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The Bones Within Us
Chapter 7
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Reminders….
How’s it going? We are changing some stuff
around….
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First, Moving up Chapters 9&10 to next week!!
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Then the following week Forensic Anthro & Ch. 11(primate
Behavior)
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Zoo day Nov.5th I’ll collect money next week
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Mandatory you roll, Handout next week
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Exams back at the end of class
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Number 28 & 31 free questions
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Extra credit puzzle today!! Done to pairs of two
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Today and for the rest of time, things are looking up
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Intro
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Bone is living, so it can and does change
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Bones are part of an organism’s genotype and phenotype
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There is a lot of variation
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Functions of the Skeleton
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1. support
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2. protection
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3. movement/leverage
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4. mineral and lipid storage
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5. blood cell formation and storage
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Full info on page 136-7
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What Can we Tell from Bone?
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Age
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Sex
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Ethnicity??…we will discuss this later as well
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Behaviors
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Physical activities
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Health and diseases
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Classification, Development, and
Anatomy
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4 main categories:
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Long bones: limbs, fingers, toes
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Short bones: blocky, cube-shaped bones of wrist/ankle, and
sesamoid bones (small bones within joints), kneecap
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Flat bones: cranium, shoulder, pelvis, ribs
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Irregular bones: vertebrae, facial
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Classification, Development, and
Anatomy
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You can view skeleton 2
ways:
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Axial: develops first.
Midline structures like
skull, vertebrae, ribcage
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Appendicular: develops
later. Limbs and
connections to axial
skeleton
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Classification, Development, and
Anatomy
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A bone has to grow for the first 20-30 years of life
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Diaphysis (shaft)
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Epiphysis (ends)
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Articular Cartilage (covers ends)
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Anatomical Terminology
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Important in discussing or studying bones
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3 imaginary planes:
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1. midsagittal or medial: equal L and R halves
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2. coronal or frontal: front and back
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3. transverse or horizontal: upper and lower
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PAGE 138
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Anatomical Terminology
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Major terms that will help:
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Medial
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Lateral
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Proximal
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Distal
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Ventral
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Dorsal
Anterior
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Posterior
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Superior
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Cranial
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Inferior
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Caudal
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Superficial
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Deep
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Know these  Page 138
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Features of Bone
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Human body has 206 bones, so we need to know features to
identify which bones are which
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Follow along in your lab book
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Axial Skeleton Part I: The Skull
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Frontal: forehead
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Parietal: “walls,” pair with frontal
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Temporal: side of head, houses ear holes
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Occipital: back of skull, base, by foramen magnum
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Maxilla: upper jaw
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Mandible: lower jaw
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Zygomatics: cheekbones
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Nasals: superior to nasal opening
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Sphenoid: behind maxilla and in front of temporal
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Mastoid process: bulbous knob at bottom of temporal
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Axial Skeleton Part I: The Skull
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Sutures: PAGE 140-141
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Sagittal: running down midline of head
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Coronal: separates frontal from parietals
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Squamosal: separates parietal from temporals
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Lambdoidal: separates parietal from occipital
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Metopic: separates two halves of frontal bone until age 2
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Teeth
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We are mammals, so we have heterodont dentition
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Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
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Dental formula is 2:1:2:3 in adult humans
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2:1:0:2 in children’s deciduous teeth
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Tooth is made of three parts: crown, neck, root
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More dental vocabulary on page 142
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Skull Features
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Pages 142-43 have pictures of the skull bones and sutures we
just learned
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Hyoid bone supports the larynx or voice box. It has no
articulation.
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Axial Skeleton Part II: Vertebrae
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Vertebral column has 5 regions
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Cervical (7)
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Thoracic (12)
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Largest…why?
Sacrum (fused)
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Articulate with ribs
Lumbar (5)
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Neck; atlas and axis are 1st two and support head
Joins with pelvic bones to form pelvic girdle
Coccyx (fused)
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“tailbone”
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Axial Skeleton Part III: Thorax
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Bony thorax protects heart and lungs
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Sternum
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Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
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Ribs
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Costal cartilage
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7 top ribs are “true ribs” because they connect to sternum
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8-10 are “false ribs” because they connect with cartilage
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11-12 are “floating ribs” because they connect to nothing
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Postcranial skeleton
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Adapted for bipedalism
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Muscle attachments: origin is the site where muscle arises; a
muscle pulls toward its origin. Insertion is site where muscle
grabs a hold of a second bone.
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Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
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Ours is adapted for mobility. Quadrupeds are adapted for
stability
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Clavicle
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S-shaped, collarbone, support and leverage for muscles
Scapula
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Shoulder blade, triangular, moves when you move shoulders
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Arms
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Upper limb articulates with the body at the shoulder joint
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Humerus
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Radius
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Upper arm, largest of upper body, round head, trochlea (where
ulna fits)
Forearm, head is shaped like circle, attached to thumb, so rotates
Ulna
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Forearm, ulnar notch is shaped like “u”, attached to humerus
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Arms
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Carpals
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Wrist, 8 bones
Hands
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Metacarpals (hand)
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Phalanges (fingers)
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Lower Body
Pelvis
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Pelvic girdle is made of two pelvic bones (innominate) and the sacrum
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Pelvis is useful in determining sex and bipedalism
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Innominate is made of three bones
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Ilium: wings, illiac crest is your hip bone you can feel
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Ischium: part that you sit on
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Pubis: pointed bone in front
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Acetabulum: large fossa where femur fits in
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Legs
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Femur
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Patella
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Sesamoid bone (formed at a joint), pulley system, kneecap
Tibia
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Largest bone in body, complete head, linea aspera,
Shin bone, malleolus hangs down on outside, no real
distinguishing features
Fibula
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Long, skinny bone that attaches to tibia
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Legs
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Tarsals
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Ankle, 7 bones
Foot
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Metatarsals (foot)
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Phalanges (toes)
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Assignment
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Lab 7.1
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Self-Test 7.1 (omit #13)
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Assignment
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Lab 7.2, 7.3 & 7.4
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1-2 For Lab 7.2 number 1, just find the vertebrae, ribs and
sternum and study them/articulate them
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Do number 2 Omit 3&4
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Self-Test 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
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Lab 7.3
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Lab 7.4
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Bone Challenge
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As a table, create a full skeleton from the bones in the boxes
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Everyone must participate
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Only need 1 cervical, 1 thoracic and 1 lumbar vertebrae
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Only need 2 ribs
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Make sure bones are connecting correctly
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When you are done, I will check it. The first team to do it
correctly gets 5 participation points