasses. - J. Non-Crystalline
Solids, 1991, vol.129, pp.40-45
A.R.Silins, A.N.Trukhin. Point Defects and Elementary Excitations in Crystalline and
Glassy SiO2.. Riga: Zinatne, 1985, 244 pages (in Russian)
A. Silins. Point Defects in the Glass Network. - Glass Science and Technology, 1998,
vol. 71C, pp. 61-66.
Research Projects
A.Silins (Scientific co-ordinator of Project) INCO-COPERNICUS Nr.20533: Creation
and Development of Fellow Member to the Innovation Relay
Centres in Latvia. European Commission (1997- ).
Dr.habil.phys. L.Skuja, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia (Head of
Project). Spectroscopic Studies of Point Defects in Oxide Materials
with Different Degree of Structural Disorder. Latvian Council of Science (1997-2000).
Avocations: Volleyball, gardening, children education and apiculture
60
Last update 05.10.1999
61
JANIS SPIGULIS
Date and place of birth : 9 May 1950 in Riga, Latvia
Address : Physics Department and IAPS
University of Latvia
Raina Blvd. 19
Riga, LV-1586
LATVIA
Phone:+371 7228 249
FAX: +371 7820 113
E-mail: [email protected]
Education
Univ. of Latvia
Univ. of Latvia
Univ. of Latvia
Univ. of Latvia
Degree
M. Sc.
Ph. D.
Dr. Habil. Phys.
Professor
Univ. of Latvia
State Professor
Discipline
Physics
1973
Optics
Technical Physics 1993
Applied Optics and 1995
Optoelectronics
Laser Physics and 1998
Spectroscopy
Year received
1979
Ph. D. thesis : Study of the sensitised fluorescence of metal vapour mixtures in pulsed mode.
Dr. Habil. Phys. thesis: Optoelectronical methods and devices for experimental research, technological control, and
information transfer.
RESEARCH AND ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES
J. Spigulis graduated from the University of Latvia in 1973. As a graduate student, he joined Laboratory of
Spectroscopy of UL to study kinetics of optical excitation energy transfer in metal vapour mixtures. The results of this
work have been represented at his Ph. D. thesis (Riga, 1979). Later in 1980 - 1985 he dealt with ion mass-analysis in
laser excited atomic beams as well as with infrared emitter-receiver systems and pulsed optical radiation detection and
calibration techniques. SInce 1986 his research activities are concentrated to fiberoptics, optoelectronics and biomedical
optics; he established and leads the Fiberoptics and Optoelectronics Group at University of Latvia. His recent work has
been concerned with design and investigation of optical fibre sensors, communication devices, medical lightguide
systems and new types of the side-glowing optical fiber, as well as with optical methods for nonivasive cardiovascular
diagnostics.
Since 1973 J. Spigulis has been a staff researcher at University of Latvia in positions of Junior Research
Associate (1973-1980), Senior Research Associate (1980-1986), Leading Scientist (1986-1994) and Professor. Dr.
Spigulis has worked out and delivers lecture courses "Lightguide Physics", "Optoelectronics", “Laser Physics” and
“Earth Physics” for B. Sc. Students, and "Fundamentals of Biomedical Optics" and "Medical Lightguides" for M. Sc.
students. In 1995 he launched the MSc programme on Biomedical Optics at University of Latvia and actively coordinated this programme in the following years.
J. Spigulis has authored over 60 published papers and a book on fiberoptics for students; he holds 8 patents.
The research results have been presented at numerous international conferences and seminars in Latvia, Russia, USA,
Canada, Mexico, UK, Sweden, Finland, France and other countries. In 1995 J. Spigulis was involved in a 6-month
medical fiberoptics research project at King's College London, UK. Other international activities include participation in
the EU TEMPUS project on Medical Engineering and Physics education in Baltic states and in two VISBY projects with
Swedish universities (Lund and Linkoping). He is the founder and present vice-chairman of the Baltic Chapter of SPIE International Society for Optical Engineering, member of Latvian Union of Scientists, Latvian Physical Society and
Latvian Society of Medical Engineering and Physics.
LIST OF THE MAIN PUBLICATIONS
1. J.Spigulis. Pulsed sources for excitation of atomic fluorescence. - In: "Flash Photometry", v. 5, Leningrad, 1978,
p.164 / R*.
2. J.Spigulis, A.Bulishev, V.Malkin. Kinetic studies of excitation transfer in the Cd-K and Cd-K-N2 mixtures. - Abstr. 6
Int. Conf. on Atomic Physics (ICAP), Riga, 1978, 294.
3. A.Bulishev, V.Malkin, N.Preobrazhensky, J.Spigulis. Kinetics of excitation transfer in mixtures of metal vapours and
molecular gases. - Opt. Spectrosc. (USSR),1979, v.46, No. 6, p. 639.
4. J.Spigulis. Radio-frequency electrodeless tubes as optical temperature indicators. - PTE, Moscow (Instrum. &
Experim. Techniques, Plenum Publishing Co., USA), 1983/3, p. 209.
5. J.Spigulis. Mass-analysis of Sodium atoms in opticaly excited atomic beam.- Abstr. of the 8-th U.S.S.R. Conf. on
Physics of Electron and Atom Collisions, Riga, 1984, v.2, p. 123 / R.
6. J. Spigulis. Optical Fibres (a textbook). - University of Latvia, Riga, 1987, 64 p. / L.
7. J.Spigulis. Fiberoptic sensors for control of physical parameters (a review). - In: "Methods and Devices for Physical
Research", University of Latvia, Riga, 1989, p.3 / R.
62
8. J.Spigulis, M.Vitols, A.Rieba, A.Liepa. PCS optical fibre fault detection and diagnosis. - Proc. of the 4-th Int. Conf.
"OPTICS'89", Varna, Bulgaria, 1989, p.56.
9. J. Lazdins, J. Spigulis. Slope-splitted optical fibre refractometer: model and experiment. - Latv. J. Phys. Techn. Sci.,
1992, N 3, p 47 / L.
10. J.Spigulis, J.Lazdins, D Barens. Fiberoptical pyrometric and refractometric intensity-ratio sensors. - ISFOC'93
Conference Proceedings, IGI (Boston), 1993, p 280.
11. J. Spigulis. Compact illuminators, collimators and focusers with half-spherical input aperture. - SPIE Vol. 2065,
1993, p. 54.
12. J. Spigulis, J. Lazdins, G. Barens. Fiberoptical intensity-ratio refractometer with digital display. - SPIE Vol. 2068,
1993, p. 308.
13. J. Spigulis. Compact dielectric reflective elements. 1. Half-sphere concentrators of radially emitted light. - Appl.Opt.,
1994, v. 33, No. 25, p. 5970.
14. J. Spigulis, J. Lazdins. Compact dielectric reflective elements. 2. Multichannel filter of closely spaced spectral bands.
- Appl Opt., 1994, v. 33, No. 28, p. 6638.
15. J. Spigulis, D. Pfafrods, M. Stafeckis. Optical fiber diffusive tip designs for medical laser-lightguide delivery systems.
- SPIE Vol. 2328, p. 1994, p. 69.
16. J. Spigulis. Potential of fibre optic sensors for medical monitoring (Strategic Review). - King’s College London
Press, 1995, 52 p.
17. J. Spigulis, J. Lazdins, D. Pfafrods, M. Stafeckis. Side-emitting optical fibers for clinical applications. - Med. Biol.
Eng. Comput., 1996, v. 34, Suppl. 1, Pt. 1. p. 285.
18. J. Spigulis, D. Pfafrods, M. Stafeckis, W. Jelinska-Platace. The "glowing" optical fibre designs and parameters. SPIE Vol. 2967, 1997, p. 226.
19. J. Spigulis, D. Pfafrods. Clinical potential of the side-glowing optical fibers. - SPIE Vol. 2977, 1997, p. p. 84.
20. J. Spigulis. MSc course programme on Biomedical Optics. - SPIE Vol. 3190, 1997, p. 342-345.
21. J. Spigulis, U. Rubins. Photoplethysmographic sensor with smoothed output signals. - SPIE Proc. Vol, 3570, 1998, p.
195-199.
22. J. Spigulis. Master’s level education in Biomedical Optics: four-year experience at University of Latvia. - SPIE Proc.
Vol. 3831, 1999, p. 189-192.
23. J. Spigulis, G. Venckus, M. Ozols. Optical sensing for early cardio-vascular diagnostics. – SPIE Proc. Vol. 3911,
2000, p. 27-31.
*Languages: /R – Russian, /L – Latvian
Web-pages:
http://ieva05.lanet.lv/~asi/fog-page.htm
http://ieva05.lanet.lv/~asi/biomedic.htm
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CURRICULUM VITAE
RUVIN FERBER
Dr.Habil.Phys., Professor
Born in Riga, Latvia, 13.12.1946
Address:
Department of Physics University of Latvia,
19, Rainis Blvd., Riga, LV-1586 LATVIA
Phone: +371-7-615703 Fax: +371-7-820113
e-mail: [email protected]
Professional interests:
 atomic, molecular and optical physics;
Languages: Russian, Latvian, English
Education:
 Dr.Habil. Phys. from Latvian Academy of Sciences (Riga), 1992;
 D.Sc. (Doctor nauk) in Physical and Mathematical Sciences from the St. Petersburg
(Leningrad) State University, 1988;
 Ph.D. (Kandidat nauk), Physical and Mathematical Sciences from University of Latvia,
1979;
 post-graduate doctoral studies (aspirant) at University of Latvia, 1975-1978;
 studies at the University of Latvia, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, 1965-1971.
Experience (professional):
 full professor, Department of Physics, University of Latvia, since 1989;
 associate professor, Department of Physics, University of Latvia, 1984-1989;
 assistant professor, Department of Physics, University of Latvia, 1978-1984;
 senior technician, engineer, Department of Physics, University of Latvia, 1971-1977
Honors and Awards:
 Alexander von Humbolt Foundation Hanle prize, 1992.
Professional Activities and Memberships:
 member of Latvian Scientist Union, since 1992;
 member of American Physical Society, since 1993;
 head of MOLPOL Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University
of Latvia, since 1996;
 Habilitation and Promotion Council in Physics at the University of Latvia (chair, since
1997);
Courses, teaching:
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 Optics
 Atomic and Molecular Physics
Research in physics: developing novel methods in atomic, molecular and optical physics;
foundations and philosophy of physics. Monograph: Optical Polarization of Molecules
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), 1995 (with M.Auzinsh). Articles: above 80, in
Physical Review, Physical Review Lett., Journal of Physics, Foundations of Physics Lett,
Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk, J. Chemical Physics, Molecular Physics, etc.
R. Ferber
September 25, 2000
65